Chapter 48 CHAPTER 3 EXPRESSION IN DEBATES

To be able to speak eloquently, let the language flowing out of your heart have the effect of big pearls and small pearls falling on a jade plate. The most important point is to remove impurities in the spoken language to achieve the purpose of beautifying the language. To beautify the language we can use modal particles. Modal particles such as "呀", "啊", and "呀" have the function of expressing certain feelings and moods.Some people have developed a habit of periodically adding words such as "ah" in the middle or at the end of a sentence, and these modal particles neither express emotion nor tone, so it naturally becomes a spoken language. in the redundant stuff.Compared with written language, modal particles are used more in daily spoken language, but using too many modal particles will only leave a loose, messy and procrastinated impression on the audience, and the transmission of semantic information may be affected by this , the expression of thoughts and feelings is likely to be weakened as a result.In addition, in serious and solemn occasions, the regularity, fluency and rigor of oral expression are especially required, and the use of modal particles should be especially controlled at this time.

In addition to using modal particles, you should also pay attention to the use of noise. The language problem that people often make when they speak is noise.Some people talk very well, but there are many meaningless noises between the words, such as the nose is always humming, or the throat seems to be blocked, coughing gently, or talking every day. A protracted groan is often used at the beginning of a sentence, as if each sentence has to hesitate for a while, or an "ah" is always added after a sentence, as if every sentence is afraid that people will not hear clearly, and so on. to be eliminated.These noises make your originally good language, like a layer of dust on the glass, greatly reducing its original brilliance.

In order to produce an ideal sound effect in the debate language, the most important thing is to pay attention to the symmetry of the sentence pattern, the coordination of the level and the rhythm, and the harmony of the rhyme. The sound is harmonious, with the beauty of cadence. Nonsense in our common language includes catchphrases, empty words, clichés, etc. Some people like to talk in stereotypes, and are used to ready-made sayings, such as adding words such as "of course", "frankly speaking", "do you understand", "do you think so" everywhere.Such minor problems may not be observed by the "patient" himself, but they are very eye-catching to the listener.Some people especially like to use a certain word to "set" too many meanings. The most "wonderful" thing is that some people are too lazy and like to use "that" to represent all adjectives.Proverbs are very expressive, but using one proverb in two or three sentences will only make people feel slick and dazzling, like a beautiful woman covered in jewels, which makes people unbearable to read.

Mantras are nonsense in another language that everyone is exposed to on a regular basis.Mantra is also called colloquial language.Some people say "I think" and "this", some like to put "that is to say" in the middle of the sentence, and some put "is it right" or "isn't it right" in the middle or at the end of the sentence? Mantras like that don't make sense at all.When a phrase becomes your mantra, it's easy to get so caught up in it that whatever you want to say, whether it applies or not, comes out.It is easy to make people laugh if this kind of defect is not corrected.

Exaggerated words have the effect of attracting attention, but if they are used too much or inappropriately, they will attract suspicion.For example, someone likes to use the word "great", so he even makes his lunch and price great.There are many ways to express a person's goodness. To simply say "he is a good person", what kind of good way is he?Anyone who has not committed any serious crimes can be said to be a good person, but what kind of a good person is he?What you say can't be the most important news, the most touching story or the most ridiculous joke, so don't overuse words such as "most", "extremely" and "very".Otherwise, others will only think you are a person who likes to exaggerate.

In addition to the above several, there is another one that is often used, which is the refrain. When using refrain, it can only be used unless it is to attract special attention, or to enhance the power of the sentence.In normal times, it is better to avoid this habit. For example, if you say "I will meet tomorrow", don't always say "I will meet tomorrow".When promising someone something, it is enough to say at most two words of "good", but some people keep saying "good, good, good".Too much is too much, everything should be done in moderation, too much polite words will make people annoying.If you are a person who loves to be too polite, you should change your style!

There are various sentence patterns in Chinese, such as active sentences and passive sentences, affirmative sentences and negative sentences, whole sentences and loose sentences, long sentences and short sentences, spoken sentences and classical Chinese sentences, declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, etc. Each style has its specific ideographic function, and their tone, intonation, momentum, ideographic focus, and style color are all different.Debates should be based on the purpose of the debate and the artistic conception of exaggeration, and choose the most appropriate sentence patterns to express thoughts and feelings.

If you use the condition of the same or close sound to express a certain implicit meaning, it is the method of homophony.Homophony is a rhetorical method, and its function is to make the expression of thoughts more subtle, tortuous, and more impressive. There are two people who think they are talented.One day, the two of them traveled together among the mountains and rivers, and their poetry became so popular that they chanted a couplet: "I saw two geese walking down the river slowly." Suddenly, I realized that my poems were too wonderful, and a genius like this must have a short life, so the two of them were in great pain.

Coincidentally, Ouyang Xiu arrived at this time and asked why he was crying bitterly, and the two told the truth.Ouyang Xiu then added two lines: "White hair floats in green water, red palms float in clear waves" to form a poem. The two felt that this person's poetry was bland and boring, and they were far behind their own, so they said: "Let's visit Ouyang Shu, a great contemporary poet." Ouyang Xiu corrected it should be "Ouyang Xiu", not "Ouyang Shu", He promised to go with them. The three of them took a boat to the middle of the river, and the man became addicted to poetry again, so he uttered a couplet: "The three of us are in the same boat, and we are going to visit Ouyang Xiu." "

Ouyang Xiu used the same pronunciation of "xiu" and "shame" to satirize those two arrogant people just right. As a rhetoric, the function of homophony is to increase appeal. This is the art of language, not a matter of logic. It is said that at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang had a distant relative who was ignorant and ignorant, but relying on his relationship with Li Hongzhang, he went to take the imperial examination, hoping to use the python robe to add himself to a job.But when I got the test papers, I didn't know more than half of the words, and I couldn't hand in the papers. I was anxious like ants on a hot pot.In anxiety, he wrote a sentence on the test paper: "I am a relative of Li Hongzhang, the master of the imperial court." But he couldn't write the word "Qi", so he wrote "wife".When the examiner was reviewing the examination paper, when he saw "I am the wife of Li Hongzhang, the master of the court", he couldn't help but twitched his beard and smiled, and wrote on the examination paper with a pen: "So I dare not marry (take) you."

Since the words "take" and "marry" in the admission candidates have the same pronunciation, two irrelevant concepts are brought together.Moreover, the two homonyms produced a chain and progressive deduction process: the homophony of "Qi" and "wife" produced a contrast in meaning; the homophony of "qu" and "marriage" derived another contrast in meaning.And this not "marrying" is exactly the opposite of the hope of the idiot examinee. This double compound error caused by the homonym makes this short story full of irony and sense of humor, and shows the examiner's wit and humor. Xue Deng's father was the prime minister of the court.A treacherous official named Jin Sheng hated him very much and tried to frame him.But suffering from having no way to start, he made up his mind on the prime minister's youngest son Xue Deng.One day, when Jin Sheng saw Xue Deng playing with a group of children, he frowned knowingly, and shouted: "Xue Deng, you are a coward like a mouse, and you certainly wouldn't dare to smash a bucket on the imperial gate." Xue Deng was young and didn't know what to do. He was provoked by Jin Sheng, and on a whim, he ran to the edge of the imperial gate and smashed one of the two wooden barrels standing there.When Jin Sheng saw it, he thought he had a trick, and immediately reported it to the emperor.The emperor was furious, and sent Xue Deng and his son to question him.Xue Deng smiled and asked the emperor: "Do you think it is better to have one barrel (unification) or two barrels (unification) for the world?" "Of course it is better to rule the world," said the emperor. Xue Deng clapped his hands happily: "Your Majesty said well, one bucket (unification) is good for the world, so I smashed that extra bucket (unification)." The emperor turned his anger into joy, and praised: "What a clever boy!" He said to Prime Minister Xue: "Aiqing is a good teacher, please, please!" When Jin Sheng saw this, he was undeterred, and immediately began to slander: "Xue Deng made up nonsense temporarily, he is not smart, let me try him again." The emperor agreed to his request.Jin Sheng sneered at Xue Deng: "Xue Deng, do you dare to smash the remaining bucket?" Xue Deng glared at him, and said: "Small it." Without looking back, he also smashed the remaining wooden barrel on the imperial gate to pieces. The emperor shouted: "Naughty boy, how can you explain this?" Xue Deng calmly asked the emperor: "Your Majesty, do you think it is better to have a wooden (unified) country or an iron barrel (unified) country?" "Of course it is better to have an iron system." The emperor replied.Xue Deng clapped his hands happily again: "Your Majesty is right. Since iron barrels (unification) are good for the country, why do you need wooden barrels for the country? Your Majesty, hurry up and cast a hard and hard iron barrel! I wish my emperor Jiangshan It's as firm as an iron barrel." The emperor was amused by this sentence, and he ordered Xue Deng to be named a "child prodigy". Xue Deng used the homonym of "barrel" and "tong" to be quick to argue and turn disaster into joy. We must praise his brain's cleverness and eloquence. Skillful use of homonyms can also receive humorous and satirical effects in debates. Ji Xiaolan is a well-known eloquent talent in ancient my country and once served as the court's servant.He Shen is a treacherous minister who once served as a minister.He Shen is very jealous of Ji Xiaolan's talent.One day, Ji Xiaolan went for a walk in the park with him.At this time, a dog ran past the two of them, and He Shen pointed to the dog and asked Ji Xiaolan, "Is it a wolf (servant) or a dog?" He wanted to scold Ji Xiaolan with a homophonic pun.Ji Xiaolan was very quick-witted, and immediately replied: "Weiwei is a wolf, and Shangshu (Shangshu) is a dog." This made He Shen very embarrassed. He Shen pretended to be smart and wanted to use the homonym to scold Ji Xiaolan, but was teased by Ji Xiaolan with the homonym instead. In the spoken language of modern people, the popular "Xiehouyu" is also made of homonyms. As a rhetorical function, homonym is to enhance the appeal of language, which is the art of language, not a logical problem.However, homonym can also be used to secretly change concepts in the debate, making it a sophistry. "Five Dynasties History Bu" once recorded that Jing Xinmo in the Tang Dynasty used homonym to tease the emperor.Once, Jing Xinmo went to Tang Zhuangzong to play something. Unexpectedly, a vicious dog in the palace rushed towards him with teeth and claws.Jing Xinmo hurriedly leaned against the courtyard pillar and called out: "Your Majesty, don't indulge your sons and daughters to bite people." Zhuangzong was furious when he heard this, and bent his bow and set an arrow to shoot him.Jing Xin mo repeatedly shouted: "Your Majesty, don't kill me. The subject and Your Majesty are one body, so it is inauspicious to kill me." Tang Zhuangzong heard that "killing is inauspicious", so he hurriedly asked why.Jing Xinmo said: "Your Majesty founded the country and changed the Yuan to Tongguang. People all over the world call your Majesty Emperor Tongguang. Those who are the same are copper; those who respect are mirrors. Mirrors are copper, and respect is the same. This does not mean that ministers and Is Your Majesty the same body? If you kill and respect the new grinder, the mirror cannot be grinded; if the mirror is not grinded, it will have no light. If the mirror has no light, the copper will have no light, and if the copper has no light, the same will have no light. Tongguang Emperor has no "light", how can he return it? Is there an 'Emperor'?" Zhuang Zong laughed and said he was eloquent, so he pardoned him.The "same" and "copper", "respect" and "mirror" here are clever use of homonyms. Harmony is used well, and unexpected effects can be received. A well-known carpenter led a group of people to contract a rich man to build a pavilion. The rich man made a verbal agreement with him that if the pavilion was built according to his wishes, he would be rewarded with five horses carrying silver, one load of rice, two pigs and three jars of wine. The pavilion was repaired, and the rich man found nothing wrong with it, so he asked his servant to bring five horses and stand side by side, with a large wooden plank on their backs, and a piece of silver smaller than a fingernail was placed on the wooden plank.The rich man said: "This is five horses carrying silver." Then the rich man brought rice grains packed in egg shells and said, "This is the 'one egg rice' that I reward you." Then the rich man pulled out two spiders from the paper box. , Said: "This is 'Two Spiders'." Finally, he dipped his finger in the wine glass that was only half filled with wine, flicked it forward three times, and said: "This is 'Three Bombs'." Because there is no written basis, the project contractor lost money, so he had to pay out of his own pocket and pay wages to his subordinates. Using homophony, consciously make sentences have double meanings, where the words are here and the meaning is there.This method is implicit and euphemistic, lively, humorous, and interesting. It can give people a sense of meaning beyond words and make people have endless aftertaste, so it is often used by people in debates. Using the homophonic relationship between language and characters, making a sentence involve two things or two kinds of content, and expressing the author's intended meaning with a pun is to use homophony. During a private visit by Emperor Qianlong, Ji Xiaolan, an academician of a generation, accompanied him. Both of them were thirsty, and Ji Xiaolan picked a pear from a pear tree and ate it alone.Emperor Qianlong said angrily: "Kong Rong was able to get pears at the age of four, but why didn't Aiqing get pears?" Ji Xiaolan knew that she had been rude, so she quickly explained: "Pears, Li Ye. I was ordered to accompany you. Dare to give up pears." Emperor Qianlong said again: "Then give me a bite of pears!" Ji Xiaolan then said with the help of the homonym relationship of homonyms: "How dare I share pears (li) with you?" Qianlong The emperor swallowed, but there was nothing he could do about Ji Xiaolan. In debates, when encountering difficult questions that are hard to answer or cannot be answered, using ambiguity can often achieve unexpected results. Avanti rents a house in the downtown area to open a beauty shop. The lease term is one year, and the shop owner does not pay for every haircut.One day, the landlord came again, and Avanti shaved his head as usual. While shaving, he asked, "Master, do you want eyebrows?" The owner was annoyed, and said, "Nonsense, of course!" , shaved off the shopkeeper's two eyebrows, and said, "If you want, I'll give it to you." The shopkeeper was so angry that he couldn't speak, complaining that he shouldn't have said "yes".At this time, Avanti asked again: "Hey, do you want a beard?" The shopkeeper hurriedly said, "No! Don't!" Then Avanti made another two cuts, shaving off the big beard that the shopkeeper had painstakingly cultivated, and shaking it off. to the ground.In this way, Afan mentioned this point but meant another point, and the shopkeeper was helpless. There is also such a story: When U.S. President Reagan decided to resume the production of the B-1 bomber, it aroused opposition from many Americans.At the press conference, Reagan talked eloquently in the face of accusations: "I only know that B1 is an indispensable vitamin for the human body. I think our armed forces must also need this indispensable thing." Opponents were momentarily at a loss. A good use of homophony can also help us solve many problems. In the debate, many experienced people often use the method of changing words or changing the order of words according to the needs of contextual expression, so as to receive good debate results.According to the needs of contextual expression, changing the words or changing the order of words can get rid of the predicament and change from passive to active. The so-called replacement of words is to replace a certain word in the opponent's defense with another word according to the context, so as to generate new meanings and receive humorous, humorous, critical, and ironic effects. A certain farm held a criticism meeting to criticize a primary school teacher for beating his wife.The crowd in the audience knew that this was the work of the leader of the rebel faction because he had an affair with the teacher's wife, but everyone dared not speak out.The teacher's wife first came to the stage to complain: "He doesn't treat me as a human being, but treats me as his private property." At this time, Xu, a colleague of the teacher, suddenly jumped onto the stage and spoke: "You are also a teacher of the people, a scholar, how can you treat your wife as your private property? Your mistake is serious, and you must fully confess your guilt." The leader of the rebel faction nodded frequently after hearing this, and the teacher's wife was also complacent.At this time, Xu raised his voice and continued: "...I warn you, you must treat your wife as public property in the future, otherwise, you will only die!" As soon as the words were finished, the audience roared, and the leader of the rebel group and the teacher's wife were so embarrassed that they couldn't speak for a long time. The so-called exchange of word order refers to changing the order of the same word or phrase according to the needs of the debate, so that it will undergo a certain change, produce a new meaning, and give people a new feeling. Zeng Guofan, the leader of the Hunan Army, led his army to fight against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army, and suffered a series of disastrous defeats.How to report the situation of repeated military defeats to the emperor?Zeng Guofan thought hard, racked his brains, and couldn't do anything. In desperation, he had to write the words "the minister has repeatedly fought and failed" on the memorial. After Zeng Guofan's military adviser read the memorial, he shook his head again and again and said, "No, no!" He felt that if he reported it like this, he would be in danger of beheading.Zeng Guofan asked him for advice on how to save the situation. The military adviser smiled slightly and wrote "repeatedly defeated" to "repeatedly defeated".After watching it, Zeng Guofan couldn't help but applaud. Literally, "repeated battles and repeated defeats" means that the commander is incompetent and has repeatedly failed on the battlefield; while "repeated defeats and repeated battles" means that he is not afraid of defeat, unwilling to fail, and fights bravely.A word transposition, the meaning is completely different. In the debate, cleverly changing words can get rid of difficulties and change from passive to active; it can increase the sense of humor and make the expression profound, meaningful and meaningful. Once, a pair of lovers went on a trip and sat next to an old gentleman in the car.The old man was funny and talkative, and the lady talked with him very congenially, talking and laughing.Her boyfriend was upset, and whispered to his girlfriend, "Be careful, he's a drunkard who doesn't care about drinking." The girlfriend comforted and said, "Don't worry, I'm a drunk who doesn't care about it." The old man overheard their conversation, and said to himself: "I'm a drunkard, don't care!" The old man is really funny. Changing the word order not only shows his generosity, but also conveys his criticism of the young man. When replacing words, the substitutes should be established terms, idioms, common words, and familiar to the audience.If the audience is not familiar with it, it is easy to cause incomprehensible effects. Chinese characters in our country are ideographic characters.Most of the compound characters in Chinese characters, such as ideographic characters and pictophonetic characters, can be divided into several independent parts, and each part can also express certain meanings.Applying this method to the debate is a way to win the debate by analyzing and dismantling the internal structure of Chinese characters. Text splitting and language sequence transformation are commonly used methods in debates. One year, Beijing Language Institute held a debate hosted by foreign students.The theme of the debate was: Equality between men and women - a way out for women.International students from various countries attended the meeting with different skin colors and different nationalities, but they spoke the same language, that is, Chinese. It can be said that the debate was vivid and impassioned. Zheng Fang believes that participating in social work is the best choice for women, and women should compete with men in all aspects.Housework, on the other hand, constrains women's talents and is therefore an important cause of inequality between men and women. The opposing side believes that "men dominate the outside and women dominate the inside" is the best solution for women.Women in charge of household chores contribute to family harmony. "Men dominate outside and women dominate inside" will be more conducive to social stability. The debate quickly developed in depth.While the two sides were arguing fiercely and fiercely, Sanzolan, a member of the opposing team from Yugoslavia, replied calmly: "The word 'an' in Chinese characters means that women should be at home, and the character 'nan' means that men do outdoor work. Chinese culture is very ancient, if the Chinese are wrong, then what can we debate today Woolen cloth?" As he spoke, he spread his hands playfully.His wonderful defense drew applause from all the halls. In ancient Chinese characters, the word "an" refers to women living indoors, while the word "male" refers to working in the fields.Sang Zuolan powerfully refuted the opponent by splitting and combining the words "an" and "male", and demonstrated the opposing side's point of view of "male dominates outside and women dominates inside", and received unexpected debate results. One of Su Shi's disciples sat alone in his study at home during the cold spring season.It was drizzling and drizzling, and when he saw the cold rain dripping on the window, he was touched by the scene and chanted a single couplet: Freezing rain on the window, two o'clock east and three o'clock west. This couplet is wonderful, "Jong" is split into "East" and two points; "Sprinkle" is split into "West" and three points of water.But he pondered for a long time, and he had no choice but to put it down first. Half a year later, he remembered the pair again, but still couldn't match, so he had to ask the teacher for advice.It was summer, so Su Shi was not in a hurry to deal with it, but he picked up a knife and cut open a watermelon to entertain guests.Seeing that Su Shi always kept silent, the scholar hurriedly urged, "please give me the right words from my mentor".Su Shi smiled and said, "Didn't I give you the right just now?" The scholar became even more anxious: "No, where is the right?" Dongpo pointed to the watermelon and read: Cut carves to divide customers, cut seven times horizontally and eight times vertically. Only then did the scholar understand: the word "cut" is split into "seven" and "dao"; the word "fen" is split into "eight" and "dao".What's even better is that it fits the scene of cutting up customers just now.From then on, the scholar worshiped Su Shi even more. In addition, language order is one of the combination means of language units, especially the important combination means of Chinese language units.In a sentence, if the order of words is different, the meanings expressed are often very different.The change of language order is actually a method to achieve the purpose of winning the debate by subtly changing the combination order of language units. As in life, the change of language order also plays an important role in debates. If a debater wants to win in a debate, he must pay attention to choosing the appropriate language order to express his views. Someone asked the great ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle: "What is the difference between you and mediocre people?" Aristotle replied: "They live to eat, and I eat to live." Here, Aristotle cleverly changed the order of language to express the different life purposes of the two kinds of people. Two law students are arguing over whether to smoke while studying the Codex.The two sides insisted on their own opinions and couldn't agree with each other, so they went to the rabbi and asked him to make a decision. "Rabbi," Student A asked, "is it okay to smoke while studying the Codex?" "No!" said the rabbi very angrily. Student B approached Rabbi and asked, "Rabbi, is it okay for people to study the Codex while they smoke?" "Of course!" Rabbi said excitedly. In fact, the two students were talking about the same thing, that is, studying the law code while smoking a cigarette, but because the language order of the two students' speech was different, the rabbi felt differently, and the results of the debate were quite different. . In February 1933, the British writer Bernard Shaw traveled to China.Lu Xun, Cai Yuanpei and others gathered with him at Soong Ching Ling's home.After dinner, we went for a walk in the garden.At this time, it was just the beginning of the weather after many days of cloudy and rainy days, and the soft sunlight shone on Bernard Shaw's silver hair. Mr. Cai Yuanpei said happily: "Xiao Weng, you are so lucky to see the sun in Shanghai." Bernard Shaw smiled slightly after hearing this, and said, "No, the sun is blessed to see Bernard Shaw in Shanghai." Because of the change of the language order, Bernard Shaw's words are full of wit and poetry. The owner of a cloth shop in Japan uses different language sequences for customers from different places.To customers from Kyoto, the owner will say: "Although this is silk from Osaka, it is cloth woven in Kyoto." And for customers from Osaka, the shopkeeper will say: "The cloth is woven in Kyoto, but the raw material is silk from Osaka." Like this sentence pattern, the language order is different, and the highlighted objects are also different. Therefore, it will leave a good impression on the guests whether they are in Kyoto or Osaka. Common sayings are popular and widely popular stereotyped sentences, including proverbs, allegorical sayings, and certain idioms that are often used orally.It has been enriched through years of reciting and tempering.They have profound meaning, meaningful charm, fixed structure and catchy words. "...Walk straight, walk straight, stand upright and not be afraid of shadows. Although they have been slandered by some people, although they are sometimes not understood, we firmly believe that Lu Yao knows horsepower and people's hearts can be seen over time. Their hard work, Their dedication will be understood by people." Here two proverbs are used, which are emotional and reasonable, and very expressive. "I think Ji Sun's worries are not in Zhuanyu, but in Xiaoqiang. The reactionaries must shoot themselves in the foot with a stone. At that time, we will be helpless. We value cooperation, but they must also cherish cooperation. Honestly Said, our concessions are limited, and the stage of our concessions is over. They have already killed the first knife, and this wound is very deep. If they still think about their future, they should come out and heal this wound by themselves.' It’s not too late to make amends’. This is their own life-threatening issue, and we have to give our final advice. If they persist in their evil behavior and continue to mess around, then the people of the whole country can’t bear it anymore and throw them into the latrine. Then there is no regret..." This was Mao Zedong's serious warning to the Kuomintang reactionaries after they brazenly launched the "Southern Anhui Incident" in January 1941.In this passage, many idioms are used, the witty words are continuous, the writing is brilliant, and it has a strong appeal and persuasion. "Although I am an ordinary farmer, some people call us farmers 'bumpkins' and 'stupid fools'. They look at people in the door and look down on us. But here I want to speak out..." The allegory is used here, which is concise and vivid. When using idioms, proverbs, and allegories in debates, we should pay attention to the following points: ⑴ Do not use indiscriminately.Although some idioms, proverbs, and allegorical sayings have a certain mass base, their content is shallow and vulgar, and it is unbearable to listen to.For example, "Women are like branches and flowers, grilling in front of the stove and behind the stove", "Dragon gives birth to dragons, phoenixes give birth to wind, and mice give birth to cubs that can dig holes", "Swimming in the latrine-forward (dung) bravely (chong) forward" and so on. (2) Not too much.These languages ​​have a sense of playfulness, but if they are used too much, they will appear frivolous and frivolous, which will dilute the theme and make them look vulgar. (3) It should be natural, complete, and integrated with the text, and some prompts can be used to connect.Such as "youdao is", "as the saying goes" and so on. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in language.The ambiguity method in the debate refers to the clever use of polysemous words or synonyms in the language. Under certain circumstances, the language that expresses the first meaning is exchanged for the second meaning, and a certain connection is established between the two meanings, so that Argumentative methods that produce particular meanings or feelings.The law of ambiguity is an effective artistic device for irony. That was the case in a debate in which Mr. Lu Xun subdued the reactionary principal Lin Wenqing. When Mr. Lu Xun was a professor at Xiamen University, the principal Lin Wenqing often withheld school funds to make things difficult for teachers and students.One day, Lin Wenqing called the person in charge of the research institute and professors to a meeting, and proposed to cut the funding in half, but the professors objected one after another.Lin Wenqing said angrily: "I can't listen to you about this matter. The school's funds are provided by the rich, and only the rich have the right to speak!" As soon as he finished speaking, Lu Xun immediately stood up and took the money out of his pocket. He took out two silver coins from his pocket, put them on the table with a "snap", and said, "I have money, and I have the right to speak!" Lin Wenqing didn't expect Mr. Lu Xun to say such a thing, so he couldn't deal with it for a while.Mr. Lu Xun then insisted that the research institute's funding could not be reduced, but could only be increased, which made Lin Wenqing speechless and had to retract his claim. In this example, the word "rich" is ambiguous. From a literal analysis, "rich" only means that there is no money, and how much money is uncertain.A copper coin can be said to be rich, and a billionaire can also be said to be rich.Lu Xun took advantage of the ambiguity of the word "rich" to subdue the principal's unreasonable difficulties. The following is a dialogue between the pros and cons of the debate on "environmental pollution is unavoidable for economic development" in the 3rd Shanghai University Student Debating Competition: Opponent: I would like to ask the opposing party, you just said that environmental pollution can be reduced. Doesn’t this depend on economic development? Zheng Fang: Yes, it can be reduced, but it is inevitable! (applause) Opposition: The other party has withdrawn from the first step, economic development can reduce environmental pollution, thank you! Zhengfang: You said we regressed and we regressed. Did our legs grow on each other? (warm applause) The opposing party said "the other party has withdrawn from the first step", originally referring to the other party's point of view has made concessions, but the affirmative party used the ambiguity of the word "retreat" and replaced it with "walking with two feet", and expressed The other party reprimanded, and the answer was humorous and cleverly achieved the purpose of avoiding the other party's attack. What needs to be explained is that ambiguity in daily speaking and writing is a language problem, which should be overcome.If someone uses ambiguity to argue, he must be good at exposing and criticizing, but this does not prevent him from learning the skills of using "ambiguity" in a positive way. In a special context, deliberately borrowing ambiguity and misunderstanding is an effective means to create satirical effects. There are many reasons for the occurrence of ambiguity, such as one sound with multiple words, one word with multiple meanings, homonyms and homonyms, homonyms, etc. The same sentence has different situations, different characters, different mentalities, and different emotions. understand.People should try their best to use well-investigated language forms when expressing their opinions, lest others take advantage of ambiguity and take advantage of loopholes. Several poor people came to the rich man's house and said to the rich man: "We have something to ask for your help, I hope you will not refuse." "I will do my best," said the rich man. "First, please promise to lend a thousand gold coins to a friend of ours. He is in urgent need of money, and we are all willing to guarantee him. Second, please promise to let him return it in a year." "Friends, if someone makes a request and someone only agrees to half of it, it's not stingy!" "Of course!" Everyone replied in unison. "In this case, then, I will agree to half of it! I agree to meet your second request. Out of respect for everyone, I am even willing to extend the loan period to two years." "Half of the agreed conditions" has a certain degree of ambiguity and ambiguity. The rich man secretly changed the concept to take advantage of the ambiguity. On specific occasions and under specific circumstances, if you consciously use ambiguity and create ambiguity according to your needs, it can be regarded as a kind of wit and an art of debate. Parallelism is a sentence pattern in which three or more sentences with the same or similar structure and consistent tone express related or connected content in series.Using parallelism can achieve rhetorical effects such as regular speech, harmonious tone, emotional connection and smooth expression.In the debate, the proper use of parallelism is conducive to the formation of an overwhelming momentum. The use of parallelism in the debate can show different emotions in an all-round way. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, when the whole country strongly demanded that Chiang Kai-shek stop the civil war and carry out the anti-Japanese war, Comrade Chen Yi, on behalf of the Communist Party, negotiated with the director of the Political Department of the 46th Division of the Kuomintang in Ganzhou.During the negotiation, the director of the political department yelled arrogantly: "It doesn't matter that the Kuomintang and the Communist Party cooperate. Britain and the United States are not used to this." Comrade Chen Yi was furious and responded harshly: "Who do you represent? Are you representing Britain and the United States? If you represent Britain and the United States, you You are not qualified to negotiate with me! Our team is going down the mountain, you can’t stop it! Entering Ganzhou, you can’t stop it! There is a Communist Party in China, Britain and the United States can’t stop it! The situation has changed, and your heads have to change too!” Comrade Chen Yi used three "unstoppable" here in a row, and his sentence composition is magnificent, unstoppable, and invincible, showing his extraordinary eloquence. The following is an argument from the seventh round of the 1995 "Changhong Cup" college student debate competition. It is the conclusion of the opposing Peking University team's fourth debate on the debate topic "efficiency must sacrifice equality": "...Of course, it is undeniable that there is still serious inequality in China today. When some officials and businessmen in the south took advantage of power and money transactions to make huge profits in speculation, farmers in the Northeast Plain worked hard for a year When only Zhang Zhang IOUs were exchanged, when the wealthy people of the Dafuhao Restaurant were still spending money and spending money, in the impoverished mountainous area of ​​Jingyu County, Jilin Province, the children still had nowhere to go to school, nowhere to go to school, and it was difficult for them to go to school. Such inequality obviously damages efficiency, is obviously negated by efficiency, and is obviously eliminated by efficiency. However, under the slogan that efficiency must sacrifice equality, it is often taken for granted. Doesn't efficiency give mothers an equal opportunity to work?Does efficiency mean that Chinese female workers are discriminated against and humiliated in foreign-funded enterprises?Does efficiency mean that those children should also be divided into high and low!Does efficiency mean that officials and businessmen get rich and officials run rampant in the loss of national interests?No, friends of the opposing party, we have no right to use it to excuse them, and we have no reason to let efficiency be wronged.Because such a truth is concealed behind the so-called inevitability, because such inequality can be avoided and eliminated, and will eventually be changed in the process of pursuing efficiency.I know that this is an era of pursuing efficiency and money, but I also know that at such a time, the banner of equality and justice should be raised.I believe that no one among us wants to go back to the past, but I believe that when the dawn of the 21st century illuminates our windows, there will always be a call for equality and justice in the hearts of ordinary people.Not all calls are necessarily unresponsive, not all losses are necessarily irreparable, not all hearts can be stepped on, and not all dreams are willing to break their wings.Hope, and fight for it, at least all of this is on our shoulders.thanks. " Parallelism is used in many places in this debate, which is powerful, sonorous and majestic, and its eloquent momentum is so strong. The structure of parallelism includes phrase parallelism, sentence parallelism, etc. Parallel sentences often use the same words as tici, governing several items of parallelism, so that the sentences are more closely connected, the semantics are cohesive, and the language is stronger.In the debate, using parallelism to reason can clarify the argument more rigorously and more thoroughly; using parallelism to refute can deal a heavy blow to the opponent, making him unable to fight back. The following is a passage of Li Dazhao's defense in his article "Direction of Modern Youth Activities": "...Let's open our eyes and see... those prostitutes who lean on the door to sell their laughter, are they really willing to do such an ugly thing? Is selling a smile really their happiness? They don't have a period of bitterness, which is unsatisfactory for ordinary people Do you know? Behind them, is there really nothing that forces them to do humiliating and lowly deeds? Are the prisoners in the prison really willing to do evil things themselves? The illegal things they do are really Is it a crime? Did they not have a period of suffering and injustice that is unknown to ordinary people? Is there really nothing behind them that forced them to fall into a crime or be wronged? Look at the beggars, young and old, young and old, in the streets, Those who are shivering with hunger and hunger, the voice of begging for milk is the most pitiful, and the air of filth and indolence is the most sad. Are they really willing to take such a shameful attitude without feeling ashamed at all? They have fallen so low Is it true that this appearance is all because they are born useless? Didn’t they have a period of suffering that most people don’t know? Is there really nothing behind them that forces them to do this..." In order to persuade young people to face up to the dark society, Comrade Li Dazhao used nine consecutive "really..." in the above paragraph of defense, using parallel sentence patterns and sharp language to construct a vigorous and vigorous momentum, which is profound and powerful. Clearly exposed the unreasonable phenomena of the dark society. Using parallelism, you can express all kinds of emotions in an all-round way, including joy, pain, kindness and solemnity.In competition debates, platooning is more widely used, and the display of its effects is more prominent. Although the application of parallelism can enhance momentum, it should be noted that: Parallelism is a means of language. When applying parallelism, it should be based on the principle of nature, and there is no need to insist on neat parallelism. Otherwise, a lot of energy will be spent on language organization, and the smooth expression of thoughts will be affected; at the same time, It is also easy to give people a feeling of artificiality. Parallelism is a flexible rhetorical method, and it cannot be simply understood as the arrangement of sentences.It can be the arrangement of sentences with the same structure, or it can be the arrangement of syntactic elements with the same grammatical function, such as words, phrases, etc.