Chapter 47 Chapter Two Strategies in Debate

In 1959, US Vice President Nixon went to the former Soviet Union to preside over the opening ceremony of an exhibition in the United States.Earlier, the U.S. Congress had just passed an enslaved nations resolution attacking the Soviet Union.When Nixon met with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev questioned Nixon and said: "I don't understand why your Congress passed such a resolution. This reminds me of a Russian peasant proverb: 'Don't eat in a hut'." Khrushchev said angrily, "This resolution stinks like freshly pulled horse manure. There is nothing more stinky than horse manure!" Here, Khrushchev was so angry that he could not control himself. , made vulgar remarks, damaged the image, and embarrassed Nixon.But Nixon knew that Khrushchev had been a swineherd when he was young, and he decided to retaliate.He stared into Khrushchev's eyes, and said in a very calm tone: "I think Mr. Chairman probably made a mistake. There is something worse than horse manure, and that is pig manure." Khrushchev listened Feeling ashamed and speechless for a moment.

Here, in the face of Khrushchev's rudeness, Nixon grasped his sore spots, tactfully retorted, caught him off guard, and took the initiative in the debate. Debate is a two-way way of expressing speech. Only by clarifying oneself, understanding the other party, and knowing oneself and the enemy can the quality of the debate be guaranteed and the success of the debate be achieved. When debating, we will meet different opponents with different knowledge, different personalities, different ages, and different temperaments. Some are acquainted and some are not.For acquaintances, we know the details, so it is convenient for us to debate; for those we don’t know, we need to carefully observe, comprehensively analyze, correctly reason, and carefully figure out the other party’s knowledge level, speech characteristics, expression style, adaptability, debate ideas and tactics. Arrangements, so as to adopt corresponding strategies and countermeasures, grasp the initiative, and deal with it calmly.

Smart and flexible people, they are flexible and quick in thinking. Debate with them should be quick and direct, and give full play to the power of the sword. Those who are dull and dull have slow reactions and poor comprehension. When arguing with them, you should state clearly, explain well, and speak slowly. Self-righteous people, they are self-righteous and ambitious, arguing with them should lead to fit the body and use it to stimulate the general. Stubborn and tough people, they are stubborn and not good at cooperating. To argue with them, you must find a new way to find topics they are interested in, so as to change their thinking.

Impatient and excitable people, they pursue novelty and hate staleness, and their arguments should be concise, straightforward, and decisive. Examining topics and making arguments are the key to determine the debate strategy, and the debate materials are the basis for implementing the strategy, which is of great significance to winning the debate.The material is the basis for proving the proposition and forming the defense. If there is no material, the proposition will become water without a source and a tree without roots. Then, no matter how beautiful the language is at this time, it will be empty.

In order to win the debate, the collection of materials should be as broad as possible. Rather than use it, don't ignore it because it is useful, otherwise, you will feel stretched when you conceive.Therefore, all materials that are helpful for a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the content of the proposition, as well as evidence that can enhance the persuasiveness of the proposition, should be collected extensively for on-the-spot use. One day, two female students of a certain university walked into a gorgeously decorated private restaurant.Female student A flipped through the menu on the table, and suddenly her eyes lit up:

"Look! Bear paws! 20 yuan per plate, how about two plates?" "People say that bear's paws are expensive, and the price is not expensive, OK!" So they called the waiter, ordered two plates of bear paws, and ordered some other food.After a while, the dishes were served.After they finished eating, they called the waiter to pay the bill, and the waiter issued the bill: "A total of 4025 yuan." "What? Did you make a mistake?" A student almost fainted from fright. "Bear's paws cost 2,000 yuan per plate, please look at the menu." The receptionist said.

Another student opened the menu and saw that it was 2,000 yuan without a decimal point.Now they were so anxious that they were almost crying.At this time, the boss came out, glanced at the female students who couldn't afford the money, and said, "If you don't have any money, keep your IDs." They obediently handed over their student ID cards.The student union came forward to negotiate with the boss to see if they could charge less money.The boss said categorically: "No penny is missing. If the money is not paid within three days, I will sue the court immediately."

The two female students had no choice but to swallow their anger and raise money from various sources. They collected 4025 yuan, sent the money the next day, and redeemed their student ID cards. A week later, a lawyer found out about the incident and decided to recover their losses.He asked two students to go to the restaurant to ask the boss for an invoice worth 4,025 yuan for two plates of bear paws. The lawyer took the invoices to the Industrial and Commercial Bureau.After studying the relevant legal provisions, they came to the restaurant together.Comrades from the Industrial and Commercial Bureau said to the restaurant owner: "Someone accused you of selling bear paws, which violated the Wild Animal Protection Law, and you must be fined 20,000 yuan!"

The boss thinks that he can't be blamed, and the invoice he just issued is proof.The boss drooped his head, he looked as embarrassed as the two female college students who couldn't pay the money a week ago.He whispered, "I can't afford that much money." "If you can't get the money, stop the business and revoke the business license." "Comrade, the thing is like this. We don't have bear paws here at all. The so-called bear paws are all faked by beef tendon." The boss confessed. "Since you used beef tendons to pretend to be bear's paws and blackmailed customers, according to the circumstances, you should also be fined 20,000 yuan, and at the same time, you should return the customer's money, and you should also pay 1,000 yuan for mental damage!"

In the face of severe attacks using the law as a weapon, the boss had no choice but to surrender obediently. When preparing to collect materials, no matter what type of materials they should meet the following requirements: First, be accurate.Factual materials must be true, reliable, and well-founded; citations of theoretical materials must be accurate and not taken out of context.The second is to be typical.That is, it must be able to explain the problem, reflect the essence of the problem, be representative among similar and similar materials, and be able to strongly support the proposition.Avoid the use of individual, incidental factual material.The third is to be novel.What is new is always attractive, and materials must have the latest information value and timeliness, so that they can be attractive.The fourth is to be vivid and touching.Materials should be as specific as possible to make the audience feel friendly and natural, and easy to be accepted.

The strategies are different, and the debate tactics adopted are different. Whoever has the correct strategy may win the final victory.The outcome of a debate often depends on the level of intelligence and strategy of the opposing parties, so ingenuity is one of the key factors for winning a debate. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of planning schemes for debates. One is a relatively stable tactical strategy, which is mainly used in the process of one's own argument.This relatively stable predetermined plan will be more comprehensively implemented in the actual combat process, and the changes will be relatively small.The second is a more flexible tactical plan. This kind of plan is mainly used to refute the confrontation process. In actual combat, it should be moved according to the actual situation. Therefore, this kind of plan often has the possibility of greater changes. No matter which strategy is adopted, the following factors must be considered when formulating strategies and tactics: the arguments of both sides, the bottom line; How to make use of one's own advantages, determine the timing and conditions of using important materials; plan to deal with mistakes and measures to get out of difficulties. In the whole process of strategic plan planning, the above factors must be comprehensively considered, weighed, compared, and planned. Multiple sets of plans may be involved, repeated comparisons and optimizations, and finally the determined guiding ideology is embodied into the best tactical plan. The so-called main battlefield of the debate is usually the largest range of content that the two sides may involve in the debate process.The determination of different main battlefields is related to the selection of secondary battlefields and the formulation of offensive and defensive strategies.Therefore, when formulating a debate strategy, it is necessary to judge and predict the main battlefield of both sides.Otherwise, because the main battlefield is not clear, you may not be able to attack the opponent's vital points, or fall into a quagmire that is not good for your own side, so that you will be beaten passively. Before the debate, the main battlefield of the two sides' debate is not all known and fixed, because the size of the main battlefield depends on the bottom line of the two sides, and the bottom line of the other side is still unknown at this time, so at this time it is necessary to focus on the key points of the work. Put it on the prediction of the opponent's main battlefield.Why should we focus our work on predicting the opponent's main battlefield?The so-called "know yourself and know the enemy, win a hundred battles", debaters and coaches can stand on the other side's position at this time, consider the bottom line of the other side's arguments, and take into account all possibilities, so that the strategies formulated may cover the issues involved to the maximum extent possible, and to prepare for it, to be as foolproof as possible. Any kind of debate basically aims to refute the opponent's point of view, establish one's own point of view, and make the other party or a third party (judge) accept one's own point of view as the strategic goal.The strategic goal of the debate has the functions of stimulating and adjusting the generation and implementation of the strategy, and is often the driving force of strategic behavior.In the process of formulating a strategy, in order to pursue the realization of the strategic goal, not only the goal itself, but also various factors related to the realization of this strategic goal should be considered, and the methods and ways to approach this strategic goal should be considered, so as to form an effective strategy. tactics. From the analysis of the actual situation of the debate, the nature of the debate is different, and the goals to be achieved are not exactly the same.For example, in a debate competition, the goal of the debaters is not the truth, but to justify themselves, conquer the judges and audience, and win the competition.In court debate, the purpose of the public prosecutor is to accuse the defendant of guilt or serious crime, reveal the criminal facts of the defendant, subdue the perjurer, persuade the defender, and at the same time safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the defendant; From the perspective of pursuing the accuracy of sentencing.The goal of decision-making debate is to obtain a reasonable plan and reduce mistakes in decision-making. There is no question of who wins and who loses.Therefore, we need to set clear goals according to the different nature of the debate. In the course of the debate, debaters must not deviate from strategic goals at all times.Specifically, not only must you be on guard against the opponent’s intentional deviating from your strategic goals, but you must also overcome your deviating from your strategic goals due to your own enthusiasm and forgetfulness, so that the entire debate will always have clear and fixed strategic goals, as well as staged small goals.With the realization of small staged goals one by one, we are approaching the big strategic goal step by step. In a nutshell, there are usually three options for formulating debate tactics: This is an inclusive tactic and an "offense is the best defense" tactic.The specific method is that when putting forward one's own argument at the beginning, it is necessary to include the views that the other party may discuss into one's own argument, making it a part of one's own argument, and to say what the other party wants to say in advance, so that the other party's argument can If the preconditions no longer exist, then any argument from the other side can only be one-sided.The advantage of this tactic is that it is quite sudden and has a great blow to the opponent. This is a post-strike tactic.The specific method is to not show the mountains and dews at the beginning, but only to make general arguments, which is not attractive, and even creates the illusion of weakness to the opponent.Wait until the opponent's illusion has formed, and suddenly send out one or several surprise soldiers to catch the opponent by surprise and completely disrupt the opponent's position.For example, in the debate "the tobacco industry does more good than harm to society", this proposition is very beneficial to the affirmative in terms of economics, but very beneficial to the negative in terms of human health and value.In the specific debate, the opposing side designed a tactic of ambush: the first two debaters only dealt with their opponents in areas that are beneficial to their own side. In the third debate, the topic suddenly turned to the economic field, pointing out that the profits and taxes of the tobacco industry are the result of the monopoly of the state, not the achievements of the tobacco industry itself. The high profits and taxes of this industry just show the attitude of the state to control the development of the tobacco industry.Then, Sibian took another hard blow from the standpoint of human value.In this way, a light cavalry suddenly appeared in the field that the opponent thought was beneficial to itself, completely disrupting the opponent's position and disrupting the opponent's deployment. This is a formal tactic, but also a basic tactic.The process of argumentation is that after putting forward one's own arguments, one's own argumentation is followed by demonstrations from different aspects in a certain logical order, and finally the construction of one's own arguments is completed.The advantage of this kind of argument is that the thinking is relatively clear, and at the same time it is easy to leave impressions layer by layer.The disadvantage is that it is sudden and less concealed. When one's own side puts forward an argument, the opponent can easily find a way to deal with it.Steady and steady tactics are suitable for use when one's own side has obvious advantages in argumentation and sufficient materials, that is to say, when one's own side has already occupied a clear advantage in the debate, it can be used steadily and calmly. It is said that during World War II, the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union held a summit meeting in Tehran. Stalin constantly exerted pressure on Roosevelt and Churchill, and all the resolutions passed were proposed by Stalin.Always feeling uncomfortable, Roosevelt and Churchill decided to tease Stalin. One morning, before a routine meeting, Churchill said: "I had a dream last night. I dreamed that I was the master of the world!" Roosevelt continued: "I also had a dream, dreaming that I became the master of the universe! Marshal Stalin, what did you dream of?" Stalin replied slowly: "I dreamed that I approved neither the appointment of Mr. Churchill nor the appointment of Mr. Roosevelt." Churchill and Roosevelt were dumbfounded and speechless. In the above example, it can be said that Stalin was in a very disadvantaged position.Because according to common sense, the universe is the largest space that human beings can imagine. If Stalin still followed their thinking and wanted to think of a space larger than the universe, it would be futile or a joke.But at this time, Stalin changed his thinking angle, adopted flexible and maneuverable tactics, grasped the "space" from the control relationship between people, so as to "put to death and survive", not only relieved his own predicament, but also teased Overwhelmed the Big Two.This can be described as: "The mountain is poor and the river is full of doubts, and there is no way out, and the willows are dark and the flowers are bright, and there is another village." Debate is an art with strong immediacy. In debate and confrontation, there are many uncertain factors and the situation of the battle is unpredictable. Therefore, when determining the tactical plan, one should not be too rigid.A rough tactical plan can be formulated according to the situation of both the enemy and the enemy, strategic goals, advantages and disadvantages, and various fixed numbers and variables.In particular, it is necessary to judge and predict the opponent's thinking, see how it will make an argument, where are its advantages, and where are its weaknesses, and then determine its own attack point and attack method, whether to attack or outsmart, and formulate a tactical plan. There will often be some kind of dilemma in the debate, which makes you in a dilemma, either "fight to survive" or "surrender and perish".At this time, flexible tactics must be adopted. In a nutshell, the design of debate tactics can refer to the following options: Let the debate unfold along the following lines: one's own side shows weakness - the other side is caught in a trap - one's own side organizes a counterattack - and expands the victory.This is a tactic aimed at the opponent's psychology, deliberately revealing flaws in the debate, luring the enemy to take the bait, and striking the opponent by surprise. Make the debate unfold along the following route: the other party induces questions—one’s own side sees through—the trick is taken—the other party’s pursuit—one’s own side succeeds in counterattacking.This tactic has a certain degree of randomness. The key is to be able to see through the opponent's strategy and follow the trend to succeed. Let the debate unfold along the following lines: one's own attack - the other party's avoidance - one's own side's pursuit - the other side's parry - one's own side's general attack.This is when one's own side has an advantage, suddenly launching a fierce attack against the opponent's weakness, and after winning, take advantage of the victory to advance, fight continuously, expand the results of the battle, until the final victory. Let the debate unfold along the following lines: the opponent attacks—the opponent fights—the opponent attacks again—the opponent counterattacks.This is a reckless tactic.In the face of an attack, one's own side faces the battle head-on, soldiers come to block, water comes to cover, and each other fights for strength, materials, and psychology until they win. In addition, while designing the tactical plan, one should also design the contingency plan when one's own side loses or encounters an unexpected situation.It is necessary to envisage multiple situations in advance and prepare multiple sets of plans, and each set of plans should be as thorough and comprehensive as possible.In this way, in actual combat, the pre-plan can be implemented at any time according to changes in the situation, or the pre-plan can be revised and handled flexibly.For various reasons, you may be caught by the other party for saying something wrong, and you will be in a very disadvantaged position. At this time, you need a contingency plan to get you out of the predicament. During the debate stage, the debaters' minds are highly tense, and the offensive and defensive situations of both sides are changeable and unpredictable.Therefore, debaters must be good at judging the situation, accurately grasping the changes in the debate field, the dynamics of both sides, and weighing the pros and cons.Therefore, debaters must not only be good at expressing words, but also pay great attention to capturing information on the debate field. Specifically, they must be able to listen, read, and think. The listening mentioned here does not refer to ordinary listening, but to use both heart and ear, turning the process of listening into a process of obtaining and understanding information.Generally speaking, careful listening cannot happen spontaneously. It requires subjective efforts to eliminate interference in order to hear the essence and grasp the key points.Specifically, on the one hand, we must pay attention to the speeches of the opponent's debaters, hear the key points, what is the meaning behind the words, and hear the opponent's loopholes and mistakes; . It is necessary to carefully observe the expressions and behaviors of opponents in the debate, observe the emotional changes of third parties such as audiences and judges, and capture relevant information. For the language information, emotional information, and time-space information captured in the debate field, it is necessary to think about it comprehensively, process it quickly, and make accurate judgments.For example, the extreme language of the other party is usually blinded by a certain point of view and it is difficult to turn around for a while; Consistent claims; when the other party tells lies and perjures, the words often waver; if the other party's argument is difficult to stand up, he must not be confident when speaking, etc. In this way, listening to his words, observing his appearance, analyzing his heart, and judging his opponent will help determine the correct debate strategy. Debate is a unity of offense and defense.Analyzing from the actual combat situation, refutation is the main means of debate.It should not be called a debate if there is no rebuttal to the attack, and there is no confrontation between the two sides.Just like a boxing match, a player cannot just attack blindly, nor can he only attack, he must also have strict defense, otherwise, he will completely expose his vital points to the opponent, and the offense will lose its support, and may be lost in the opponent's attack. defeat.Therefore, a successful debater is always good at taking offensive and defensive actions flexibly based on strategic intentions, starting from the strength of both parties in the debate and the situation of the battle, and combining the two closely to achieve both offense and defense, so that they can be foolproof. In competitive debates, sometimes there will be "discussion" instead of "debate". Specifically, it looks lively on the surface, but in fact the two sides have no confrontation. There are different understandings of the connotation of the question, and the two sides hold each other, which cannot form a real confrontation; some face the opponent's offensive and questioning, turn a deaf ear, do not give a positive answer, just talk along their own train of thought, and it is difficult to form a confrontation, all of which are It is a manifestation of poor handling of the relationship between offense and defense.If there is no confrontation in the debate, it will naturally be difficult to tell the winner. Factors that help to seize the commanding heights include: understanding the overall situation of the debate, being able to predict the direction of the battle, and taking appropriate countermeasures; Lead to the terrain you are familiar with; in the passive state, you must be calm, stand up less and refute more, and wait for the opportunity to counterattack. When it comes to seizing the commanding heights and taking the initiative in the debate, we must do our part.When one's own side is in an advantage, it is necessary to "get the reason and not forgive others" and pursue the victory; when one's own side is in a disadvantageous situation, it is necessary to try to shift to a position that is beneficial to one's own side and counterattack the other side; Cut the mess and jump out to lead to a new field. Debate is a face-to-face confrontation with opponents, and the situation of the battle is unpredictable. There is no fixed procedure, and it is impossible to make accurate predictions and arrangements for the process in advance; And with a certain regularity.This regularity is the basis for people to carefully prepare and design plans in advance.However, the plan is only a plan, with uncertainty.During the debate, some plans can be used; however, the uncertainty of the battle situation requires the debaters not to copy the plans, but to deal with them on the spot, adapt to the situation, and show great flexibility.Specifically, to play on the spot and adapt to changing circumstances should do the following: The combat plan formulated before the war cannot be exactly the same as the situation on the battlefield, and the plan formulated before the debate cannot be copied and applied as it is, and must be modified and used according to the situation on the spot.According to the actual situation, the original plan can be divided into parts, or re-integrated to form a new form and new tactics that are more in line with the actual situation, and be used flexibly.Only in this way can we remain invincible in the debate. It is necessary to implement the established and favorable plan according to the actual requirements of the debate.The preparations before the debate, such as the bottom line of arguments, materials, techniques, strategies, etc., are well thought out and in line with the law.In particular, some secret weapons such as tricks to lure the enemy into in-depth tactics and powerful arguments, once the conditions are ripe during the debate process and match the plan, we must quickly act according to the plan and effectively attack the opponent to achieve the desired effect. In the actual debate, there are many situations that were not expected in advance, such as one's premeditated strategy seriously miscalculated, the opponent's attack greatly exceeded the range expected by one's own side, or the opponent's secret weapon was thrown out suddenly, the offensive was aggressive, and one's side had to turn around. In the face of these new situations, one's own side should mobilize wisdom, deal with emergencies, be flexible, decide countermeasures, organize language, use skills, and meet opponents, showing great flexibility and surprise.The ideal is to prepare a contingency plan before the debate in case the unexpected situation arises. All in all, it is necessary to effectively combine the advantages of preparedness with the power of contingency to increase the coefficient and possibility of winning.