Chapter 46 Chapter 1 Psychology in Debate

There are many different types of debaters. According to different psychological qualities, debaters can be divided into experienced and immature, authoritative and non-authoritative, emotional and rational. Seasoned debaters are experienced in debates, bold and cautious, calm when changing, and able to adapt well to changes in the debate. Once a dilemma arises, it is easy to find a solution quickly.Therefore, the mentality of a seasoned debater is often well-thought-out, full of self-confidence, calm and calm, and calm to face the challenge.Most of the immature debaters have little experience in battle, lack confidence, and lack self-confidence. Once they encounter unexpected situations, they are prone to panic, lack the ability to respond, and have few ways to get out of trouble.However, seasoned debaters tend to be limited by experience, which restricts their creativity; immature debaters, if they have the spirit of fearing tigers as a newborn calf, will easily let go of their initiative and creativity, and sometimes it will make their opponents unexpected and difficult to parry. , thus winning by surprise.

Different types of debaters have their own strengths and weaknesses. If you constantly improve your self-cultivation in the practice of debate, avoid its weaknesses and make use of its strengths, and then make up for its weaknesses and make use of its strengths, then no matter what type of debater it is, you can cultivate yourself, Exercise to become an orator. Authoritative debaters often have a certain reputation, such as experts, scholars, or orators.Because of the diffuse effect of authority, authority even includes some people in leadership positions.Although they may not be experts in certain aspects, nor may they have superb debate skills, just because they are leaders, they will also be regarded as authoritative debaters.Authoritative debaters tend to form a kind of pressure on the opposing debaters, causing them to have a certain sense of fear, which makes it easier for authoritative debaters to take the initiative in the debate.For the audience, authoritative debaters are also easy to be respected and trusted.These are the places where authoritative debaters are superior to non-authoritative debaters.

However, an authoritative debater often has a certain amount of psychological pressure himself. He will worry that if he makes a mistake, his authority image will be damaged, so this authority will become a burden for him. The full play of eloquence.In addition, just because it is an authoritative debater, the opponent may prepare for the debate more carefully, plan strategies more carefully, and deal with the debate between them more carefully, which will make the authoritative debater face-to-face. For more serious debate situations.In addition, because he is an authoritative debater, the audience has high expectations for him. If he fails to meet this expectation and disappoints the audience, he will easily lose support, put himself in a difficult situation, and eventually lose.Therefore, it will be more difficult for authoritative debaters to participate in the debate.Non-authoritative debaters do not have all kinds of psychological burdens like authoritative debaters, nor do they have those difficulties, but appear unrestrained; if they can be fearless and maintain a good competitive mental state, it will be easier to give full play to themselves debating skills.

Emotional debaters are easily in a state of high excitement, not only in language, but also in non-verbal expressions, the emotional color is very strong.His language is full of emotion, as are his facial expressions and body movements, which can often infect the opposing debaters and move the audience.Emotional debaters can make the atmosphere of the debate very active and leave a deep and strong impression on people.However, emotional debaters, because of their high excitement and surging emotions, tend to digress easily, and tend to ignore the rigor of logic when arguing.Although the audience may be affected by him and become emotionally agitated, they may not be able to truly grasp the essence of his debate; as for the opponent, although they may also accept his influence emotionally, it is not difficult to find other people if they calm down and calm down. Weaknesses and flaws in the argument, and a powerful counterattack organized.Emotional debaters are not easy to completely convince their opponents.

Rational debaters are not without emotion, but they can use more wisdom to convince people with reason.Their debates are often logical, and their arguments are logical, making people feel reasonable and impeccable.However, when a rational debater conducts a debate, he cannot enliven the atmosphere like an emotional debater, and often appears a little dull, which is not easy to arouse the interest of the audience.But rational debaters can often intimidate opponents with the power of their rigorous logic. The influence of the debates of emotional debaters on the audience is often immediate; while the influence of the debates of rational debaters on the audience, once it has an effect, it will be quite stable to form a common trend with itself.

Debate needs reason most, and the more reason is needed when the debate is the most intense, the debate must not be dominated by emotions. The three principles of debate are the equality of both parties, sufficient reasons, and obedience to the truth.Proposals must be realistic, justifiable and vivid.Seeking common ground while reserving differences is the basis of cooperation, and the process of debate is the process of seeking common ground while reserving differences.However, since any party in the debate wants to overthrow the other party's views and establish their own, debates are hostile language behaviors in daily life.

Controlling the scene is not only conducive to the debaters to give full play to their talents, but also conducive to the exploration of cooperation. The debate must be conducted in a friendly, harmonious, and relaxed atmosphere. While speaking, observe the reaction of the other party and other audiences, and pay attention to changes in the environment, so as to adjust the content and method of the speech in a timely manner, so that the other party and other audiences are willing to listen. Following the following principles constitutes an effective mechanism for debate control: Morality.Debates are for exchanging opinions, exchanging information, and strengthening multi-faceted understanding of topics, not as Bacon criticized, "only trying to gain a reputation for being smart, but not caring about discussing the truth."Both sides of the debate should be sincere, humble, learn from each other, and learn from each other's strengths.Only in this way can we not be arrogant in victory, not discouraged in defeat, not care about personal gains and losses, and establish a good "morality of debate".

psychology.Debaters generally have two mentalities: one is "desire to persuade"; the other is "desire to express".This requires debaters to use less assertive language in the debate, and replace it with a more powerful and moderate tone, try not to hurt and irritate the other party as much as possible. In case the other party gets agitated, the best way is to remain silent. aesthetic.Debate is an art and has aesthetic value.Incisive insights, witty arguments, witty remarks, humorous, all these can give people the enjoyment of beauty and convince people.In addition, being generous, elegant, and graceful can also make people easy to accept.

Get rid of suppressed emotions.In the debate, the debater is in a losing situation, or in the oral debate, the audience is depressed and loses interest in accepting, etc., which may cause the debater to feel depressed.This kind of emotion can weaken the fighting spirit of the debater, reduce the courage and interest of the debater, and in serious cases can make the debater lose the strength of the debate.Therefore, the debater's self-control and getting rid of depressed emotions are also very important. Get rid of impulsive emotions.When the debate is heated, when it is in a difficult situation, when the opponent is aggressive, when the audience is excited or indifferent... the debater may appear emotionally impulsive.At this time, the debaters may be elated and elated; or they may be dejected and show dissatisfaction;In this way, it is impossible for the debater's emotions and the content of the debate to be coordinated, and the effect is bound to be poor, so it is necessary to get rid of this impulsive emotion.

There are three ways to get rid of impulsive emotions for reference: Learn to restrain yourself.No matter what situation arises in the debate, you must take it calmly and never be impulsive.You can also take the method of self-prompt.For example, put a motto (this is more feasible in written debates), or use actions such as pinching fingers and ears that are difficult for the audience to detect to remind yourself to restrain. Prepare in advance.Avoid tantrums and keep a cool head. Be explicit about being kind to people.Both the opponent and the audience must have a correct relationship.Debate with an opponent is to seek the truth. As long as he is not an enemy in the true sense, he should be kind and natural and treat others kindly; he should be more kind and friendly to the audience, try to adapt, and actively fight for it. When the audience is dissatisfied, bored, resisted, or even noisy When speaking, you should do more introspection and quickly adjust your own debate methods and methods to meet the needs of the audience.

Mentally nervous people not only dare not express their views, but also find it difficult to accept criticism, advice and suggestions from others.Because of this, people who are not mentally tense can bravely and frankly accept the failure of the argument and recognize the truth in the argument. A poor man went to the suburbs to enjoy flowers and saw that the neighborhood was full of luxurious people. He couldn't help saying, "The clothes I'm wearing are not as good as their rags when I take them off!" Hearing this, the landlord said, Immediately retorted: "Peel off everyone's skin, and everyone will only be left with corpses and bones. There is no need to feel inferior!" In our various debate occasions, there are actually many people who are no different from the poor people in this story.Of course they know that being able to argue is a prerequisite for success in debate, and the psychological basis of being able to argue is "self-confidence". The tide is the first flexible and dialectical cornerstone under the monument of success, but it just cannot be confident. Psychologists' surveys have shown that one of the things people fear most in life is to argue with others.Expressing your unique point of view in front of everyone, the first problem you encounter is that you are very nervous.Everyone may have nervousness and fear before, after or during speaking.This is true for introverts, for lively people, and for eloquent people. It is said that a certain Japanese actor wanted to go to the bathroom when he was about to shoot a film, even for 5 minutes, otherwise he would be too nervous to enter the role.A certain announcer in the United States had to go to the bathtub to take a bath every time he was on the broadcast. Otherwise, he would not be able to calm down during the broadcast. Scholars have found that the main reason for the nervousness is that there is not enough preparation in advance, not enough experience, and not knowing how to organize the content of the speech.In fact, we have nothing to fear at all.Just imagine, a person who is not good at words and an eloquent person who express their opinions together, who will be more stressed?It should be said that the pressure faced by the latter is much greater than that of the former. Nervousness is a normal reaction of almost every debater before going on stage.Realizing this, our hearts will be much more at ease, and we will also understand why people are often humorous, often sarcastic, often insert a few lines of lyrics, make a few jokes, use strange imaginations, and assemble some weird examples in debates— —It turns out that they are all for the purpose of infiltrating the image into the concept, allowing the smile to merge into the thought, allowing the lively to cut into the serious, and allowing the relaxation to dissolve the tension. Nervousness is actually normal. This is because debate itself is an exciting and thrilling activity. Once you are in a debate, your nerves will be tense unconsciously, and your head will be like a high-speed computer, arranging and combining different language symbols Form a variety of combat plans and defense systems, and engage in a fierce battle with yourself in the depths of your soul until the east wind overwhelms the west wind, or your own spear pierces your own shield. This kind of nervous tug-of-war can easily make people become Nervous, unable to sleep or eat.Of course, it is also inexplicably exciting, making people devote all their minds to debate and enjoy the indescribable fun of debate. Emotional tension is mostly caused by the psychological pressure of the opponents in the debate.Tension will cause the debater to lose their physical and psychological balance, such as breathing, blood circulation, endocrine, visceral movement, muscle movement, etc. will all be abnormal, resulting in a decrease in the stability and coordination of thinking, language, and movement. In severe cases, they may even lose control .For the debaters who participate in the written debate, they may lose the courage to debate, slow in thinking, confused in language, psychologically afraid, and unable to continue their defense.When this happens, either declare defeat, or avoid the debate and withdraw from the debate on its own.For the debaters participating in the oral debate, there may be stage fright, nervousness, panic expression, slurred voice, incoherent speech, uncoordinated movements, loss of hands and feet, and severe cases may lead to complete loss of debate ability. There are many ways to eliminate tension, and there are three main ways: The debater must be very familiar with all kinds of materials needed for his own debate, and fully estimate all possible situations, formulate a debate strategy, prepare emergency measures, choose a good debate technique, and be confident and relaxed.In this way, after going into battle, you can take it easy and deal with it with ease. It means that the debater must clearly understand the purpose of the debate, and have a firm belief in the views and propositions he wants to promote.Be full of confidence in your eloquence, debating skills and victory in the debate, so that you will be refreshed, motivated, and calm, so that your eloquence can be fully utilized. It is to find ways to prevent, dilute, and transfer tension.There are many ways to adjust the state of mind, such as relaxing breathing and muscle relaxation; or self-suggestion to increase confidence; Psychological burden, maintain a good state of mind, travel lightly, and strive for victory. Former world heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad?Ali, every time before the game, he would write a hymn for himself, vowing to knock down the opponent before going on the court.This move won him the title of "Blowing King". In fact, this is Ali's unique psychological strategy-by announcing his game goal, he will give the opponent a heavy blow psychologically before the game, so that he can take advantage . Debate is a psychological attack, and the debater must master the psychological attack in particular.The basic principles of mind attack are: adapt to the opponent, combine reason and reason, use one's own strengths to attack others' weaknesses.There are many specific tactics, and you can generally work hard on the four words of luring, stimulating, dragging, and transforming. To lure is to lure, to fortify every step of the way, and to lure the enemy deep.Generally, foreshadowing is used, a technique is set up, and the chain is tightly linked, step by step, until the opponent is lured into the trap, and then pursued fiercely.Like the debating skills we introduced, playing hard to get, locking the key, etc., all belong to working hard on lure words.Seduction is to lead the opponent (or the audience) into the maze set up by our side, and let them advance according to the route set by our side until they are captured by me. Excitement is an exhilarating general.This is to fully understand the actual needs of the opponent (or the audience), push the boat along the way, and attack its weaknesses to achieve your own goals.Describing Zhuge Liang's wisdom to stimulate Zhou Yu, urging him to make up his mind to resist Cao, and completing the plot of Sun Liu's united front against Cao fully demonstrated the role of "excitement". Zhuge Liang saw that Zhou Yu was young and energetic, and knew that Xiao Qiao was Zhou Yu's wife, so he deliberately recited a sentence written by Cao Cao, "Take Er Qiao to the southeast, and enjoy the day and night together" to anger Zhou Yu.Zhou Yu really caught the trick, and scolded Cao Cao: "The old thief bullied me too much!" And said: "I am not at odds with the old thief, I hope Kong Ming will help me, and we will defeat Cao Cao together!" After capturing Zhou Yu, a key figure, Sun Liu's anti-Cao alliance will be accomplished.To be aggressive is to stimulate the emotional fluctuations of the opponent (or the audience) to make it beyond the control of reason, so as to achieve the desired purpose of one's own side. Xuedi is the territory of Mr. Jingguo. He wanted to build a city there, but his subordinates tried to dissuade him, but Mr. Jingguo refused to listen.At this time, a group of people among the diners asked to see Mr. Jing Guo.He said: "I only speak three words. If I speak more, I am willing to be boiled." Jing Guojun wanted to see his ability, so he ordered him to speak.The people of Qi only said the three words "big fish in the sea", turned around and ran away, Jing Guo Jun didn't understand what he meant, so he sent someone to catch up with him and asked him to explain clearly.The Qi people said: "I dare not take my life for a joke." Jing Guojun was eager to understand the truth, so he said, "It's okay, I will let you explain." Qi people said slowly: "You know that the big fish is in deep water. It can't be caught by a net or caught by a hook, but once it reaches a place without water, even a small ant can bully it at will. Now Qi is your 'water', as long as you can With the protection of the Qi State, why build a city in Xuedi? If you lose the protection of the Qi State, no matter how tall your city is, it will be useless." Jing Guojun nodded in agreement, and then gave up the plan to build the city. The wonderful thing about Qi Ren is that he intentionally delayed, which created suspense for Mr. Jing Guo and aroused his curiosity, which weakened and eliminated Mr. Jing Guo’s resistance and rejection of persuasion, so as to achieve the purpose of persuasion and persuasion. .The case of Antony also took advantage of the delay. He mentioned Caesar’s suicide note, but he delayed reading its content, deliberately arousing the anxiety and desire of the crowd. Seizing this favorable opportunity, the content of Caesar's suicide note was announced, which achieved the expected purpose of inciting revenge among the masses. To procrastinate is to procrastinate.Deliberately delaying the content of the debate that should be presented, but not presenting it, so as to create suspense.This will arouse the urgent sense of anticipation of the opponent (or the audience), making them pay more attention to the delayed content, which is a trick.When the suspense has accumulated to a certain extent, the debater will then present the content of the delayed debate, which will have the effect of attacking the mind. To transform is to dissolve.Either move it with emotion, or understand it with reason, or lure it with profit, to resolve the antagonistic emotions and rebellious psychology of the opponent (or the audience), or weaken the opponent's eloquence.For example, in the case of the Empress Dowager Zhao in "Warring States Policy", she put the national interests first, and was willing to risk being "spit in the face" by the Empress Dowager Zhao, and wanted to persuade her to send her beloved son Chang'an Jun to the state of Qi to work. Hostage, in exchange for Qi to send troops to help Zhao Yuqin.The empress dowager Zhao, who was furious with anger, chose to avoid the topic. First, she greeted her health, and then turned to a purposeful chat to make the relationship harmonious. Make it accept persuasion with righteousness. "Zuo Zhiwu retreats Qin Shi" in "Zuo Zhuan" also illustrates the psychological attack effect of resolving: The Marquis of Jin and Bo Qin surrounded Zheng.Because it is rude to Jin, it is also inferior to Chu.Jin army Hanling, Qin army Sinan.Yizhihu said to Zheng Bo: "The country is in danger. If you send Zhu Zhiwu to see the Qin ruler, the master will definitely retreat." The public followed him and said: "The minister is not as strong as a man; he is old and incompetent. That's all." The duke said: "I couldn't use my son early, and now I am in a hurry to ask for a son. It is my fault. However, if Zheng died, the son will also be disadvantaged." Xu Zhi came out at night.Seeing Qin Bo, he said: "Qin and Jin besieged Zheng, and Zheng knew that he was dead. If the death of Zheng would benefit the king, dare to trouble the deacon. The country is far away, and the king knows how difficult it is. How can you use the death of Zheng to accompany your neighbors?" The thickness of the neighbor is the thinness of the king. If Shezheng regards the host as the host, the exchange of luggage will share the exhaustion, and the king will not be harmed. And the king is a gift from the king of Jin. You know how to set up a version. Husband and Jin, why don’t you hate it. You have sealed Zheng in the east, but you want to seal it in the west. If you don’t want to take Qin, how can you take it? Quen Qin to benefit Jin, only the king wants to do it. ’” said Qin Bo, and made an alliance with Zheng Ren.Let Qizi, Fengsun, and Yangsun guard them, but return them.The son offender asked to attack him, and the lord said: "No. Mrs. Wei's power is not as good as this. It is not benevolent to despise it because of human power; it is not ignorant to lose what it has and it is easy to rectify it without force. I will pay it back." Also go to it. When Zhu Zhiwu talked about Qin Jun, he was aware of his interests."How to use the dead Zheng to accompany the neighbors, the neighbors are thick, but the king is thin" to explain the harm of the dead Zheng; She Zheng is beneficial and harmless, and uses the past story of "Jun Taste was given by the Jin Jun, Xu Jun Jiao, Xia, and set up a edition in the morning and evening" to explain the reason that Jin is used to betraying Qin and working with it, and it is absolutely useless. It prompted King Qin to decide to retire.This is a typical example of using advantage to defuse the enemy. In any kind of competitive activity, competitors must seek a good mental state, because it is an important condition for winning the competition.Debate, as a kind of competition, is of course no exception.Whether each debater's competitive mental state is good or not directly affects the selection and implementation of debate strategies and skills, affects the display and display of the debater's talent, and affects the success or failure of the debater's debate behavior.A debater's good competitive psychology includes the following aspects: Based on sufficient spiritual and material preparations, the debaters are confident in their success in the debate, but they are not underestimated or blindly optimistic. Before entering the actual debate, the debater can treat the debate with a fighting attitude.Whether in written or oral debate, debaters should be fully aware that they are trying to outwit their opponents and win over their audience at all times during the debate.Debaters must not only have a strategic awareness, clarify the guiding ideology and principles of the debate, and implement them concretely and flexibly with the spirit of tenacious struggle in the practice of the debate; Need, with a witty and brave attitude, change the debate strategy at any time, use your own debate skills, and finally win. The debater can fully realize that debate is a psychological battle.To comply with the psychological requirements of the opponent and the audience, make the best use of the situation, and make them submit, at the same time, we must continue to work hard to eliminate and get rid of our own emotional fluctuations and bad psychology, and maintain a stable mood.In this way, you can take the initiative, control the changes in the debate situation, and sit firmly on the Diaoyutai. The debater must make it clear that he conducts the debate, and shoulders the glorious mission of exploring the truth.Therefore, in the debate, don’t care about the gains and losses of the moment, don’t try to win, don’t play tricks, don’t criticize, don’t be arrogant, but should be upright and down-to-earth to argue right from wrong, determine the truth from the false, weigh the pros and cons, so as to expand our strengths Vision, develop our understanding, enable us to further understand the nature of objective things, discover laws, grasp the truth, adhere to the truth, and contribute to the advancement of human society. With the above four items, the debater may have a high sense of responsibility, clear goals, strong fighting spirit, both dare to fight and be good at fighting; defeated. Shouting out in frustration during an argument not only fails to show strength, but shows weakness.Any mockery and contempt for the opponent in the debate can only arouse the opponent's greater hatred.As for the use of threatening and intimidating language in the debate, it is even more of a bluff, and the opponent will never be intimidated; on the contrary, the opponent will see his emptiness from his intimidation.These practices can only show the superficiality and lack of minimum cultivation and tolerance of the debaters. Hurt the self-esteem of the other party, make the other party lose the control of reason, the debate will be meaningless, and sometimes even produce bad results.Even if the other party is indeed wrong, we should not prematurely announce the conclusion to the other party in the debate and force the other party to accept it, let alone directly accuse the other party of being unreasonable and nonsense. Sometimes we might as well say this: ⑴ "I think what you said is indeed reasonable. But..." ⑵ "What you just said is very inspiring to me, but the problem is..." ⑶ "Actually, we agree on this point. I think our differences are only..." The worst thing is that someone loses the control of reason during an argument and arouses emotional impulses. Under the control of emotional impulses, even the eyes may become fierce, showing a look of contempt for the other party on the face.If dominated by this emotional impulse, the argument changes character.Some people deviate from the topic in the debate to expose the other party's shortcomings, and turn the debate into a personal attack in order to show off for a while, which is tantamount to declaring their own failure.