Chapter 24 23. Wuchang Uprising of 1911

Although the Tongmenghui led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen failed to launch many revolutionary uprisings, the revolutionary organization grew in Wuhan like mushrooms after rain.Some revolutionary organizations belong to the Tongmenghui, such as Rizhihui; The important members of Rizhihui include: Liu Jiadao, Zhu Zilong, Liu Jingan, Wang Han, Chen Dong, Li Yadong, Hu Ying, Liang Zhonghan, Li Liangxuan, Zhang Nanxian, etc.It was Hu Ying who was in charge of contacting the Hunan-Hubei Association and introducing them to the new army in Hubei.Hu Ying, formerly known as Zong Wan, was born in Taoyuan, Hunan, and was born in Changsha Jingzheng School. In his early years, he was a daring revolutionary. Han Xian followed Tie Liang and wanted to stab him to death.When he spoke, he seemed to read lines, such as: "Where did you come from", "The old man has his own reasons".The accent is like Taoyuan dialect, Hubei dialect, and Sichuan dialect.The headquarter of Rizhihui was located in Hankou Shenggonghui, which was later cracked down by the Qing court, and all important members were arrested. Only Li Yadong and Zhang Nanxian escaped from prison.Hu Ying was so powerful in prison that he was able to persuade the jailer to serve him, continued to communicate with the revolutionaries, and reported the revolutionary work to Huang Xing and Chen Qimei in Shanghai.

Gongjinhui is a peripheral organization of Tongmenghui. Its founders include Zhang Baixiang, Yu Jinyu, Jiao Dafeng, Liu Gong, Liu Ying, Sun Wu, Ju Zheng, Wu Cixiang, etc.Taking Lianghu as the center of revolutionary activities, the membership fee is borne by Liu Gong.During the 1911 Uprising, Liu Gong was supposed to be promoted as the governor of the Hubei Army, but Li Yuanhong was temporarily carried out because he could not be found.Because Sun Wu's name is similar to Sun Wen's, everyone rumored that he was Sun Wen's younger brother: "Sun Wen's brothers are here, let's join the revolution quickly." This is how the new army actively participated.Jiao Dafeng was the first governor of Hunan after its recovery.

The Qunzhi Society was founded on November 20th in the 34th year of Guangxu (1908) in the Jintai Teahouse outside Xiaodongmen, Wuchang, with the new army and cultural people as the core. The founders were Yang Wangpeng, Tang Xizhi, Pan Kangshi, Cai Dafu, and Li Yi. Liang, Jiang Yiwu, Liu Yaocheng, He Haiming, Zhan Dabei, Lin Zhaodong, Deng Yulin, etc. used the Hankou "Commercial News" as their propaganda organ. Later, the "Commercial Daily" was banned because it opposed the Guangdong-Han Railway loan, and the Qunzhi Academy was also destroyed. The Zhenwu Society was transformed from the Qunzhi Society. The president was Yang Wangpeng, and most of the recruited cadres were from the Hubei New Army. Students from the Second Bid, the 41st Bid, the 42nd Bid, the Cavalry Team, the Artillery Team, the Engineer Battalion, the Supply Battalion, the Army Middle School, and the Army Surveying and Mapping Team all participated.

The Literary Society was the successor of the Zhenwu Society, with Jiang Yiwu as its president, Zhan Dabei running the "Dajiang News" in Hankou, and Hu Ying also participating in prison.The Wuchang Uprising, the contribution of the Literary Society is very great, and it cannot be denied. The Republic Association is an organization of Hubei youths in the north. It was originally called the Duanfa Association and later formed the Republic Association.Hu Egong later returned to Wuchang to set up the Wuchang Branch of the Republican Society, and then went to Beijing and Shanghai. When he returned to Wuchang for the second time, it was the day of the Wuchang Uprising on August 19 (October 10) in the Xinhai Year.

Under the plan of the revolutionaries, the Wuhan Uprising was originally planned and followed steps. They first organized various revolutionary groups, then developed organizations within the new armies, recruited cadres, and finally formulated the military deployment for the uprising. Compared with the previous The various uprisings are the most well-organized.How do you know that the uprising was successful, but it did not proceed according to the prior plan at all, that is to say, all the planned plans were completely uncovered by the local authorities of the Qing Dynasty before it even started.

It turned out that the revolutionaries originally planned to launch an attack on the Mid-Autumn Festival in August of the Xinhai Year. Because Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren, and Ju Zheng failed to arrive from Shanghai as scheduled, they rescheduled it at midnight on August 18. A bomb was tested in Baoshanli, Hankou Concession, and he was injured in the explosion. The Russian police entered and searched the house. Revolutionary proclamations, rosters, ammunition, seals, flags, and symbols were all found.In the evening, the home of Zhang Tingfu, a revolutionary organization in Xiaochao Street, Wuchang, was also searched. Peng Chufan, Yang Hongsheng, Liu Yaocheng (Fuji), Jiang Yiwu and others were arrested.The three martyrs Peng, Yang, and Liu were killed, and Jiang Yiwu was able to escape with vigilance.Because of this, Wuhan declared special martial law, and the party members dispersed one after another. They could not communicate with each other, and the planned uprising on the 18th failed.

Things in the world are often planted for a cause, and the result will be the result. Because there are many cadres who secretly joined the revolutionary organization in the Wuhan New Army, since the governor of Huguang, Ruicheng, has severely punished the revolutionaries, the army's morale is extremely unstable.One day later, on August 19th, the entire new army in Wuhan was close to exploding. At this time, there were three battalions of infantry in Wuchang City, one battalion of engineering teams, three battalions of flag soldiers, one battalion of supervision and coaching teams, and patrolling troops. There are several battalions, and the strength of the troops is not weak. They are not as good as the people thinking about Han, and the Qing Dynasty will come to an end.When Ruicheng succeeded Zhang Zhidong as governor of Huguang, he asked Zhang Biao, the commander of the Eighth Town, "Honestly, how many revolutionaries are there in your army?" Zhang Biao also answered honestly, "No." Dare to hide from the commander-in-chief, about one-third of them."

At 7:00 p.m. on August 19th, Jin Zhaolong, the deputy squad leader of the 8th Engineering Battalion, and Cheng Dingguo, a soldier, were wiping their guns and reloading their guns. Tao Qisheng, the second platoon leader of the Engineering Battalion's rear squadron, suddenly ran up to Jin and Cheng and scolded them loudly: "You guys Do you want to rebel?" Jin turned his lips and said, "What do you want if I rebel?" Tao said angrily, "If you dare to offend, it's fine, come and arrest them." So the two wrestled with each other, Cheng Dingguo hit Tao's head with the butt of his gun from behind, and his head was bleeding immediately. Cheng then shot Tao. This shot was the first shot of the Wuchang Uprising and the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty.Tao was wounded and went downstairs to escape. Because the shot fueled the whole team's shaky morale, everyone argued, "It's an uprising!" Zhang Wentao, chief of staff, drew his sword to stop them, but Cheng Dingguo fired two shots in a row, killing Huang and Zhang, and Ruan was also killed.All the people with lofty ideals were about to take the bullets in the camp and empty them out. They coaxed them out of the camp and went straight to Chuwangtai Ordnance Station.This first uprising force was only 300 people. When they arrived at Chuwangtai, there were already people with lofty ideals responding inside, so they occupied it without firing a single shot.At this time, the crowd had no leader and no leader, so everyone elected Wu Zhaolin, an officer of the left team of the engineering battalion, as the revolutionary commander-in-chief of the uprising.Wu Nai gathered all the people with lofty ideals in the southwest depression of Chuwangtai to determine the military action.

This is how the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 began! After the Eighth Battalion of the Project took the uprising in Wuchang City, only the eighth artillery team responded, the surveying and mapping school students and the troop 29 bids a row, and the two logistics engineering teams outside the city, with a total of more than 2,000 people. The rest of the Qing army did not respond. If Rui Cheng, governor of Huguang, and Zhang Biao, governor of the Eighth Town, could cope with it calmly, the Wuchang Uprising might fail like all previous uprisings.But Ruicheng was a coward. The uprising artillery team bombarded the supervisory office with cannons. Ruicheng was frightened and said repeatedly, "The shell has no eyes. If it falls in front of you, it will be a disaster." The cannonball exploded in the supervisor's office. It was late at night, and the explosion sound was extremely violent. Rui Li didn't care that he was the highest chief in the area, so he asked the left and right: "Where to hide?" The left and right answered: "Go to the military ship outside the city." Li didn't even care about his family's belongings, and he didn't dare to go out from the gate of the governor's office. He ordered the guards to punch a hole in the back wall, led the patrol guards to discharge the Chuyu warships on Wenchang Gate, and ordered the soldiers guarding Wenchang Gate not to say anything. Governor's whereabouts.As for Zhang Biao?During the uprising, he was in the luxurious mansion inside Wenchang Gate. He heard that the two teams of engineers, soldiers and supplies outside the city had mutinied, and he thought it was nothing important.Not long after, I heard that the entire artillery team responded, and they were even more flustered and at a loss. Besides, Ma Bian and the fourth concubine beside him all talked about how fierce and vicious the Revolutionary Party was, and begged Zhang to stay away temporarily, which made Zhang Biao even more confused. Feeling dizzy, his subordinates came to ask for military information, but they were also suspected of being a revolutionary party and refused to see him.In the middle of the night, the phone was cut off, and Zhang Biao was even more helpless, unable to do anything, and dared not go out, so he had to close the door.At 5 o'clock in the morning on August 20, the revolutionary army had occupied the governor's office, and the guards in the office abandoned their guns and fled. Please control temporarily."Only then did Zhang Biao realize that the general situation was over, so he packed the deposit booklet of soft jewelry in a large handbag, and was going to go out of the city with his fourth concubine, and went to the Hankou Concession to find Ju Sanlang, the manager of Dacang Company, for a while. An Luhua, the commander of the Eighth Battalion of Supplies, came to report that there was no revolutionary party in the battalion. Zhang Biao was overjoyed when he heard that, and ordered An Luhua and Zhu Mingchao to lead the cavalry to send Zhang's family members out of the city and take a boat to Hankou, while Zhang himself went to the No. Eight camps.When they arrived at the battalion headquarters, the battalion manager took Xiao Anguo to ask for instructions, but Zhang Biao couldn't come up with a solution.Everyone, you say what you say, and you can't draw a conclusion. I only know that Ruizhitai has boarded the Chuyu military ship, but I don't know where the Chuyu ship is going. There is no leader in Wuchang City, and the revolutionary army has occupied the whole city. However, the No. 1 Battalion may not be able to resist the revolutionary army, and it will be difficult to control the morale of the army. I don't know who is a friend and who is an enemy.In desperation, everyone decided to bring this battalion to a quiet place in Hankou to gather first, so as to avoid the infection of the revolutionary "plague". Zhang Biao thought it was very good, so he ordered the Eighth Battalion of Supplies to gather in Liujiamiao, Hankou, and abandoned it himself. City escape.

At dawn on August 20, the revolutionary army had occupied the entire city of Wuchang, and used white cloth as a banner, planting them all over the city. All battalions, soldiers, agencies and schools in the city responded by wrapping their hands in white cloth, and gathered at the Chu Watchtower to announce their participation. Since the whole city of Wuchang was occupied by the revolutionary army, the revolutionaries Ma Rong and Yang Qifa went to look for Li Yuanhong, the leader of the 21st Mixed Association.When they arrived at Li's house, they saw the cook carrying three suitcases out. After cross-examination, they found out that Li Xietong had been hiding in Liu Wenji's staff house in Huangtupo, so they led the team to Liu's house, first surrounded his house and then The Liu family asked why they came here.Everyone said to invite Li Xietong, Ma and Yang rushed to the bedroom to find Li.Li said: "I treat you well on weekdays, why are you making things difficult for me today?" Ma Rong said: "We are here to invite the commander to Chuwangtai." Li said: "The revolutionaries are full of talents, what use should I be? "Ma Rong said: "In any case, please go there, commander." Li helplessly, wearing a lotus-colored woolen robe and black mandarin jacket, followed the crowd to the Chu Watchtower, and the revolutionary army fired guns to salute.When Li saw Wu Zhaolin, he said, "Why are you messing around like this? The revolution is to kill the whole family. You are very knowledgeable and qualified. You shouldn't start a revolution!" Li's words made the revolutionaries very angry. Li was a classmate of Zeng in the staff school for four years. Li admired Wu's knowledge very much, but Li had a high status in the Qing army, so he spoke casually to Wu.Wu Zhaolin hurriedly explained to everyone at this time: "Commander Li loves us very much, what he said just now is really caring for us, let me talk to the commander."

Li Yuanhong held a meeting with the leaders of the uprising in the Wu camp. Li asked: "Although the supervisory office has been captured, Ruicheng and Zhang Biao have not been captured. How can you follow up?" Everyone replied: "Please take the lead." Li asked: "What do you rely on for aid? How much money and grain?" Deng Bingsan falsely claimed: "Liu Ying from Jingshan has formed an army of 100,000 troops, and they can arrive in Wuhan in two or three days." There are a total of 30 million silver coins in the grain and currency bureau and the treasury, which can be used immediately." Li asked again: "If Ruicheng and Zhang Biao increase their troops to attack and advance by land and water, how should we deal with it? I have been in the navy for many years and know how to deal with naval artillery. It only takes ten bombs to smash the city, so where do you plan to retreat to?" Deng Bingsan replied: "You can retreat to Hunan." Li asked: "What is there to be sure about retreating to Hunan?" Deng replied: " Jiao Dafeng has scheduled an incident next month." Li Wenyan was silent for a long time, then sighed and said: "I only have this life, let you play with it!" While talking, Liu Jingtao came in out of breath and told People said that Tang Hualong, the chairman of the Hubei Consultative Bureau, invited Li Commander and revolutionary representatives to the Consultative Bureau at 12:00 noon to discuss and organize the government. The council welcomes you.Tang was a well-known figure in Hubei and a Jinshi. Li saw that this non-revolutionary also sympathized with the revolution, so he became active.Immediately decided to organize a military government and promoted Li Yuanhong as the governor of the Hubei Army.Li Ze made a strong resignation. At this time, someone planned to ask Li to sign the Governor's Announcement, but Li was hesitant.At this time, the surveying and mapping students Li Yidong and Chen Lei who were guarding wanted to raise their guns angrily, so Li sighed and sealed it in favor of everyone.Li is a well-known moderate faction with a considerable reputation. He came out to lead the revolution, which stabilized the hearts of the people in Hubei internally, and stimulated the general non-revolutionary party members externally, thinking that people like Li Yuanhong had joined the revolution. It is the need of the times. Although Li Yuanhong took office as the governor of the Hubei Army, he was neither a revolutionary party nor confident in the revolutionary cause, so he had no expression on his face and kept asking questions. Everyone had to call him "Li Bodhisattva".After he formed the Dudu Mansion, he asked to go home and his party, and later he was transferred from his home to his Mixed Association Headquarters. However, the Revolutionary Army guarded him very strictly. In addition to sending six sergeants to protect his family members, there were 12 Follow Li around.After Li returned to the Advisory Bureau on August 21, he took the room at the east end of the front building of the bureau as the governor's residence. After Li moved in, his confidant Wang Anlan reported to the revolutionary comrades: "Li has not eaten or eaten for two days, nor has he been with others. Speak as if you were a bride."The revolutionary comrades were very dissatisfied when they heard it, and thought it was abhorrent that Li was so opposed to the revolution.Chen Lei said: "I think Li is acting deliberately. If the revolution fails, he can ask the Qing court for forgiveness; if the revolution succeeds, he will enjoy the status of a hero. In fact, if he is really loyal to the Qing Dynasty, why didn't he die on the 19th?" Gan Jixi Said: "I really don't like Li's attitude, it's better to shoot him."So Chen and Gan went to Li's house with pistols, and the crowd dissuaded them. Gan said, "I don't want to kill him, but I want him to show his determination." Then he ran to Li's place and said, "Mr. Li Songqing, we Comrades have shed a lot of blood to get today's achievements. You are the governor. Your attitude these days is very sorry to our comrades. Let me tell you, if today's affairs fail, you will be Napoleon, and if everything succeeds, you will be Washington. Success or failure You are taking advantage, if you don’t make up your mind, I will fight with you.”Li Yuanhong said: "You young man, don't speak harshly. I have not been sorry to you in the past two days." Chen Lei said: "The governor of Li did not apologize to us, but your braids have not been cut off. As the governor, you should set an example. , go to the braids first to show your determination. I heard that you have not eaten since you came to the Advisory Council. Now I have a word of advice. Now it is the Republic of China. If you are loyal to the Republic of China, you will be the founding father of the country. You must be one of them, and it is really puzzling to pretend to be so pretentious now. There are many people who are governors today, and you may not be the only one, so think twice." Li still laughed slowly: "Don't be so fierce again, I will I am determined to go the same way with you, you said you want to braid my hair, I agreed a long time ago, you can call a barber tomorrow to shave off my braid.” In the Governor's Mansion, everyone's braids have been cut off, except for Li, there are still three braids, one is Hu Ying, one is Zheng Jianghao, and the other is Sun Faxu.Sun was originally a secret agent sent to Wuhan by Zhu Jiabao, governor of Anhui Province. He was caught by Hu Ying, and he was very appreciative after talking with him. He took him to the governor's mansion and introduced him to Li: "This person is a member of the shogunate. Please appoint him as secretary." After taking office as secretary, Ti Li wrote a letter to Navy Admiral Sa Zhenbing.Sa is Li's teacher, and Sun Tili wrote a letter saying: "After the party army expelled Ruidu out of the city, he led his troops to Hongying. Dare to make this in a hurry?...Who has no courage, who has no enthusiasm, who is not a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, how could he be willing to be a Manchu slave and kill his compatriots?" This letter was greatly appreciated by everyone, and Li Nai looked at Sun with admiration.Because Sun has a literary name.His braids were kept, but later when E Province elected senators, Sun Ben was on the list, and he was excluded because he didn't cut his braids. Later, he went northward in the name of Li Dudu's personal representative. magistrate.Zheng Jianghao didn't cut his braids because: "The body, hair and skin are taken care of by his parents and dare not damage them." The revolutionary comrades threatened: "If you want to keep your braids, you have to cut off your head." His braids had to be cut off. .Because Hu Ying is an old revolutionary comrade, he waited until the end to cut it off. In order to enhance the prestige of the governor, at dawn on August 26 (October 17), the governor of the Hubei Army held a memorial ceremony for the Yellow Emperor and an swearing-in ceremony in the Horse Review Hall.Tan Ziping, a native of Xinhua County, Hunan Province, is the oldest in the League, with white beard and hair, so he is also called "Bai Tan". He was sent to Hubei by the Prime Minister.During the swearing-in ceremony, Li stood on the podium and read a few speeches, and the ceremony was completed.Li Yi walked down the ceremony platform with serene steps, and rode the largest horse in the Hubei army around the field, looking very decent.Later, people from all walks of life were invited to discuss the organization regulations of the military government at a meeting of the Education Association. Tang Hualong and Ju Zheng drafted them, claiming that they were drafted by Mr. Sun Yat-sen himself. Therefore, everyone unanimously raised their hands to approve the regulations before they finished reading them.According to this regulation, the governor is the highest civil and military officer in a province, with two major departments of military affairs and civil affairs under it. Sun Wu, deputy ministers Jiang Yiwu (not returned to Wuchang), Zhang Zhenwu, Cai Shaozhong.Under the Chief Secretary for Civil Affairs Tang Hualong, Tang Hualong and Chief Secretary for Administration, Zhang Zhiben, Deputy Director, Hu Ying, Director of the Foreign Affairs Department, Wang Zhengting, Deputy Director, and Hu Ruilin, Financial Secretary.Hu was kicked out after only a few days in office.As for Hu Ying, who came out of prison, he set himself up as the director of foreign affairs after stepping into the governor's mansion.At that time, everyone wanted to be a minister. On the one hand, they scolded others for not being a revolutionary party, and on the other hand, they scolded others for being inexperienced and unqualified. Due to exclusion and strife, many people who joined the military government were discouraged. Only Hu Ying's foreign minister was the most enthusiastic. Frustrated, he is enthusiastic, and others can't help him. He can't understand a single word of foreign language, but he is a veteran revolutionary comrade and has been in prison, so others can't touch him. After the establishment of the military government, it concentrated its forces and formed four associations.After the establishment of each association, each regiment will be supplemented with soldiers, including Wu Zhaolin, the commander of the first association, He Xifan, the leader of the second association, Chen Bingrong, the leader of the third association, and Zhang Tingfu, the leader of the fourth association.The army organization still follows the Qing army system. The military government sent Wu Zhaolin, Li Zuodong, Cai Jimin, and Xu Daming to clean up the province's savings, with a total of 40 million yuan, so the funds are quite abundant. At the same time, there is a strategy department, which is headed by Cai Jimin, Wu Xinghan, Deng Yulin, Gao Shangzhi, Zhang Tingfu, Wang Xianzhang, Xu Daming, Wang Wenjin, Chen Honggao, Liang Peng, etc.Another recruiting hall was established and Liu Ducheng was assigned to be in charge.After the establishment of the Recruitment Office, the crowd was crowded. Rao Hanxiang and others all came to vote for the Recruitment Office at this time. Due to the increasing number of literati in the Recruitment Office, the Military Government’s telegram announcements were mostly handed over to the Recruitment Office. Soon the military government set up a secretariat again, with Yang Yuru as the secretary director. Rao Hanxiang is the deputy director.