Chapter 23 22. The Battle of Huanghuagang and the Road Protection Movement

In the spring of the third year of Xuantong (1911), the comrades of the Tongmenghui arranged the largest and most complete uprising, with the goal of Guangdong.In the first half a year, Mr. Sun Yat-sen summoned Huang Xing, Zhao Sheng, and Hu Hanmin in Penang, Malaya to discuss and plan everything properly. He decided to set up a coordinating department in Hong Kong, with Huang Xing as the head, and a dispatch office with Yao Yuping as the director. , responsible for the movement of old and new military circles.The reserve class is headed by Hu Yisheng, who is responsible for the purchase and delivery of weapons and ammunition.The traffic class was headed by Zhao Sheng, and he used traffic in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan.The secretarial class is headed by Hu Hanmin, who is in charge of all documents.The editorial class was headed by Chen Jiongming, who drafted all the regulations.Hong Chengdian is the head of the General Affairs Section, and takes care of all chores.

In the plan to capture Guangzhou, in terms of instigating rebellion, the new army is still the main force, but the patrol battalion and the police are also involved.The new army had guns but no ammunition. Therefore, in the uprising, hundreds of martyrs must attack the city, destroy its important administrative organs, seize the arsenal, and open the city gates to welcome the new uprising army into the city.Initially, it was planned to form a death squad of 500 people, but later it was changed to 800 people because there were too many attacking areas and the force was insufficient.In terms of action: (1) Occupy the governor's yamen, and Huang Xing is responsible for attacking and killing Zhang Mingqi. (2) Attacking the Naval Yamen, Zhao Sheng was responsible for attacking and killing Li Zhun. (3) Chen Jiongming was responsible for the capture of the Supervisory Office. (4) Hu Yisheng is in charge of breaking through the police station and the Guangzhong Association Office, and guarding the Great South Gate. (5) Yao Yuping was in charge of occupying Feilai Temple and breaking through the north gate to welcome the patrol battalion and new troops into the city.The above five groups each led more than a hundred martyrs who dared to die. In addition, Li Wenfu led 50 people to attack the stone manger, and Luo Zejun led 50 people to destroy the telecommunications bureau.In addition, the arson committee set fire to nine rented houses in the banner circle at the same time, in order to disturb the morale of the Qing army.

800 martyrs need to prepare more than 600 firearms, plus other payments, need more than 120,000 Hong Kong dollars, and an external reserve of 30,000 Hong Kong dollars, the total cost is about 150,000 Hong Kong dollars.After Mr. Sun Yat-sen and other comrades traveled across the sea and asked patriotic overseas Chinese to donate, it was roughly the same. Therefore, compared with the previous ones, this uprising has budget and preparations in terms of funds. The original date of the Guangzhou Uprising was March 15, but it was later rescheduled for March 29. The reasons for the rescheduling were: first, most of the donations for the Americas and the Dutch East Indies had not arrived; Most of the purchased firearms have not arrived.

March 29, 1911, was a great and moving revolutionary day.At 5:30 p.m. that day, the revolutionary army marched against Guangzhou. The patriots wrapped their arms in white scarves, blew snail horns as a trumpet, and wore black-faced rubber shoes.Huang Xing's subordinates were from Sichuan and overseas Chinese in Huaxian County, Fujian Province. They were armed with guns and bombs. The commanders were Lin Shishuang, He Kefu, Liu Meiqing, etc. They attacked the Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi from Xiaodongying. They were all shot and killed by the police on the way. When I entered the Supervision Office, I saw the guards and said immediately: "We are all Chinese, we must breathe out for the Chinese people, please raise your hands if you agree." .Into the supervisor's office, straight to the second gate, there are eight or nine soldiers at the second gate, heard the sound and fled, and fought with each other in the two halls to the lobby, and fought and advanced, the guards abandoned their guns and surrendered.Huang Xing, Lin Shishuang, Zhu Zhixin and others searched separately, but there was no one in the department.Governor Zhang Mingqi's family had already moved for a few days, and Zhang stayed in the Superintendent's Office alone. Hearing the change, he went from the back garden to the pawnshop connected to the Superintendent's Office, and then transferred to the Saishixingtai.After Huang Xing and others captured the supervisor's office, they raised fire, and then retreated from Dongyuan Gate. On the way, Li Zhun, the admiral of the Navy, led a brigade of soldiers. died.Huang Xing was shot in the right hand and lost two fingers, so Huang Xing divided his subordinates into three groups. Huang led 10 people out of the Great South Gate, wanting to meet with the patrol battalion. Xu Weiyang left the Xiaobei Gate with 40 party members from Hua County To cooperate with the new army, other comrades from Sichuan, Fujian and Nanyang went to attack the supervisory training office.Huang Xing and others met the patrol battalion at the bottom of Shuangmen. This patrol battalion came to respond to the uprising. Because they planned to sneak into the city and go straight to the naval platform to capture Li Zhun, they didn't wear the white scarf of the revolutionary army. Meet Huang Xing.Huang and others didn't know the opponent's plan beforehand, seeing that the patrol battalion troops did not have the corresponding arm numbers, they ordered an attack. Seven or eight people in the patrol battalion died, and they dispersed.The party members attacked each other and turned victory into defeat.During the fierce battle, Huang Xing didn't see anyone, so he sneaked into a small shop, changed clothes and came out.Other roads also failed to complete as planned.Yu Yunji and others attacked the supervisor's office and were killed by mistake.Li Wenfu was captured by Qing soldiers and died calmly talking and laughing.Zhu Zhixin was usually a weak scholar, but when he attacked the supervisory office, he fought bravely to be the first, and then he also sneaked into the student's house and changed clothes to escape danger.Both Xiong Kewu and Yan Ji came out injured.The righteous campaign failed, and revolutionaries sneaked into the homes of ordinary people one after another. Li Zhun searched extensively, including Hong Kong-Macau ships and the Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway.

Martyr Lin Juemin was arrested, Zhang Mingqi and Li Zhun personally interrogated, and martyr Lin talked about the general trend of the world and the future of China, and everyone was moved.Zhang and Li were ordered to remove the shackles, sit in the hall, and give paper and pen. Lin swiped thousands of words, each book was a paper, and Zhang and Li read it immediately.Before Lin finished writing, he paused for a while, as if vomiting. Li Zhun approached him personally, holding a spittoon, and offered him smoke and tea.After the confession, he gave a speech in the court hall. He beat his chest and feet when he talked about the pain of the current situation, and persuaded the officials to change their minds, dedicate themselves to the country, and abolish tyranny, so that the country can be prosperous and strong.Martyr Lin was sentenced for days and when he abandoned the market, he looked up and died calmly.

Martyr Lin Juemin, nicknamed Yidong, named Doufei, was born in Fuzhou City. He entered Fujian Higher School at the age of 14 and later went to Japan to study philosophy at Keio University. He was brothers with revolutionaries Lin Wen and Lin Yinmin. Forest". After the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising on March 29, 1911, the revolutionary party abandoned corpses on the street, and no one dared to collect them. It took five days before the Qing officials notified Guangren, Aiyu, Convenience, and Guangji to clean up the remains. It was moved to the open space in front of the Advisory Bureau, divided into more than ten piles, with arms broken and brains broken, bloody and bloody.The governors of two counties in Panyu, Nanhai, Qing Dynasty planned to bury the martyrs in Goutou Mountain, and later in the smelly hill outside the East Gate.Smelly Hill is where the corpses of executioners are placed. They are gathered in a huge cave, covered with floating soil, and the bones are filthy. Passers-by cover their noses and pass by, so it is called Smelly Hill.Xu Shutang, the director of the shantang, strongly opposed it. His reason was: "The shantang collects and buries all the remains, and cannot be buried in the same place as the condemned prisoners." The dispute was still unresolved, and a Panda Wei stepped forward and appealed for it, and finally buried it in Honghuagang. On the hill, the kang was divided into four plots, and the martyrs died and buried, and the corpses were left for many days. After the night rain, the corpses swelled with mold, and small insects squirmed out of the holes.Pan Dawei buried the martyr Bi, but changed Honghuagang to Huanghuagang.A total of 72 corpses were buried, so later generations called them Huanghuagang Seventy-two Martyrs. However, the names of the seventy-two martyrs were not fully found out until the spring of the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922), and they were recorded on Huanghuagang. , the following are the names and places of origin of the seventy-two martyrs:

Fang Shengdong is from Fujian, Lin Shengchu is from Guangxi, Xu Peiyan is from Cantonese, Wei Shumo is from Guangxi, Xu Liming is from Cantonese, Xu Ripei is from Cantonese, Li Binghui is from Cantonese, Li Wan is from Cantonese, Guo Jimei is from Cantonese, Xu Guangtao is from Cantonese, You Shou is from Cantonese, Xu Linduan is from Guangdong People, Li Wenkai Cantonese, Zhou Hua Cantonese, Chen Chun Cantonese, Xu Maoliao Cantonese, Xu Songgen Cantonese, Xu Manling Cantonese, Pang Xiong Cantonese, Feng Chaoxiang Fujianese, Wei Rongchu Guangxi, Jiang Jifu Cantonese, Xu Zhaoliang Cantonese, Xu Peitian from Cantonese, Chen Gengxin from Fujian, Qin Bing from Sichuan, Xu Yingan from Cantonese, Lao Pei from Cantonese, Xu Piecheng from Cantonese, Du Fengshu from Cantonese, Chen Yuyan from Fujian, Yu Dongxiong from Cantonese, Xu Baosheng from Cantonese , Xu Lianhui from Cantonese, Chen Wenbao from Cantonese, Wei Tongqian from Guangxi, Li Wenfu from Cantonese, Wei Tonghuai from Guangxi, Xu Rongjiu from Cantonese, Xu Jinzhao from Cantonese, Cheng Liang from Anhui, Lin Juemin from Fujian, Song Yulin from Anhui, Ma Lu Cantonese, Chen Chao from Cantonese, Chen Qingchou from Fujian, Luo Nailin from Fujian, Li Deshan from Guangxi, Yu Peilun from Sichuan, Luo Zhonghuo from Cantonese, Zhuo Qiuyuan from Fujian, Hu Yingsheng from Fujian, Luo Kun from Cantonese, Rao Guoliang from Sichuan, Lin Yinmin from Fujian People, Huang Heming from Guangdong, Huang Zhongbing from Fujian, Wang Candeng from Fujian, Lin Xihui from Fujian, Rao Futing from Guangdong, Li Yannan from Guangdong, Chen Kejun from Fujian, Shi Dekuan from Anhui, Chen Fayan from Fujian, Zhou Zeng from Fujian, Lin Wen from Fujian, Liu Liufu is from Fujian, Liu Yuandong is from Fujian, Lin Xiuming is from Guangdong, Wei Jinlong is from Fujian, Zhang Xuequan is from Guangdong, and Lin Shishuang is from Fujian.

After the Battle of Huanghuagang, the road protection movement broke out again.China's railways began 100 years ago, the light railway between Wusong and Shanghai built by British businessmen in the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866).The railway was built for 10 years and opened to traffic in the second year of Guangxu (1876). Unfortunately, just after it opened to traffic, a Qing soldier was crushed to death, causing serious anger among the people along the road.In the third year of Guangxu (1877), the government prepared a price of 285,000 taels to redeem the road, and left the rails and carriages in Dagou Port.As for the Chinese own railway, it was built by the China Merchants Bureau in the seventh year of Guangxu (1881). It was specially used for coal transportation from Tangshan to Xugezhuang Tangxu Railway.If it is said that China officially had a railway, it should be counted from the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), which is 50 years behind the earliest railway in the world.In the process of road construction, it was obstructed and opposed by the conservative faction, which caused the construction to stop repeatedly.In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), this road was extended to Tianjin, and it was renamed Tangjin Railway.

The Qing government regarded road construction as a disaster, and ordinary people also opposed this "rare monster".Due to the opening of the sea ban, the great powers are scrambling to build railways in China. Imperial Russia first grabbed the privilege of building the North-South Manchurian Railway; then Belgium got the Lu-Han Railway (the predecessor of the Beijing-Han Railway); the United States got the Guangdong-Han Railway; Germany got the Jiaoji Railway Railways; France got the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway; Imperial Russia got Zhengtai Road; Britain got Shanghai-Nanjing Road and Daoqing Road; Belgium got the right to build roads on Longhai Road, which included loans, construction, and road administration management.

In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), the Qing government established the North-South Railway Corporation and appointed Sheng Xuanhuai as the first Minister of Railway Supervision.Sheng Xuanhuai is known as the "King of Chinese Railways", without him there would be no Chinese railways.He dared to do what others did not dare to do, and he dared to borrow money from foreign countries to build the railway. However, because of the foreign debt, his credit for building the railway was equal to his scolding.Because the great powers competed for the route, there was a lot of trouble, so Hubei, Hunan, and Guangdong provinces first initiated a fundraising craze to buy roads. This craze immediately spread throughout the country. In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), private railway companies were established nationwide. There are as many as 13 provinces.

It is certainly not the way for the great powers to compete for railway rights and divide power, and the private railways are not going smoothly due to the lack of wisdom of the people and the weak social and economic foundation. composition.The four-nation bank group used investment and loans to build the Guangdong-Han Railway, reform China's currency system, and revitalize industries in the three eastern provinces.Because of the support of the international syndicate, the Qing government announced the "railway state-owned policy" in the third year of Xuantong (1911), and all previous government-approved plans for the people to raise funds for the construction of railways were cancelled.The state-owned railway policy is not bad, but because of a rumor that the loan from the four-nation syndicate was given kickbacks to the Qing court, it aroused a wave of resistance among the people. At the beginning, this wave of anger had nothing to do with the revolution, but when it evolved, it had nothing to do with the revolution. The torrents converged. The road protection movement spread in Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, and Guangdong provinces. They put forward the slogans: "Put the prosperity and prosper in order to thank the world" and "The road survives and survives, and the road dies and perishes".The four provinces established "Paul Road Comrade Associations" respectively.The most violent of the four provinces was Sichuan. The Sichuan Baolu Comrade Association was established on May 21, the third year of Xuantong (1911).On the first day of July, people from all walks of life in Chengdu announced strikes, strikes, strikes, and resistance to donations.The market panicked and people panicked.On the 15th, Chuan Governor Zhao Erfeng designed to trap Baolu representatives Pu Dianjun, Luo Lun, Deng Xiaoke, Yan Kai, Zhang Lan, Hu Rong, Jiang Sancheng, Ye Bingcheng, Wang Mingxin, Yan Yishi, Meng Gongfu, etc., Chengdu General Yu Kun did not advocate the killing of the representative of Baolu.It was rainy at this time, and the people heard that the representatives had been arrested, so they gathered at the governor's office to petition for the release of the arrested representatives.Tian Zhengkui, the commander of the Qing army, aided the evil and supported Zhao Erfeng's high-handed policy. The petitioners were killed six people in the governor's courtyard. Because the petitioners were massacred, the Road Protection Movement changed from a peaceful petition to an armed uprising.The original road protection movement can be said to have been directed and planned by the constitutional monarchy faction. Its members were mainly the Advisory Bureau, private railway companies and local gentry. However, Zhao Erfeng adopted a high-pressure policy, using bullets to deal with unarmed people. Heeding their wishes and carrying out frenzied massacres, the road protection movement quickly turned away from peaceful petitions and turned to armed uprisings.People from all counties in Sichuan gathered to attack the provincial capital one after another, and the fighting continued, and finally Sichuan Provincial Autonomy was achieved. In this incident, the weakness of the dying politics of the Qing court was fully exposed. Among the top ranks, the regent Zaifeng and the prime minister Yikuang were constantly flirting with each other.The Four Kingdoms Bank established a creditor group. Because of the uneven distribution of spoils due to kickbacks, and the transfer of Sichuan Governor Zhao Erxun to the governors of the three eastern provinces and the governor of Jiangxi, Yikuang could not have foreseen the vacancies, so he asked for leave and ignored the matter.Duan Fang, the resigned governor of Zhili, has been thinking about moving for a long time.Duanfang was originally a red official in the last years of Guangxu. He used to be the governor of Huguang, Liangjiang and Zhili. relatives by marriage.When Guangxu died, Duanfang served as the direct governor, but when Guangxu moved his soul, he took pictures in the palace of the Empress Dowager Longyu, and was dismissed for the crime of disrespect.At this time, hundreds of thousands of bribes were sent to supervise the Sichuan-Guangdong-Han Railway.The governor of the two lakes, Rui Li, was afraid that Duanfang would squeeze out his vacancies, so he asked Prince Su Shanqi to dredge up the Empress Dowager Longyu, and joined the party with Duanfang to participate in Zhao Erfeng, so that Duanfang had a chance to seek the governor of Sichuan.After the indiscriminate killing of petitioners in Chengdu, Duanfang and Cen Chunxuan were ordered to investigate and deal with it. Duanfang sent a new army from Hubei to Zizhou (now Zizhong).He was incompatible with Zhao Erfengji, and Zhao Erfeng was persecuted internally and externally, so he released the arrested representatives from prison one after another, and negotiated the terms of self-government of Sichuan Province.The two parties compromised and signed the Treaty of Preferential Treatment to Zhao Erfeng. Zhao issued a notice that Pu Boying, the chairman of the Civil Affairs Bureau, and Zhu Qinglan, the first town commander of the Sichuan New Army, were appointed first to declare autonomy on the first day of October in the Xinhai Year, and then changed to the second and then to the first. seven days.After Zhao Ruyue handed over the seal, he regretted it again. On October 18, an incident occurred in Chengdu. Zhao returned to the governorship and was killed.Duanfang was also killed by the new army he led after the successful Wuchang Uprising, and his head was sent to Wuchang.