Chapter 10 Chapter 9: Fu Zuoyi Leads His Troops to Accept Reorganization, Peaceful Liberation of Peking

The People's Liberation Army quickly conquered Tianjin and put Peiping in a desperate situation. Fu Zuoyi accepted the Chinese Communist Party's peace conditions and led his troops out of the city to accept the reorganization.The People's Liberation Army achieved a brilliant victory in the peaceful reorganization of 250,000 enemy troops, and produced the "Peking Way" with enormous influence. After Tianjin was liberated, Fu Zuoyi, who was besieged in Beiping City, was still trying to make a final struggle. He put on a posture of sticking to Beiping City, and hurriedly did several important things:

The first thing is to replenish the army.Since the 35th Army and the 104th Army had been annihilated by the People's Liberation Army on the Guisui Line, in order to restore his own strength, Fu Zuoyi ordered to reorganize and supplement several security brigades from Hebei Province gathered in Beiping City to his troops In the middle of the war, the 35th Army and the 104th Army were reorganized, and Zhu Dachun, the commander of the 262nd Division, was appointed as the commander of the 35th Army. An Chunshan, who escaped by chance, was still the commander of the 04th Army. The second is to actively deploy city defenses around Zhongnanhai.In order to ensure his own safety, Fu Zuoyi used the North China "Suppression General" Headquarters Guard Regiment as the internal guard of Zhongnanhai; the temporarily organized 17th Division as the peripheral guard of Zhongnanhai; The defense of the inner city: Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army direct line troops were responsible for the defense of the suburbs of Peiping and the outer city of Peiping, and Li Wen, the commander of the Fourth Corps, was appointed as the commander of the city defense of Peiping.Fu Zuoyi took great pains in arranging the deployment of troops in this way. At this time, he had two major concerns. One was external concerns that the People's Liberation Army would invade the city, so he sent all the well-equipped Central Army troops to the periphery to defend; the other was internal concerns. Chiang Kai-shek would secretly order the direct line generals Li Wen, Shi Jue and others to take action against him, and even coerced him into doing things he did not want to do.In order to prevent future troubles, he arranged all his troops around him, and sent all Chiang Kai-shek's direct troops outside the city.

The third is to build city defense fortifications.The outskirts of Beiping used to have strong fortifications, except for the ancient city walls, it can be said that there is no danger to defend.Fu Zuoyi appointed Guo Zongfen, an experienced deputy commander-in-chief, to be responsible for building city defenses. The fourth is to open up temporary airports in Dongdan and the Temple of Heaven to receive airdrop aid.Since Nanyuan Airport was occupied by the People's Liberation Army, Beiping was cut off from inside and outside, and more than 2 million soldiers and civilians in the city had to eat and drink every day. Supplies became the biggest headache for Fu Zuoyi.Hundreds of thousands of troops have huge daily expenses and empty stocks, so they have to rely on air transportation to solve the problem.At first, these two temporary airports could barely land planes, but later they were controlled by the artillery fire of the People's Liberation Army. The planes of the Kuomintang Air Force no longer dared to land, so they had to use parachutes to drop them. As a result, a lot of airdropped materials fell into the North Sea.

In addition to the problem of supplies and supplies that caused Fu Zuoyi a headache, the corruption of military discipline was also a difficult thing for him to deal with. More than 200,000 troops were huddled in the city of Beiping, where the military and civilians were mixed, and problems occurred from time to time.Many high-ranking military officers, especially those of Chiang Kai-shek's direct line of troops, knew that the general situation was over and became shackles. In despair, they desperately pursued pleasure.They spent their last days with gambling, dancing, eating, drinking and having fun.The lower-ranking officers and soldiers used to harass and provoke everywhere. They robbed and robbed the residents in the city, and beat and cursed people happened from time to time.

Although Fu Zuoyi bluffed and adopted a series of military measures to stick to Beiping, he knew very well in his heart that the People's Liberation Army was approaching the city, and he was completely in a dilemma where he wanted to fight, couldn't defend, and wanted to escape.Under such circumstances, after being enlightened by people of insight from all walks of life, Fu Zuoyi finally mustered up the courage to respond to the call of the Communist Party and conduct peaceful negotiations with the People's Liberation Army after repeated thinking. One day in mid-December 1948, Yang Gefei, editor-in-chief of "Pingming Daily" sponsored by Fu Zuoyi, was reading a manuscript in the editorial department. Cui Zaizhi, the president, called and asked him to go to Cui's residence immediately, saying that there was something urgent to discuss.

After arriving, Cui said to Yang: "Mr. Fu has decided to hold peace talks with the Communist Army. When I came back from the headquarters just now, Mr. Fu personally asked Li Bingquan to carry out this task. In order to keep it absolutely confidential, I will not be able to appear in public until the mission is completed. Mr. Fu told me to tell you to take good care of the affairs in the club, and if you have any major problems, you can go to XX Hospital to discuss with Li Tengjiu." On December 14th, at dawn, Cui Zaizhi, Li Bingquan, a radio operator, a translator, and a driver, a total of 5 people, carried a radio and took a jeep. Wang Kejun sent them out of the city from Guang'anmen.They originally planned to go to Xibaipo, Pingshan County, and hoped to meet with the person in charge of the CCP to negotiate a peaceful settlement along the Ping, Tianjin, Zhang, and Tang lines.But after leaving the city, he was detained by the eleventh column at the column headquarters.After the eleventh column reported to the head of the Pingjin front line, it received instructions from its superiors: to escort Fu Fang's representative to the Pingjin front line headquarters.The Pingjin Front Command quickly reported the situation to the Central Military Commission.

After receiving the telegram from the Pingjin Front Command, the Central Military Commission sent a telegram to Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou at 16:00 on the 16th, clearly instructing the main content of the negotiations with Fu Zuoyi's representatives: 1. The basic principle of negotiating with Representative Fu Zuoyi is to get the enemy to lay down their arms. 2. The vast majority of the enemy forces in Beiping and all the enemy forces in Tianjin and Tanggu are from the Central Army (only Chen Changjie is pro-Chiang and Fu), and it is difficult for Fu Zuoyi to command these troops.However, without compromising the basic principles stated in Article 1 of this telegram, consideration may be given to allowing the punishment of Fu Zuoyi and his cadres to be mitigated, and allowing them to preserve their private property as a condition, in exchange for Fu Zuoyi ordering the entire army to lay down their weapons.

3. Our first goal is to solve the Central Army.You should ask Fu Zuoyi's representative whether Fu Zuoyi has the power to order the Central Army to disarm. If he does not have such power, you can ask him to let our army enter the city and solve the Central Army. 4. Fu Zuoyi's sending people out of the city to negotiate this time is just a tentative act. If Fu is sincere in negotiating, he will send representatives out. The Pingjin Front Command decided that Su Jing, chief of staff of the Northeast Field Army, would be responsible for receiving Fu Fang's representative. Su Jing was born in Chenghai (now Longhai) County, Fujian Province in 1910.When I was studying in high school and normal school, I read the books of Lu Xun, Mao Dun and "left" writers and the progressive newspapers edited by Zou Taofen.After graduating from a normal school, he worked as a primary school teacher in his hometown. In 1931, when the Red Army of Workers and Peasants in the Soviet Area attacked Zhangzhou, he realized that the Red Army led by the Communist Party of China was to resist Japan and save the country, and it was a people's army entirely for the liberation of the hardworking masses.So he voted to join the army and joined the Red Army.After participating in the revolution, he studied hard and made continuous progress.Soon, he served as a combat staff officer at the headquarters of the Red First Army and participated in the 25,000-mile Long March.During the Anti-Japanese War, he served as the chief of the reconnaissance section in the 115th Division of the Eighth Route Army.During the Eastern Expedition of the Red Army, he served as Secretary General of the Eastern Expedition Detachment Headquarters and Director of Military Law.When Luo Ronghuan led some comrades of the 115th Division to Shandong to open up a base area, he served as the Secretary-General of the Shandong Military Region.After Japan surrendered, in order to open up a Northeast base, he crossed the sea from the Jiaodong Peninsula to the Northeast with the army, and served as the chief of staff (also known as the chief of operations) and chief of intelligence in the Northeast Military Region.After the Liaoshen Campaign, the Northeast Field Army entered the pass one after another.He entered the pass with the army to participate in the Battle of Pingjin, concurrently served as the Chief of Staff of the Pingjin Front Command, and participated in three negotiations for the peaceful liberation of Peiping from beginning to end.

Su Jing is one of the people who has the most comprehensive and detailed understanding of the process and inside story of the peaceful liberation of Peking.He made a detailed account in the article "Recalling the Peaceful Negotiations in Peking" (published in the "Pingjin Battle" volume of the Chinese People's Liberation Army's historical materials series). He said in this article: After learning that Fu Zuoyi sent a representative to negotiate, Luo Ronghuan political commissar said to me: "After Fu Fang's representative comes, you will be responsible for the reception. In order to keep secret and avoid revealing the specific location of the headquarters, you can make another Find a village not too far from the headquarters to receive them. By contacting them, you can understand the enemy's intentions and find out why they are coming."

At dawn on December 16, Su Jing asked Wang Chaogang, the deputy chief of the Queue Section of the Headquarters, as an assistant, asked for an administrator from Director He Jing of the Management Office, and asked for a radio operator from Director Zhang Rui of the Communications Office , and brought more than 10 soldiers together to Balizhuang, not far from the headquarters, and took a house at Zhou Qinghai's house in the west of the village.In the past, this was the mansion of Hou Yuntai, the landlord of the village, but now it is used as a meeting place.Then Su Jing asked Wang Chaogang to meet Fu Fang's representative on the road leading to Sanhe on time.

On the morning of the 17th, a guard platoon from the eleventh column escorted Fu Fang's representative to Balizhuang. This contact is not the beginning of negotiations, but just talking to each other and understanding the situation.It was the middle of winter, and the weather was very cold. Representatives from both sides sat on the kang, or talked casually around the fire. There was no fixed topic, but both sides knew each other's true intentions very well.Cui repeatedly stated: "We are negotiating on behalf of Mr. Fu Zuoyi." "Mr. Fu attaches great importance to the negotiation, which is purely sincere and not a conspiracy. He has long considered peace negotiations, and the current military situation is indeed a powerful force for peace talks." promotion".He also said: "Fu Wei wanted to keep abreast of the negotiation situation, and at the same time demanded absolute secrecy, so as to prevent the secret agents of the Central Command and the Military Command from sabotaging it. He ordered Li Tengjiu, the director of the liaison department, to pretend to be sick, take the radio to the hospital, and see no one. The radio we brought It was given by Li Tengjiu, and it is exclusively for use in contact with Fu Zuoyi." Fu Fang's idea is to ask our side to stop all offensive actions, the two armies will retreat, and through negotiations, we will reach a peaceful settlement on the Ping, Tianjin, Zhang, and Tang lines.They also put forward the following conditions and requirements: In order to get some of Chiang Kai-shek's large planes, we are required to give up control of Nanyuan Airport; Army, so that the army can return to the city of Beiping, and our army can enter the city with it. Mr. Fu sent a telegram to the whole country, announcing that Peiping has achieved a peaceful settlement, and a coalition government in North China will be established. Fu's army will be under the command of the coalition government; and so on.It can be seen from this that Fu has the intention to preserve his strength and intends to raise the banner of peace.Su Jing immediately reported what Fu Fang said to the head of the Pingjin front line. On December 19, Liu Yalou, chief of staff of the Pingjin Front Command, came to Balizhuang and talked with Cui and Li all morning.Liu Yalou analyzed the national situation and the prospects for the development of the Pingjin war situation.He said: "Chiang Kai-shek has been too busy to take care of himself, and it is pure fantasy to wait and see." According to the guidelines of the Party Central Committee and the instructions of the heads of the Pingjin front line, he clarified our basic principles for the peaceful settlement of Pingjin and Tianjin: the premise of laying down arms and disarming , It is absolutely not allowed to preserve its reactionary armed forces, let alone electrify the whole country to establish a North China coalition government.If the other party agrees to our peaceful settlement of the terms of peace and Tianjin, the life safety of Fu himself and his subordinates and the loss of private property can be guaranteed; if Jiang is a stubborn army and division commander who resists, he can be arrested first; Two armies. Cui and Li reported to Fu on the radio that afternoon.Obviously, the conditions and demands put forward by Fu Fang are far from our basic policy.Fu replied at the time, saying: Jiang's army in the city is more than ten times stronger than his own. If it is difficult to arrest Jiang's army and division commanders, it is really inappropriate to carry out.But no other questions were raised. In the first contact negotiation, the two sides put forward their own conditions, but they put it aside without any results. It can only be said to be tentative. On December 23, Cui and Li received a telegram from Fu Zuoyi to Mao Zedong.The general idea is: Yu will never retain the army, nor have any political intentions. He intends to electrify the whole country immediately, stop the fighting, and temporarily maintain the status quo.Request your army to retreat slightly and restore traffic order.At present, don't engage in the method of disarming before the battle.How the army will deal with it in the future can be discussed and resolved by sending people. Fu Zuoyi's daughter Fu Dongju also played a big role in Fu Zuoyi's final determination to negotiate with our army on the peaceful liberation of Beiping.She is a reporter from Tianjin "Ta Kung Pao" and was sent back to Peiping by our underground party.On the one hand, Fu Dongju took care of Fu Zuoyi wholeheartedly with the love of father and daughter, and on the other hand, reported the situation to our party in a timely manner. On New Year's Day in 1949, the central government sent a telegram to the frontline leaders in Pingjin to send a reliable person to explain our six opinions to Fu in person through the introduction of a close person.The general idea of ​​these 6 opinions is: 1. I don’t agree to send the telegram, because once the telegram is sent, he will have no legal status. He and his subordinates may be oppressed by the Jiang’s army, or even solved. At the same time, we cannot accept his practice. . 2. Fu followed Chiang Kai-shek to fight against the Communist Party. We have to list him as a war criminal along with Yan Xishan, Bai Chongxi and Hu Zongnan.As soon as we announced this, his position in Chiang's army was immediately strengthened.He can take this opportunity to make a big fuss, expressing that there is no other way out but to fight us resolutely, but in fact he will negotiate peace with us, cooperate internally and externally, and liberate Peiping peacefully, or liberate Peiping after a less intense battle, so that we have reason pardon him. 3. Allow him to form two armies. 4. His telegram to Chairman Mao has been received, and he thinks his idea is unrealistic, and we should follow the above method before we can accept it. 5. The attitude of the negotiator Cui Zaizhi is very good. We hope to contact you again in the future to convey the opinions of both parties. At the same time, we also hope that Fu Fang will send a representative who can be responsible for the negotiation with Cui Zaizhi. 6. It was right that Fu did not go to Nanjing for the military meeting, and he will not be able to go in the future, otherwise he would be in danger of being detained by Chiang Kai-shek as the second Zhang Xueliang. After research, it was decided to send Li Bingquan to the city, and through the introduction of Cui Zaizhi or Li Tengjiu, he conveyed the above six opinions to Fu in person.According to Li Bingquan who later returned to Balizhuang, Fu Zuoyi felt relieved after hearing these six opinions, and his mood improved a lot, but he still did not express his determination to fully accept our conditions. He just said sadly: "In order to preserve the ancient cultural city of Beiping, Negotiations will continue and we hope to be more specific." On January 5, 1949, in the names of Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan, the Pingjin Front published the "Sentence to Jiang's Military Officers in North China", which analyzed the situation, pointed out the way out, clarified the conditions for obtaining leniency from our army, and expressed the peaceful liberation of Pingjin by our army Sincerity, he called on Jiang Jun generals to learn from Zheng Dongguo, and hoped that Jiang's Military Affairs Department would send someone to negotiate. At the same time, Mao Zedong published the article "Comment on War Criminals Seeking Peace", exposing Chiang Kai-shek's "Peace Power" published on New Year's Day in 1949 as a fake peace trick in an attempt to preserve his counter-revolutionary military power through a peaceful truce. During this period of time, the Nanjing Kuomintang government also recited the Peace Sutra in various forms, such as holding a peace promotion meeting, issuing proclamations and sending telegrams in the name of representatives of the National Congress or the Senate, expressing their willingness to stop the war with us and restore peace. Appoint representatives to conduct peace talks.However, the peaceful movement in Peking was sabotaged by Kuomintang agents.He Siyuan, the former mayor of Beiping, was tabooed by the reactionaries because of his peaceful activities. Secret agents planted bombs in his house, killing his daughter and wounding He himself.However, as a peace envoy, he went out of the city and stated that he would preserve the cultural relics and scenic spots in the ancient city of Beiping, and he would not hesitate to sacrifice to promote the peaceful settlement of Peiping.The mass organizations in Beiping also sent celebrities, professors, and scholars out of the city as representatives to request the besieging army to stop military operations, calling for a local truce and a peaceful settlement.The broad masses of the people in Peiping demanded a peaceful solution more and more loudly. On January 6, represented by Major General Fu Zhou Beifeng, Director of the Land Division, and Yenching University Professor Zhang Dongsun, Vice Chairman of the Democratic League, they left the city according to our joint method and route.When they passed the headquarters of the Second Corps of the Northeast Field Army, Commander Cheng Zihua received them, talked with them about the whole situation and Fu Zuoyi's way out, and stayed at the headquarters overnight.The next day, they were sent to Balizhuang by car. On January 6, the Central Committee sent a telegram to the head of the Pingjin frontline, clarifying the basic policy of the negotiation again: as long as Fu Zuoyi allows us to take over Pingjin and Tianjin peacefully, and allows him to form two armies, he can be pardoned for war crimes and his private property can be preserved. The safety and property of its subordinates are inviolable, and no other conditions can be agreed to besides this. Commander Nie Rongzhen drove to Balizhuang on January 8 to have an interview with representative Fu Fang.According to Zhou Beifeng, Fu asked him to clarify the following points: first, Ping, Tianjin, Tang and Suiyuan should be resolved together; second, other parties and newspapers should be allowed to exist in Ping, Tianjin and other places; Fourth, the army should not solve it by surrender, but can be relocated outside the city and solved by reorganization.After listening to these opinions, Commander Nie asked them to rest and agreed to talk again the next day. On January 9, Lin Biao and Nie Rongzhen came to Balizhuang from Mengjialou together, and had talks with Zhou Beifeng and Zhang Dongsun.In addition to conveying Fu Zuoyi's above four points, Zhou Beifeng also proposed: "The prisoners captured in the Xinbaoan and Zhangjiakou operations should all be released and dealt with leniently, not as prisoners of war. For the administrative and civilian personnel and workers in the army, we must properly arrange their work. , to give a way out of life. The past crimes of the military and political personnel under Fu’s department will not be investigated, and Fu will be responsible for everything.” Lin Biao gave the following answer: All armies should be turned into militaries, and all places should be turned into liberated areas.According to this general principle, the problems in Ping and Tianjin were first resolved; General Fu Zuoyi ordered the troops to be transferred out of Ping and Tianjin to designated locations, and reorganized into the People's Liberation Army by means of reorganization; Fu Zuoyi was not treated as a war criminal. Preserve the private property of Fu and his subordinates, and give them a certain status in politics; all the prisoners in Xinbao and Zhangjiakou will be released, and Fu Zuoyi's subordinates will not be blamed for the past. For those who are willing to return to their hometowns, they will be paid enough tolls, fill in a certificate, be sent back to their hometowns, and notify the local government that they will not be discriminated against. Commander Nie Rongzhen focused on the current situation and Fu's way out. He said: General Fu Zuoyi has no way out except to deal with the Kuomintang troops in Ping and Tianjin in this way and possibly do good things for the people.I hope that General Fu Zuoyi will make up his mind early. Zhou Beifeng and Zhang Dongsun were very happy after listening to Lin and Nie's conversation, and they repeatedly praised: All the Kuomintang troops stationed in Ping and Tianjin were transferred out of the city, moved to designated places, and reorganized into the People's Liberation Army according to the organization and system of the People's Liberation Army. If the method is good, General Fu will definitely accept it. In this way, the opinions of the two sides gradually converged, and the negotiations were temporarily adjourned.We talked again later, mainly talking about the reorganization method of the army, how to take over the military and political institutions, and the arrangement of personnel, etc. that they wanted to know.The main content of the discussion has been sorted out to form a "Negotiation Minutes".Fu Fang signed the negotiation minutes on behalf of Zhou Beifeng.Zhang Dongsun said: "I don't need to sign. I am a member of the Democratic League. I can't represent General Fu Zuoyi. I can only be a mediator and a witness in the middle. I will not go back to the city this time. I plan to return to Yenching University and start my journey. Go to Shijiazhuang to meet Chairman Mao." During the negotiations, the deadline for Fu Fang's reply was specified before January 14.This article was also written in the "Negotiation Minutes". "Negotiation Minutes" was brought back to Beiping City by Zhou Beifeng. In this meeting, both sides were sincere and the atmosphere was harmonious, and everyone was very happy.When parting, Lin Biao discussed with great interest what gifts should be given to Representative Fu Fang as a souvenir of the negotiation.Commander Nie said, "Any booty is fine." Su Jing said, "The high leather boots we seized are good, let's give each of them a pair!" In this way, he gave each of them a pair of leather boots. After Zhou Beifeng returned to the city, he made a detailed report to Fu Zuoyi.According to reports, although Fu Zuoyi's confidence in the negotiation has increased, he sighed after reading the "Negotiation Minutes" and said, "The issues discussed are not specific enough," and refused to express his position clearly. During this period, Fu opened two temporary airports in the city, the Temple of Heaven and Dongdan, and the frequent arrivals and departures of planes from Nanjing showed that Fu hadn't made up his mind yet. On January 13, Deng Baoshan, as the plenipotentiary representative of Fu Fang, held the third negotiation with our side.He and Zhou Beifeng followed the route designated by our side and arrived at Wuli Bridge via Qinghe Town.As early as in Yulin, Deng Baoshan had been to Yan'an many times to have contacts with the leading comrades of the Party Central Committee. Fu Zuoyi knew about this relationship, and Deng Baoshan was the deputy commander-in-chief of the North China "suppression general", and he was the plenipotentiary representative of the negotiations. It was the most appropriate, so a special plane was sent to take Deng from Suiyuan to Peiping to participate in the peace talks. On the afternoon of the 13th, Lin, Luo, and Nie came to Wuliqiao from Songzhuang to meet with Deng and Zhou. Lin Biao first welcomed Deng's arrival, and then Nie Rongzhen said straight to the point: "The last negotiation stipulated that 14 days was the deadline for a reply, and now there are only a few hours left. Tianjin will not be included in the discussion this time, and only Tianjin will be discussed. Peking problem." In this negotiation, the attitude of the other party has changed. Deng Baoshan once again proposed that our army give up Nanyuan Airport and establish a coalition government. Lin Biao said: "Now there are no other conditions to discuss, only to order the Beiping defenders to move to a designated location outside the city and accept the reorganization of the People's Liberation Army according to what was discussed last time and in accordance with the regulations of the Pingjin Front Command. Nothing else. Possibly, there is only one way." Nie Rongzhen also emphasized: "It is the best way for the troops to go out of the city to accept the reorganization, so as to prevent Beiping from being destroyed by artillery fire again." Deng Baoshan asked: "Are you going to fight Tianjin?" Lin Biao said, "Yes, we have issued an order." Deng Baoshan is very confident in defending Tianjin, and believes that it is impossible for our army to conquer Tianjin in a short period of time.It is said that Fu Zuoyi is also very confident in defending Tianjin, and he once instructed Tianjin Garrison Commander Chen Changjie: "If you fight a good battle, it will be easy to deal with. Only if you can fight can you make peace", "If you hold firm, there will be a way." Deng Baoshan asked: "How many days are you going to fight in Tianjin?" Lin Biao said, "Three days." Deng Baoshan said, "I'm afraid you won't be able to fight in 30 days." Nie Rongzhen said: "If you can't fight for 30 days, you can fight for half a year. If you can't fight for half a year, you can fight for one year. You must fight." Luo Ronghuan said: "Let's talk about this today! General Deng Baoshan can rest here and prepare to continue talking." Deng and Zhou were waiting at Wuliqiao to continue the negotiation. On January 14, our army launched a general attack on Tianjin and liberated Tianjin after 29 hours of fierce fighting.So far, the more than 200,000 defending enemies in Peiping were completely desperate under the tight siege of our army, breaking Fu Fang's remaining illusion of "bargaining" in the negotiations. When Deng Baoshan reported the status of the negotiations to Fu for instructions, Fu's call back was always "Please Deng, Zhou will handle it at your discretion." On January 15, Lin, Luo, and Nie came to Wuliqiao together, and had another meeting with Deng Baoshan and Zhou Beifeng. The negotiation started in the morning and lasted for 3 hours. After the negotiation, the plan for reorganizing the Beiping Kuomintang army out of the designated place outside the city, the principle of the North China "suppression general" and the arrangement of officers above the regiment, and the military and political institutions of the Beiping Kuomintang A basic agreement has been reached on the receiving method, etc. In the early morning of January 16, the Ministry of Su Jing and Li Bingquan liberated Tianjin.Chen Changjie, commander of the Tianjin garrison, was captured, and Hou Jingru, commander of the 17th Corps, led his troops to flee south by boat from Tanggu, and told Deng and Zhou the two representatives.The talks continued in the afternoon. Nie Rongzhen talked about our preliminary idea of ​​resolving the Suiyuan issue. He planned to adopt a moderate method and leave it for the next step (later called the Suiyuan method), and asked Deng to tell Fu.In order to urge Fu Zuoyi to make a decisive decision and stand on the side of the people, Lin Biao handed a letter written by Mao Zedong himself to Fu Zuoyi in the name of Lin Biao, the commander of the Pingjin front line of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and Luo Ronghuan, a political commissar, to Deng in person, and asked Deng to bring it to Fu Zuoyi. .Deng then proposed that we also send representatives to the city for further contact and negotiations, and said that this was Fu's hope.Lin Biao immediately agreed that Su Jing would go to the city with Deng. Deng Baoshan attached great importance to the letter from Lin and Luo to Fu, and was eager to know its content. After sending Lin, Luo, and Nie away, she took out the letter (unsealed) to read.After reading it, I was very surprised, and said to Zhou Beifeng and Diao Kecheng in front of Su Jing, "This letter is too unexpected, and the wording is very harsh. Fu Zuoyi may not be able to bear it." Don't hand it over to Fu Zuoyi, so as not to cause extra complications, make the matter stalemate, or even overturn the agreement, and make the negotiation fall short. He spoke with a melancholy look, and he seemed to be asking for Su Jing's opinion.Su Jing didn't see the content of the letter, so it's hard to express her opinion, but she felt that this matter should be reported to Lin, Luo, and Nie. After dinner, Su Jing returned to Songzhuang to report to Lin, Luo, and Nie about Deng Baoshan's attitude towards the letter.After listening to it, Lin Biao said, "Yes, that letter was a bit harsh, and it's okay if he doesn't hand it in for a while." On January 17, Su Jinghe, Deng Baoshan, Diao Kecheng, and Deng's adjutant Wang Huanwen, went on the road together as a staff member for liaison in the city.On the way, Deng mentioned the letter he had brought to Fu, and planned not to show it to Fu for the time being.Su Jing said to Deng according to Lin Biao's intention: "You can decide! It's okay not to pay it for now!" Deng nodded after listening. On the evening of January 18, Fu Zuoyi, Wang Kejun, and Yan Youwen (formerly the deputy director of the political work department of the "Suppression General" in North China), accompanied by Cui Zaizhi, came to Su Jing's residence. People expressed his attitude and said: "You can come to an agreement on a practical and specific solution for a peaceful settlement. As long as it is conducive to the peaceful settlement of Beiping and prevents this ancient cultural city with a long history from being destroyed, any solution is fine. It can be regarded as the plenipotentiary representative of both parties!..." Su Jing expressed her gratitude to Fu Zuoyi for his condolences, and said: "I can only act as a liaison officer. If there are any problems to be solved, I can contact them on my behalf. I can ask the leaders of the Pingjin front line, and I can also contact them through the radio." On January 19, Su Jing, Cui Zaizhi and others, based on the basic spirit of the agreement reached outside the city, concretized one by one, proposed one, studied one, and wrote one.There was not much debate and not too long, and an 18-article agreement was reached.Su Jing reported the agreement to the head of the Pingjin front line through the radio, and asked for instructions to make the final decision.The specific agreement was reported to the Central Military Commission.After Mao Zedong made some amendments to the content and words of the article, it was sent back by the radio station of the Pingjin Front Command, and it became a formal agreement. On January 21, Su Jing, Wang Kejun, and Cui Zaizhi signed the agreement.On the same day, Fu Zuoyi published some key points in the agreement through the Kuomintang Central News Agency. The basic spirit of the specific agreement on the peaceful settlement of the Peiping issue is to quickly end the war, realize the long-awaited peace of the people, preserve the industrial and commercial foundations and cultural relics, and prevent the material wealth of the country and the people from being damaged. The agreement stipulated that the two sides cease fire on the 22nd, but there was still no movement until the morning of the 21st. Su Jing was a little anxious, so she asked Cui Zaizhi for an interview: "Tomorrow is the effective date of the agreement. You have not made any movement yet. What if there is a fight?" Reflect it immediately.In the afternoon, Wang Kejun gave Su Jing a document and explained that the 4th Cavalry Division would leave the city from Yongdingmen tomorrow, and the 101st Army would be ready to leave the city at any time afterward—this was the action to implement the agreement. Su Jing immediately called Lin, Luo, and Nie.On the same day, I received a telegram from Lin, Luo, and Nie: (1) The senior officials of the Fu side captured by our side can all be released after Beiping takes over.The political prisoners captured by Fu Fang should be released as soon as the joint organization is established. (2) Hope to tell Fu that after the 4th Cavalry Division and the 101st Army leave the city, Fu Fang still needs to send troops to control the two city gates, and not let the Central Army take over. (3) I hope to tell Fu that the troops departing from Beiping after the 23rd should be stationed in Liangxiang and Xushui lines along the Ping-Han Railway and in Gu'an, Wen'an, Baxian, and Xiongxian areas to the east. Stationed in Sanhe and Xianghe areas.The various ministries have issued an order, and we hope to call in advance so that we can designate a convenient place to station for food. (4) On the 23rd, about a few cadres can enter the city. (5) Do not return when you are in the city. On January 23, the "Pingming Daily" published the main provisions of the agreement, and Cui Zaizhi and the staff of the friendship office were very happy.Cui Zaizhi said meaningfully: "When Yuan Shikai was the emperor, Cao Rulin, his deputy foreign minister, signed the 21 articles of humiliation and humiliation with the Japanese minister. Now we have drawn up the 18 articles of the agreement for the peaceful settlement of the Peking issue. It is also in this place. When Article 21 was signed, there was a lot of dissatisfaction among the people, and protests erupted from Peking to the whole country. After the announcement of our agreement, we received cheers and joy from the people. Everyone felt sincerely happy and breathed a sigh of relief. It seems that there will be no What a mess." After the agreement was signed, Fu Zuoyi was also very happy. He convened a meeting of the senior generals of the Kuomintang army, and sent people to hold a press conference for Chinese and foreign journalists in Zhongshan Park, announcing the main contents of the agreement. In order to implement the agreement in a timely manner, Fu Zuoyi personally presided over the last meeting of senior generals above the military level on the morning of January 21, with his legal status. At the meeting, Wang Kejun, secretary-general of the "Suppression General" and director of the political affairs department, talked about the necessity of peace negotiations and things to watch out for.At the meeting, the terms of the agreement that had been reached were read out, and the opinions of the generals present at the meeting were solicited. The full text of the agreement is as follows: In order to quickly shorten the war, achieve a peace that is widely discussed by the people, preserve the industrial and commercial foundation and cultural relics and historical sites, so that the country's vitality will not be damaged, and to promote the early realization of complete peace throughout the country, the following items are announced by agreement between the two parties: 1. A truce between the two sides began at 10:00 am on the 22nd of this month. 2. During the transition period, the two sides will send personnel to establish a joint office to handle relevant military and political matters. 3. The urban troops below the corps (including the corps), the original organizational system, the original designation, began to move outside the city on the 22nd, and began to implement reorganization about one month after arriving at the station. 4. Maintenance of order in the city.In addition to the original police and warehouse guard troops, necessary troops will be temporarily retained to maintain law and order as needed. 5. The administrative agencies of Beiping and all central and local government-owned and public enterprises, banks, warehouses, cultural institutions, schools, etc. in Ping’an shall temporarily maintain the status quo and shall not be damaged or lost. 6. Institutions affiliated to the Hebei Provincial Government shall maintain the status quo for the time being, shall not damage the losses, wait for the aforementioned joint agency to deal with, and ensure the safety of their staff. 7. The gold dollar coupons can be used as usual, pending another exchange method. 8. All military projects shall be stopped. 9. To protect the safety of the property of diplomatic officials and foreigners in consulates in Ping An. 10. Posts and telecommunications will not stop, and we will continue to maintain external contacts. 11. All kinds of newspapers can continue to be published, and will be re-registered and reviewed later. 12. To protect cultural relics and historic sites and the freedom and safety of various religions. Thirteen, the people live and work in peace and contentment, do not disturb each other. 14. The secret agents of the military and central government must be registered, confession is lenient, and resistance is strict. The above-mentioned agreement was issued to all units on January 21; it was published in the newspaper on the morning of the 22nd, and the defenders in the city began to leave the city at the designated locations in the morning of the same day to wait for formation; on the 31st, the People's Liberation Army took over the city defense. The vast majority of the generals present at the meeting agreed with the agreement, and some also said that this would save the ancient cultural capital of Beiping from a catastrophe, people's lives and property would not be sacrificed and destroyed, and individuals would also be prevented from being the sinners of history. One of the best ways out.But there were also Li Wen, Shi Jue, the commanders of the two corps of the Jiang faction, and Yuan Pu, the commander of the Sixteenth Army, who hugged their heads and howled on the spot: "I'm sorry, leader! I'm sorry, leader!" This shows that in a situation where the people are victorious After all, some people are unwilling to fail and still have illusions about Chiang Kai-shek.Forced by the situation, Li Wen, Shi Jue and others finally agreed to the terms of the agreement, but made a request to let them go back to Nanjing.According to the situation of the meeting, Fu Zuoyi publicly announced the decision to publish the agreement on "Pingming Daily", and told Li Wen, Shi Jue, etc. in person: You can leave, but you can't affect the stability of the troops and the implementation of the agreement. You must ensure that there are no problems in the troops. .Subsequently, the main provisions of the agreement were issued to the city guards in the name of "suppressing the general", and all agencies and units were notified to protect public property and archives and prepare for handover. Later, Fu Zuoyi called the leaders of Beiping City and the "Military Command" and "Central Command" to have a meeting, or have individual talks, asking them to make preparations for the handover, release political prisoners, and transfer Communist Party members and progressive youths in prison , students, workers, and progressives. The troops I took over arrived at Chaoyang Gate, and the officers and men of Fu Zuoyi's troops lined up to greet them. On the afternoon of January 26, Tao Zhu, Deputy Director of the Political Department of the Northeast Field Army, Rong Zihe, Minister of Finance of the North China People's Government, Xu Bing, who will soon be the Deputy Mayor of Beiping City, and others, accompanied by Zhou Beifeng, entered the city together.That night, Fu Zuoyi hosted a banquet in Ju Ren Tang, Zhongnanhai.Deng Baoshan, Guo Zongfen, deputy commander of the "Suppression General" in North China, Jiao Shizhai, deputy secretary-general of the "Suppression General", Zhou Beifeng, Cui Zaizhi, Yan Youwen and others attended the company. After the banquet, Fu Zuoyi and our representatives jointly studied the order of the Kuomintang troops leaving the city, leaving the designated places outside the city in batches, the joint offices of the two sides, the handover of industrial and mining enterprises, and government agencies.It was determined that the headquarters of the "Suppression General" was renamed "End Office", and a guard regiment was retained to serve as the guards for Fu Zuoyi and the "End Office".At the same time, it was also determined that the "End Office" would be moved from Zhongnanhai to Wukesongyuan, North China, before January 30, at the former site of the "Suppression General" in North China, as well as other issues. According to the decision of the General Front Committee, the fourth column of the Northeast Field Army successfully handed over the defense with Fu Zuoyi's garrison troops on January 31, and assumed the guard task of Beiping. In order to quickly establish a revolutionary order, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission appointed: Nie Rongzhen was the commander of Weixu in Pingjin District, and Bo Yibo was the political commissar; 叶剑英为北平军事管制委员会主任兼北平市长； 彭真为北平市委书记； 程子华为北平警备区司令员兼政治委员； 彭明治、吴克华为北平警备区副司令员； 莫文骅为北平警备区副政治委员； 刘道生为北平警备区政治部主任。 北平从此回到了人民的手中，开始了它历史的新篇章。 1月25日，苏静返回平津前线总前委汇报工作。苏静一进门，罗荣桓便面带笑容地问：“由邓宝珊带给傅作义的那封信，交给傅作义看了没有？”苏静答：“不清楚。”聂荣臻接着说：“你今天还要回去问一下邓宝珊，若还未交给傅作义，你要催促邓并同他一起去见傅，务必要告诉邓在今明两天让傅作义看到那封信。”林彪问：“为什么傅作义让他的嫡系部队先开赴城外？” 苏静对北平城里的情况，作了汇报。他说：协议达成后，傅作义曾召集高级将领会议，传达协议并征求意见，除李文、石觉、袁扑态度不好要求走之外，大多数赞同按协议办。傅作义答应李等可以走。傅作义的骑兵第四师刘春芳部首先开赴城外，听说是刘春芳比较听傅的话，对北平和谈表现积极，部队阻力小，工作好做。骑四师开赴城外，可起到示范带头作用。同时骑兵部队在城里时间较长了，草料也是一个问题。真正能控制城内局势的，是我军兵临城下的强大军事压力，并不是靠傅系的那一点力量。城内的局势，在我刚进城那天晚上，驻守在朝阳门自来水厂的石觉部队曾发生一次兵变，被镇压下去了。第二天又发生一起爆炸事件，特务在何思源的家里放了一颗炸弹，何思源被炸伤。再未听说发生什么问题。傅作义以其合法地位做了一些工作，情况一直比较平静。这几天，来往于南京的飞机也不多了。 汇报到此，罗荣桓说：“好吧！你今天回城里去，还要利用时间看看指挥机构进城后驻在哪个地方合适。” 傍晚，苏静回到城内，从联谊处打听到邓宝珊住在亲戚家里。急忙乘车到隆福寺的一个胡同——孙家坑51号找到了邓宝珊。先说了一些寒暄的话，然后转到要说的话题：“你进城时带给傅作义将军的信交给他了吗？”邓愣了一下，困惑不答。苏静会意他尚未交给傅，于是便同他商议，我们是否一起去看望傅将军，把那封信交给他。邓踌躇着说：“好吧！” 于是苏、邓二人一同乘车到中南海居仁堂，受到傅作义热情的接待。邓是傅作义的老朋友，苏是傅作义的客人，是解放军的代表。此刻，傅作义自然要与苏静多谈些话，邓便到傅的书房，将信交给了傅冬菊，让她转交给傅作义。傅冬菊打开一看，也感措辞生硬，怕父亲接受不了，把本已做好的事情弄僵，就压了下来。直到2月1日《人民日报》公开发表以前，没让傅作义见到这封信。 2月1日，《人民日报》以“北平解放经过”为题，全文登载了由毛泽东起草的以林彪、罗荣桓的名义于1月16日给傅作义的这封通牒。The full text is as follows: 傅作义将军： 贵将军接受南京国民党反动政府所谓“剿匪戡乱”之伪令，率领所部数十万反动军队向着绥远、察哈尔、河北、热河及山西北部人民解放区和人民解放军发动残酷的进攻。 先后攻占卓资山、集宁、清水河、和林格尔、凉城、丰镇、陶林、兴和、商都、尚义、张北、张家口、宣化、怀来、涿鹿、阳原、蔚县、广灵、天镇、阳高、怀仁、左云、右玉、山阴、延庆、龙关、崇礼、赤城、沽源、康保、宝昌、多伦、化德、涞水、易县、望都、定县、河间、高阳、任邱、安新、雄县、新镇、容城、肃宁、蠡县、博野、霸县、永清、固安、安次、胜芳、古北口、三河、香河、武清、宝坻、宁河、玉田、丰润、平谷、蓟县、遵化、兴隆、迁安、庐龙、乐亭、昌黎、抚宁、承德、滦平、丰宁、隆化、平泉、青龙、凌源、凌南诸解放区各城、重镇、县城及广大乡村。 贵部军行所至，屠杀人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。在贵军管辖地区则压迫工、农、兵、学、商广大人民群众，出粮、出税、出力、敲骨吸髓，以供贵将军及贵属所谓“戡乱剿匪”之用。在贵将军及贵属统治之下，取消人民的一切自由权利，压迫一切民主党派及人民团体，使其丧失合法地位，压迫青年学生们的爱国运动。贵将军又复下令破坏保定公共建筑及公用物资，炸毁北宁路滦河铁桥，在北平城外平毁村庄，在北平城内逮捕无辜人民，斩伐风景林木，拆毁古迹材料。 贵将军及贵属在天津城内外之措施，亦复如此。本军奉命征讨，全为吊民伐罪。贵将军不敢野战，率领数十万军队退入平津据城抵抗，使两城人民受尽痛苦。本军迭次通知贵将军及贵属，顾念两城数百万人民之生命财产，数千年之文化古迹，国家前途所系之轻重工业及贵属官兵之身家性命，提出和平缴械或出城改编两项办法。 天津方面，市参议会代表出城谈判，本军当即表示欢迎。并提示下列诸点： （一）本军甚望和平解决，以免天津受破坏。 （二）天津守军应自动放下武器，并保障不破坏公共财产、武器弹药及公文案卷。 （三）本军保障一切自动放下武器之官兵个人及家属生命财产之安全。 （四）如果守军不愿自动放下武器而欲抵抗到底，则本军将采取攻击行动。城破之日，守军方面诸反动领袖不能按照在小城市及乡村中作战时被本军所俘敌方军官一样待遇，而将加重其处罚。市参议会代表与本军代表谈判两次，均为天津城防司令陈长捷及六十二军军长林伟俦等所破坏，以致毫无结果。贵将军复于最后时机，命令天津守军坚持匪首蒋介石伪令，抵抗到底。本军迫不得已，乃于本月14日上午10时，开始总攻，至15日下午3时即解决战斗。贵部10余万人全被缴械，匪首陈长捷、林伟俦等均被俘虏。足证守军之抵抗，毫无作用。现在天津业已解放，人民重见天日，欢声雷动，迎接人民解放军。 北平被围业已月余，人民痛苦日益增重。本军一再推迟攻击时间，希望和平解决，至今未获结果。责将军身为战争罪犯，如果尚欲得获人民谅解，减轻由战犯身份所应得之罪责，即应在此最后时机，遵照本军指示，以求自赎。办法如下： （一）自动放下武器，并保证不破坏文化古迹，不杀革命人民，不破坏公私财产、武器弹药及公文案卷。如贵将军及贵属能够做到这些，则本军保证贵部官兵生命、财产之安全。对于贵将军的战犯罪责，亦有理由向人民说明情况，取得人民谅解，予以减轻或赦免。 （二）如果贵将军及贵属不愿意自动放下武器，而愿意离城改编，则本军为保全北平不受破坏起见，也可以允许这样做。本军可以允许贵军离开北平，开入指定地点，按照人民解放军的制度改编为人民解放军。 上述两项办法，任凭贵将军及贵属自由选择。本军并愿再一次给予贵将军及贵属以考虑及准备之充分时间。此项时间规定由1949年1月17日上午l时起，至1月20日下午12时止。如果贵将军及贵属竟敢悍然不顾本军的提议，欲以此文化古城及200万市民生命财产为牺牲，坚决抵抗到底，则本军为挽救此古城免受贵将军及贵属毁灭起见，将实行攻城。攻城时，本军将用精确战术，使最重的打击落在敢于顽抗者身上，而对于不愿抵抗之贵属，则不给任何打击，并予以宽待。城破之日，贵将军及贵属诸反动首领，必将从严惩办，决不姑宽，勿谓言之不预。 中国人民解放军平津前线司令员林彪 政治委员罗荣桓 1949年1月16日 傅作义耐着性子把信看完之后，非常气愤地拍着桌子说道：“太不像话了，怎有这等事，部队已经出城了，城防也交接了，我再也没有用了……”于是，于2月3日致函林彪、罗荣桓，说自己在解放战争中负有罪责，应受到惩处。也给毛泽东写了信。大意是：请指定时间、地点，战犯傅作义投案自首。 2月4日，林、罗、聂就准备与傅作义谈话的内容致电中共中央，其中说道：“傅作义写了一封长信给我们，极力争辩他北平之不抵抗，不是为保全个人生命财产的打算，而是为了避免人民的损失。对我方的通牒内容，表示不满，颇有气愤之意。” 电文将他们准备与傅谈话的具体内容作了汇报。中共中央复电同意。 2月8日，林彪、聂荣臻、叶剑英在北平饭店宴请傅作义、邓宝珊。宴前对《人民日报》于2月1日发表的那封公开函的问题，彼此作了坦诚的交谈。 下午3时许，当傅作义的车子徐徐停在北平饭店门前时，林、聂、叶等快步走下台阶迎接。傅急忙跳下车来抢先与他们一一握手致意，而后一同步入一楼小会议厅。 林彪说：“北平和平解放，使文化古都未遭受破坏，树立了北平方式的新榜样，傅将军对此是有贡献的，共产党对所有对革命事业有贡献的人绝不亏待他们。我们的理想是建立革命政府，发展生产，必须党内和党外共同合作，才能办到。” 傅作义表示：“过去内心矛盾很大，主观上有心替人民做事，实际上反而替有钱人做了保镖。深感参加内战是错误的。解放军占领沈阳后，我认为仗是不能再打了，中国今后当以共产党为领导。我过去对共产党关于民主的主张缺乏了解，今后愿为人民服务，要怎么做，就怎么做。对部队改编和政权接收，中共和解放军领导认为怎么办好，就怎么办，不要多所考虑。” 林彪指出：“傅将军说得很好，关于《通牒》，是符合傅将军过去的行为和事实的。事后公布此信，乃是对傅将军过去的错误作一结论，以便根据北平和平解决开始与傅将军作新的合作。既不因过去之罪而抹煞今日北平之功，也不可因今日立功而含糊过去之罪。至于平津战役中的失败，并非个人才能问题；在东北、华北战场解放军的胜利，也非个人的才能问题。国民党违反人民的利益，为人民所反对，必定失败；在任何战场，任何人指挥下，均无例外的要遭受失败，非仅华北一处如此。只有站在人民立场，才会胜利。” 聂荣臻对中国共产党的民主政策加以解释：“我们的民主是对90%的人实行民主，对10%的反动分子实行专政。我们的民主是代表绝大多数的。” 叶剑英对傅作义所谈对北平的政权接收问题的态度，表示钦佩，并指出傅自我批评之重要。 邓宝珊表示完全同意大家的谈话，他的心愿与共产党完全一样，只不过他不是共产党而已。今天的话把一切问题都说清楚了。他很满意。 这次谈话在座的还有陶铸、苏静和南汉宸三人。 北京饭店的谈话圆满结束了。谈话后，在林彪、聂荣臻、叶剑英宴请傅作义、邓宝珊的席间，大家互相举杯祝酒，共庆和平解决北平问题的伟大胜利。 1949年1月31日，人民解放军开始接管北平城的防务。北平和平解放，平津战役宣告结束。 平津战役，人民解放军共歼灭国民党军1个兵团部、1个警备司令部、5个军部、25个师，共25万余人。人民解放军以伤亡3.9万余人的代价，取得了歼灭和改编国民党军52万余人的重大胜利。 1月31日，我军在群众欢呼声中进入北平，古都北平宣告和平解放 1949年2月8日，人民解放军举行了进驻北平的庄严入城式。上午10时，4颗信号弹腾空而起，入城正式开始。这天，浩浩荡荡的解放军行列，从上午10时到下午4时，整整走了6个小时。沿途受到北平各界人民的热烈欢迎。在全市欢迎的中心——正阳门城楼上，北平军事管制委员会主任叶剑英和平津前线人民解放军司令员林彪、政治委员罗荣桓、华北军区司令员聂荣臻，检阅着英武行进的解放军各部队。当部队行进至珠市口同欢迎的行列相遇时，顿时鼓乐喧天，欢声雷动。部队的行列在右面，欢迎的行列在左面，人们招手呀！呼喊呀！多少人激动地流下了热泪。这一天，古都人民完全沉浸在历史上空前未有的欢乐之中。 在这同一天，北平和全国解放区报纸都刊出了中共中央祝贺解放平津的贺电。贺电说：“祝贺你们解放北平天津，从而在基本上解放了全华北的伟大胜利。你们在华北两个月的作战中，消灭了国民党正规军1个兵团部，1个警备司令部，4个军部，24个整师，连同其他国民党部队共约26万余人，迫使北平国民党军华北'剿总'总司令傅作义将军及其所属1个'剿总'总部，两个兵团部、8个军部、25个师，连同其他国民党部队共20余万人接受和平条件，出城改编为人民解放军。凡此伟大胜利，都是我人民解放军英勇善战，前后方军民协力奋斗和全国人民、各民主党派、人民团体一致赞助的结果。” 北平和平谈判达成协议的基本点，是解决北平的国民党军，按我军指定地点开出城外，接受人民解放军改编，使我军不战而解放北平，成为一种方式。 协议规定“过渡期间双方派员成立联合办事机构，处理有关军政事宜”。联合办事机构系临时性质，以解放军方面4人，国民党华北总部3人组成联合办事处。解放军方面参加者为叶剑英、陶铸、戎子和、徐冰，叶剑英为主任；华北总部方面由傅作义指定参加者为郭宗汾、周北峰、焦实斋，郭宗汾为副主任。 联合办事处，在军事方面首先解决的是国民党军的改编。接受改编的计有1个总部、两个兵团部、25个师，连同地方部队共25万人。联合办事处经过协商提出改编方案，报平津前线领导批准后实施。 2月21日，平津前线司令部、政治部召开改编会议，林彪、罗荣桓、刘亚楼、谭政、陶铸、郭宗汾主持会议，国民党军的师以上军官出席。 陶铸首先宣布了改编方案： （一）原国民党军华北“剿总”，第四、第九两个兵团部和8个军部三级指挥机构全部结束，所有工作人员与直属队，分别编入解放军平津前线司令部、各兵团部和各军部，其25个师改编为解放军独立师，特种兵部队与解放军的特种兵部队合并。 （二）国民党军中的政训人员，愿留解放军工作的，应经过训练，再行录用。 （三）各级军官凡接受解放军分配工作的，其本人和家属均与解放军干部及家属享受同等待遇。 （四）愿意学习深造的，按其工作与程度分班组织学习，学习期间待遇与在职干部相同。 （五）愿意回家的国民党军官，一律按原薪发给3个月薪饷和车资票，在解放区沿途供应食宿（包括家属）。除武器及公用资财外，私人财物可全部带回。回家后，可分得应有的一份土地。如本人系地主家庭，其土地财产不论分或未分，均按土地法大纲第3条规定处理。本人今后要遵守民主政府一切法令，其过去对于农民行为如何，一概不加追究。回家的国民党军人一律发给《参加北平和平解放证明书》，以后愿来解放军工作，仍然欢迎。 陶铸说：采取以上的政策、措施，是因为参加北平和平解放的国民党军官兵有功国家，有功人民，并给全国树立了和平解放的榜样，所以解放军和人民愿意加以奖励和优待。 接着，林彪、罗荣桓在讲话中强调：这次改编不仅仅是改旗易帜，换个番号，而是要使国民党军在实质上成为人民解放军，成为为人民、解放人民、属于人民的军队，这就必须从政治上、思想作风上来个彻底转变。至于个人去留，只要愿意参加革命，拥护中共政策的人，一概允许参加工作。