Chapter 9 Chapter Eight Fighting Tianjin

Tianjin is the second largest city in North China, with a population of 2 million and an area of ​​150 square kilometers. There are many rivers and complex terrain here. The North Canal, Yongding River, Daqing River, Ziya River and South Canal merge into the sea through the Haihe River.After the Kuomintang army took over Tianjin, on the basis of the original fortifications of the Japanese invaders, they spent huge sums of money and captured tens of thousands of people to build city defense fortifications.A total of 380 large blockhouses and thousands of small blockhouses have been built.Most of the villages within a few miles of the suburbs were razed, resulting in a no-man's land.There is a moat 10 meters wide and 3 meters deep dug around the city.A high wall is built on the inside of the moat, and there are barbed wire, grids and bunkers on the wall.The main street intersections and tall buildings in the urban area are all built with firepower points connected to the core fortifications.The enemy wrote "impregnable as gold" on the fortification deployment map.Chen Changjie, the commander of the garrison, boasted: "Great Tianjin is fortified."Chiang Kai-shek also praised Tianjin city defense fortifications.The enemy is defended by 10 divisions of the Tianjin Garrison Command, the 62nd Army (less than 1 division), and the 86th Army. Together with the irregular army, there are more than 130,000 people in total, divided into 3 garrison areas in the northwest, east and southwest .The enemy's steadfast defense of Tianjin is of great significance to supporting Beiping and maintaining sea passages.

The troops besieging Tianjin were the first, second, seventh, eighth, and ninth columns of the Northeast Field Army, most of the special forces, and one division each of the sixth and twelfth columns, a total of 22 divisions with 340,000 people. It is equipped with 538 large-caliber artillery such as mountain guns, field guns, and howitzers, and 46 tanks and armored vehicles.In addition, the main force of the twelfth column was stationed in Junliang City to monitor the enemy in Tanggu.Liu Yalou is the commander-in-chief of the front line. The Northeast Field Army's 340,000 troops surrounded Tianjin tightly, and Chen Changjie was besieged in Tianjin like a trapped animal.

At this time, Chen Changjie had been serving as the Tianjin garrison commander for less than half a year. Chen Changjie, a native of Minhou County, Fujian Province.Graduated from Baoding Military Academy and Army University.He served as brigade commander, division commander, army commander, and commander-in-chief of the group army in the Jin Dynasty. In 1942, Chen Changjie transferred Zhu Shaoliang to the Eighth War Zone and served as the garrison commander of the Ikezhao League, commanding the cavalry division of Fu Zuoyi to confront the Eighth Route Army in northern Shaanxi.After Japan surrendered, Chen Changjie served as the commander of the 8th supply area of ​​the Kuomintang and was stationed in Lanzhou. In June 1948, Fu Zuoyi transferred Chen Changjie to serve as the Tianjin garrison commander.

There are many reasons why Fu Zuoyi chose Chen Changjie as the Tianjin garrison commander. The main reason is that Fu Zuoyi had already anticipated that there would be a big war in Pingjin. Second, Fu Zuoyi is not a general of Chiang Kai-shek's direct line, Jiang and Fu are increasingly conflicting about the appointment of candidates for their own interests, and Chen Changjie's special experience can make both Jiang and Fu accept it. Fu Zuoyi and Chiang Kai-shek depended on each other and had conflicts and struggles. At the end of 1946, Chiang Kai-shek changed the "theater zone" to "Sui Department".Sun Lianzhong's 11th War Zone was changed to Baoding Sui Department, Fu Zuoyi's 11th War Zone was changed to Zhangyuan (Zhangjiakou) Sui Department, and both Sui Departments were under the jurisdiction of Li Zongren Beipingyuan. At the end of 1947, Chiang Kai-shek abolished Sun Lianzhong's Baoding Sui Department, and the personnel were merged into Zhang Yuan's Sui Department. Fu Zuoyi's power was greater than before.Soon, as Li Zongren and Sun Ke ran for vice president, the conflict between Jiang and Li intensified. Jiang revoked Li Zongren's North Parallel Office, established the North China "Suppression General" headquarters, and appointed Fu Zuoyi as the commander-in-chief. Fu Zuoyi had greater power.

However, Fu Zuoyi was always wary of Chiang Kai-shek's appointment.Chiang Kai-shek used to eliminate dissidents and strengthen his direct lineage.Some local "no-name" troops dealt with Chiang Kai-shek, and they were either eaten or treated as sacrifices.Fu Zuoyi was born in the Jin Dynasty and formed a family of his own, and he also belongs to the list of "miscellaneous brands".When Chiang Kai-shek was retreating steadily, he promoted him to a higher rank, and his sole purpose was to make him fight the Communist Party and take chestnuts out of its fire.Fu Zuoyi often said to the people around him:

"We can't go to Peiping." "This is not a promotion, but a war." Fu Zuoyi couldn't make up his mind.Although he is in the senior command position of Chiang Kai-shek's group, he is unwilling to continue to be driven by Chiang Kai-shek.He knew that once he became the commander-in-chief of the "Suppression General" in North China, his own troops would be more firmly tied to Chiang Kai-shek's chariot, and Chiang Kai-shek's troops would not obey his command.But once the North China "Suppression General" was determined, Fu Zuoyi was still like a bridle horse, and took his entourage to Beiping to take office.

Fu Zuoyi left his hometown and moved his headquarters from Zhangyuan to a barracks in the western suburbs of Beiping, but the power given to him by Chiang Kai-shek was only in name.All the power of the North China "Suppression General" was secretly controlled by Chiang Kai-shek's direct descendants—the deputy commander-in-chief of the North China "Suppression General", the commander-in-chief of the Beiping garrison, and the chief of the military special agent Chen Chengji.Relying on his old relationship with the Whampoa faction, Chen Chengji firmly controlled the Jiang faction's central army.Without Chen's consent to the transfer of the Central Army, Fu Zuoyi's command was ineffective.As for military and political affairs, they are directly controlled by military groups such as Hu Zongnan and Tang Enbo in the central government, and Fu Zuoyi has no right to intervene.Chen Chengji made Fu Zuoyi dumb to eat Coptis chinensis, which made Fu Zuoyi suffer unspeakably.

The intrigue between Fu Zuoyi and Chiang Kai-shek is manifested in his superficial obedience to Chiang Kai-shek, always trying to figure out Chiang Kai-shek's intentions to respond, his words are cautious, very polite to the generals of the Central Army, and try to win over; he has hard work and urgent tasks, let his direct troops do it; Difficulties in command, but also forbearance.But in secret, Fu Zuoyi was not to be outdone, and tried every means to seize control of Pingjin. In February 1948, Fu Zuoyi presided over the North China "Suppression General" meeting to study military work.Fu Zuoyi raised the issue of his right to use the entire force of the order of battle.Chen Chengji objected.Chen said that the Central Army's actions must go through him.Some units can only be used by him, such as the 208th Division of the Youth Army.Moreover, Fu Zuoyi also had to take care of the use of the troops directly under Fu Zuoyi, and his attitude was very arrogant and domineering.Fu refused to recognize Chen's power, but Chen insisted, so a quarrel broke out, and Fu had no choice but to adjourn the meeting.After the meeting, Fu Zuoyi called Jiang to resign three times.Jiang tried his best to persuade him to stay.

Jiang said: "If you can recommend someone like you, you can accept your resignation." Fu said: "Chen Chengcheng can do it. Chen Chengcheng has mastered all aspects of military, personnel, security, public opinion, etc., and he is more than competent." A few months later, Fu Zuoyi took charge of Chen Chengji's resignation because he commanded the 208th Division to enter the city to suppress the Northeast students in Xijiaomin Lane and caused a tragedy.Soon after, Fu Zuoyi replaced several central and military spies in the Beiping government. Fu Zuoyi also tried every means to place his own cadres in the key departments of the regime in order to expand the scope of his control and consolidate his rule.He secured Chu Xichun as the chairman of the Hebei Provincial Government, and Chen Guangdou as the deputy commander and director of security in Hebei Province.These two people are both from Hebei, and both are his colleagues and subordinates for many years.

The most difficult thing for Fu Zuoyi was the personnel arrangement in Pingjin and Tianjin.Beiping and Tianjin are special cities directly under the Nanjing Executive Yuan.Chiang Kai-shek attached great importance to these two important northern towns, and Jiang wanted to use him to Fu, but he was not completely at ease with him. Fu Zuoyi knew very well that Tianjin was the economic center of North China, and it was also an important military location. The post of garrison commander was of great importance.Looking around, his old subordinates were not qualified enough, and Chen Changjie happened to be elected.Chen Changjie is a graduate of Baoding Military Academy and Army University, and once served as the commander-in-chief of the Sixth Army. Such a prestige was unsurpassed among the commanders of the North China Kuomintang Corps at that time.Although Chen Changjie is an officer of the Jin Dynasty, he is originally from Fujian, and most of the generals of the Central Army are from the south, so he is naturally one level closer.Chiang Kai-shek also used the fact that Chen was from the south to drive a wedge between Chen Changjie and Yan Xishan.Due to these factors, there is no objection to making Chen Changjie the Tianjin garrison commander.Therefore, Chen Changjie got into Fu Zuoyi's chariot during Fu Jiang's open and secret struggle.

At the beginning of 1948, Fu Zuoyi wanted to appoint Chen Changjie.At that time, Fu Zuoyi had just taken office as the commander-in-chief of the "Suppression General" in North China. The 35th Army, a direct line unit he had run for many years, was severely damaged in the Yixian and Laishui battles. Most of the 32nd Division was wiped out. Yinglin commits suicide.Fu Zuoyi suffered a huge mental blow. He recruited Chen Changjie from Lanzhou and wanted to entrust him with the post of commander of the 35th Army, but Chen thought he was too old and refused to accept it. The relationship between Fu Zuoyi and Chen Changjie is extraordinary. They are both graduates of Baoding Military Academy, and both were born in the Jin Army and left the Jin Army.They worked together in Yan Xishan's troops, especially in the battle of Zhuozhou, where they were trapped in the isolated city for three months, which was an unforgettable experience. In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei rebelled against the revolution. Yan Xishan contacted Wang and Jiang, changed the banner of Qingtian Baisun, and became the commander-in-chief of the Northern National Revolutionary Army. In July, Yan Xishan sent Shang Zhen's First Army to send troops along the Pingsui Railway to occupy Zhangjiakou, Xuanhua and other places; Xu Yongchang's Third Army sent troops along the Zhengtai Railway to occupy Shijiazhuang and Zhengding; Fu Zuoyi led the Fourth Division attached to the Artillery Regiment They rushed to Zhuozhou and occupied Zhuozhou City on October 13.At this time, Zhang Zuolin had already assumed the post of Generalissimo of the Anguo Army in Beiping, commanding the Fengjun and Zhilu Allied Forces to fight against Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expeditionary Army.Zhang Wenyan sent troops, thinking that Yan repaid virtue with grievances, took advantage of people's dangers, and hated him very much. He immediately fought back and fought fiercely for several days. Shang Zhen and Xu Yongchang were defeated and retreated to Shanxi. The Feng army has always looked down on the Jin army, thinking that the Jin army has no combat effectiveness and is vulnerable to a single blow; the two tribes of Shang and Xu retreated, and they did not take Fu Zuoyi's division seriously.However, many times of siege and reinforcements failed to take Zhuozhou City.Zhang Zuolin was furious, and sent his son Zhang Xueliang to gather the elite and personally command the siege.The young commander-in-chief ordered to attack the city with fierce firepower, and the artillery fired as many as four to five thousand rounds a day.The fierce battle between the two sides was extremely fierce: Feng Jun bombed the city wall, and Fu Jun built it up with sacks and quickly repaired it. Feng Jun climbed the city at the breakthrough, and Fu Jun violently killed with grenades; Dig a pit on the inside of the city wall, bury the urn in the ground, and detect the location of the tunnel.Fu Jun guarded Zhuozhou City for more than 90 days. The traffic trenches in the city extended in all directions, and bunkers were scattered all over the city.Fu Zuoyi braved the intensive artillery fire to the forefront to direct the battle, and the head of the main regiment guarding Zhang Xueliang's main attack direction was Chen Changjie.He suggested to take the initiative to abandon some positions to avoid Fengjun's spirit, and personally led a force to counterattack by surprise, and hit Zhang Xueliang's command post outside the city. The Battle of Zhuozhou made Fu Zuoyi "famous in one fell swoop".At that time, the 81-year-old old man Fan Shan, a remnant of the late Qing Dynasty and a well-known person in society, wrote a poem describing the event: "7,000 people were newly recruited from Zhuolu, and Yannan made a great honor in a hundred days. In the past sixteen years, thousands of battles, heroes, I love Fu General." Fu Zuoyi himself was often proud of it. When he mentioned the Battle of Zhuozhou, he couldn't help saying: "Chen Changjie and I were both young and young, and we did it very comfortably!" When Chen Changjie took office, Fu Zuoyi asked him to go to Tianjin to make two main arrangements. One of them was to rebuild and strengthen Tianjin's original city defenses to make them a strong position, and the completion was limited to three or four months. Tianjin's original city defense fortifications were first built during the Japanese occupation of Tianjin. After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the U.S. military took over the Japanese army and added to the original fortifications.After the Kuomintang seized Tianjin, it was more active in building blockhouse fortifications, and airlifted the 94th Army of Tianjin into the blockhouse area, and built deer villages and other obstacles around it. In January 1947, Shangguan Yunxiang, deputy commander-in-chief of the 11th theater of the Kuomintang, established a command post in Tianjin. He repeatedly urged the Tianjin Garrison Command and the Tianjin Municipal Government to prepare for the construction of Tianjin City Defense Fortifications. "The U.S. army is gone, and the Tianjin area is flat and open. Can it be defended without strong fortifications? I learned too much experience and lessons when I "suppressed bandits" in Jiangxi in the early years." Shangguan Yunxiang was very anxious about this. In February, Bai Chongxi, Minister of Defense of the Kuomintang, went to Beipingyuan to hold an "appeasement conference" in the four provinces and cities of Beiping, Tianjin, Hebei, and Rehe.At the meeting, Bai Chongxi emphasized the need to build permanent fortifications. He said: The People's Liberation Army is gaining momentum, and there will be wars in Hebei, Ping'an, and Tianjin.All provinces and cities should be prepared, and permanent fortifications should be built around Pingjin to prevent accidents. Immediately, Tianjin established the "Tianjin City Defense Construction Committee" headed by Du Jianshi.Under the committee are the engineering committee and the finance committee, which are specifically responsible for the construction of the city defense.Du Jianshi and others planned and formulated a plan to build urban defense fortifications around Tianjin City. On March 17, 1947, the project started, which lasted half a year and basically ended in September.According to data records, this outer defense line of city defense started from the intersection of Haihe River and Chentangzhuang, went northeast along the waterproof embankment, circled the South Freight Yard, crossed the Pingtang Highway, Beining Railway to Wangchuanchang, crossed the Jinzhong River, Xinkai River, and circled Jinpu. The railway goes northwest to the bank of the North Canal in front of Beiyang University, goes around the school and west of Yuzhuang to Ziya River, then crosses the South Canal eastward to connect the West Great Embankment to Balitai, along the Weijin River to the South Great Embankment, along the As far as the dike returns to Chentangzhuang, it has a total length of 82 Li, a diameter of 25 Li from north to south, and a diameter of 10 Li from east to west.Along the outer defense line is a moat with a width of 10 meters and a depth of four to five meters. The water from the canal and the Haihe River are poured in, so that the water depth often reaches two or three meters.A moat wall with a height of 35 meters, a bottom width of 7 meters and a top width of 1 meter was built on the inner side of the moat with the earthwork excavated from the moat.A road with a width of 5 meters was built on the inside of the city wall to connect the entire city defense line for vehicles to transport personnel, ammunition, supplies, etc. The bunkers on the city defense line were built in three phases, and the types and configurations of the bunkers were designed by Du Jianshi and others.The first phase of bunkers was built between the earthen walls of the moat. There were 70 large, medium and small bunkers in total. The second phase of bunkers was built in Zhaoguli on the banks of the Jinzhong River outside the big embankment and the defense line, and Yixing in the north. There are 6 strongholds including Bu, Muzhuangzi in the northwest, Zhangdazhuang in the east, Xiyingmen in the west, and Zhaojiaba in the south.In addition, 6 independent small blockhouses were built in Zhangdazhuang East, Beiyang University North and the South Bank of the North Canal, Chentangzhuang South, Liuwei Road West Big Dike, Bali Tainan, Heiucheng South Big Dike and other places.The first and second phases of bunkers are the first line of peripheral defense fortifications, and the third phase of bunkers are the second line of deep fortifications and core fortifications.Among them, there are 103 deep underground bunkers and 57 city edge core fortification bunkers. There is a power grid on the inner slope of the moat wall.Foxholes, shelters and traffic trenches were also built between the large bunkers on the inner wall of the moat.There are more than 2,500 wooden or iron refusal horses in the bunkers, passage gates and core fortifications.50 sluice gates and culverts will be built at the confluence of the Haihe River, canals and moats.The whole line of fortifications is equipped with military equipment such as communications and lighting. Du Jianshi and others worked hard on this city defense project, but they still made a fatal mistake.In the words of Lin Weichou, deputy commander of the Tianjin garrison and commander of the 62nd Army: When building fortifications, it was unexpected that the People's Liberation Army would develop so rapidly, let alone that Tianjin would be surrounded as an isolated stronghold.I always thought that in the future, the main battle would be in areas hundreds or tens of miles outside Tianjin, and that Tianjin would be the rear rather than the front line. It would be enough to defend Tianjin with 1 or 2 divisions and 1 army if necessary.Therefore, in 1947, when the construction of the fortifications around the city of Tianjin began, only 1 army and 9 regiments were equipped with positions for construction.Because of its small size and approaching the urban streets, many places were not included in the city defense line.By the end of 1948, when the war was urgent, many houses and villages in front of the city defense line were demolished.In addition, the PLA's weaponry and artillery power is also underestimated, so all the bunkers are built with red bricks in large quantities, and only some cement, sand and gravel are filled in the walls, thinking that the PLA can't break through the bunkers without artillery, so as to ensure the safety of Tianjin. up.By 1948, the Kuomintang army was being defeated, the PLA's equipment gradually became superior, and its artillery power increased rapidly, which was unexpected at the time. After Chen Changjie took office in June 1948, he immediately implemented Fu Zuoyi's instructions to strengthen the fortifications and actively deploy defenses. Chen Changjie took office on June 3. On June 8, he reorganized the "Tianjin City Defense Fortification Construction Committee" and concurrently served as the chairman. Du Jianshi concurrently served as the vice chairman. Du Jianshi accompanied Chen Changjie to inspect the existing city defense fortifications.Chen Changjie said, "I'm here to prepare for war." After the inspection, Chen and Du decided to build 135 more strongholds and bunkers on the basis of the original fortifications, forming deep equipment and organizing positions for solid defense.When discussing the location of the additional bunkers, Chen Changjie believed that the main attack direction of the People's Liberation Army was in the northwest corner of the city defense and Tianjin West Railway Station.After Japan surrendered, the People's Liberation Army broke into Tianjin from the West Railway Station.According to Chen's judgment, it was decided to build a small reinforced concrete bunker group in the northwest corner of the city defense.The expansion project was scheduled to be completed by the end of July, but due to lack of funds and materials, construction was barely started until early August, and these bases that had barely started construction were likely to stop due to lack of funds. At that time, only more than 20 seats were completed. In March 1947, Du Jianshi presided over the construction of Tianjin city defense fortifications, which cost more than 60 billion French currency. In 1948, Chen Changjie presided over the construction of additional fortifications, and the total amount of funds raised reached 900 billion French currency at a minimum.Such crazy construction and construction of war fortifications consume huge manpower, material and financial resources.All of these have been passed on to the people of Tianjin without exception, becoming a heavy burden for the people of Tianjin, making Tianjin's social economy more and more desperate, and Tianjin people's life is even worse. According to records, when building the Tianjin city defense fortifications, the Kuomintang authorities used the excuse of "urgent timing" to seize the land without field surveys or requisition procedures.Residents in the vast areas where the city defense line passed were forcibly deprived of their land and houses.Residents in Shaogongzhuang, Tongjialou, and Houqiangzihe have made a living by growing flowers and burning pots for decades. Because of the construction of fortifications, the flower cellars and kilns that more than a thousand people rely on for survival were cut off or demolished. .There is a wooden bridge in the area of ​​Qianjian Mountain, which leads to 14 villages in the suburbs of Tianjin, and extends to all villages in Jinghai County. Villagers and kiln industry transportation rely on this road, and it was forcibly demolished due to the construction of urban fortifications, resulting in "traveling merchants". Binding feet", "The people's fields are very difficult to cultivate".The disaster didn't stop there. The reactionary Kuomintang authorities burned down a large number of houses and villages when they "cleared the field of fire".Villages and towns such as Yixingbu, Baimiao, and Muzhuangzi in the northern suburbs of Tianjin were burned by fire; A village was forcibly demolished, and more than 7,400 households and more than 38,000 people were homeless; dozens of houses in the Xiyingmen area were demolished; nearly 3,500 houses in the fourth district of the urban area were demolished.By the eve of the liberation of Tianjin, more than 70 villages and 40,000 to 50,000 houses were destroyed in the city. The second task Fu Zuoyi entrusted to Chen Changjie was to enlist the young men of Tianjin and organize them into a garrison brigade for regular garrison so that the troops stationed in Tianjin could be flexibly mobilized.It is limited to three or four months to complete. In September 1948, the North China "Suppression General" decided to set up a security brigade in Tianjin, with three regiments under its jurisdiction, with Chen Changjie concurrently serving as the brigade commander.At first, young men were recruited by applying for exams, but because "the supply of troops was not very active", it was changed to "training", that is, all men over the age of 24 were required to enter the security brigade for "rotation training".It also stipulates that for those who evade training and cannot recover it, and no one can make up for it, "the business will stop its business and the residents will be deported." The so-called "training" is actually forcible arrest. In December 1948, the Tianjin Security Brigade was formed, with a total of 3 regiments and more than 8,000 people.That month, the security brigade was renamed the garrison brigade.In Chen Changjie's own words, this is a so-called garrison brigade composed of forcibly recruited street residents and who can't handle guns. On December 12, 12 columns of the People's Liberation Army approached Pingjin Tangtang.That night, Chen Changjie and the deputy commander-in-chief Qiu Zongding discussed the Pingjin war together.They couldn't understand why Fu Zuoyi didn't let the troops settle down and try to complete the fortifications of key positions before the big seal and freeze. Instead, he hurriedly dispatched the army to the west to conduct unnecessary local battles against the elusive People's Liberation Army. On December 12 (it was also recalled that it was the 11th or 15th), Fu Zuoyi adjusted his deployment urgently in order to cope with the situation, and decided to "stick to the divisions" in the three defensive areas of Beiping, Tianjin, and Tanggu.The 62nd Army (2 divisions), the 94th Army (1 division), the 86th Army (3 divisions), two road protection brigades, and two security regiments in the Tianjin Defense Area, with Chen Changjie as the defensive commander, Lin Weichou was the deputy commander of the defense, 3 divisions of the 87th Army, 1 division of the 92nd Army, and 1 traffic police corps in the Tanggu defensive area. Hou Jingru was the defense commander, and Duan Yun was the defense deputy commander.Tianjin and Tanggu were combined into a Jintang defensive area to support each other, with Hou Jingru as the commander and Chen Changjie as the deputy commander. Later, Chen Changjie admitted that such hastily fortified areas were a last resort and a temporary response.The result of defending each area is nothing more than nowhere to go, shrinking in a fortified area, trying to be safe for a while.And "political negotiation" is an inevitable trend, nothing more than a tenacious resistance, and the sacrifice of the people as a condition for "bargaining". In order to fill Fu Zuoyi's foundation for this kind of activity, Chen Changjie decided to rely on Tianjin's complex "dangerous and solid" areas to hold on stubbornly. On the same day, according to Fu Zuoyi's deployment of the Ping, Tianjin, and Tang district defenses, Chen Changjie called a meeting of the commanders, chiefs of staff, and mayor of the Tianjin garrison to study measures to strengthen the city's defense fortifications and the deployment of defensive forces. Chen Changjie said: "We must do everything we can to defend Tianjin, because Tianjin is rich in materials, which is the most favorable condition for our defense. However, the range of city defense fortifications made in Tianjin in the past is too small and the foundation is weak. There is no time to expand and strengthen. We can only Dozens of cement bunkers have been added to the main locations. Other field fortifications are constructed by the various troops, and the materials needed are requisitioned and distributed by the headquarters; migrant workers can be requisitioned in a unified manner if manpower is needed, and the city government will coordinate the handling.” According to the characteristics of Tianjin's topography, Chen Changjie judged that the main attack direction of the People's Liberation Army must come from the direction of Yixingbu and Dingzigu in the north of Tianjin. Because there is no river there, it is easy to use large corps to approach. Based on this judgment, Chen Changjie divided Tianjin into three defensive areas: northwest, northeast, and southwest. The Northwest Defense Zone is the 62nd Army, commanded by Lin Weichou.The area of ​​defense is north and west of Haihe River, from Xinkai River to the vicinity of Nankai University.The 151st Division is located in the area west of Xinkai River and north of Ziya River, and the 627th Division is located in the area south of Ziya River, west of Haihe River, and north of Nanma Road.Guard the big stronghold of Yixing port in front of the North Station with a reinforced regiment.The focus of defense is the direction of Xiyingmen. The northeast defense area is the 86th Army, commanded by Liu Yunhan.The defense area is in the east of Haihe River, from Xinkaihe to Dazhigu Haihe.The 26th Division is located in the area from Tianjin Station to East Racecourse, the 284th Division is located in the area from Minzumen to Louzhuangzi, the 293rd Division is located in the area of ​​Jintang Bridge and Shengli Bridge, and the 305th Division is located in the Tangjiakou area.Guard the big stronghold of the Dongjuzi barracks with 1 reinforced regiment.The focus of defense is the direction of the ethnic gate. The southwestern defense area is the 43rd Division of the 94th Army, and Chen Changjie is also in command.The area of ​​defense is in the southwest of Haihe River, from the vicinity of Nankai University to the bank of Huiduihai River.The 43rd Division is located in the area from Balitai to Chentangzhuang. The south of the Haihe River, the north of the Qiangzi River, and the east of Haiguang Temple are the core positions, which are defended by the Secret Service Battalion and the remaining troops of the 94th Army. The newly established 184th Division, 326th Division, and 3333rd Division are the general reserve team, located near Yaohua Middle School.The 184th Division was assigned to the No. 6 China Textile Factory and Nankai University area, the 326th Division was assigned to the south of Haiguang Temple, and the 333rd Division was deployed near Chentangzhuang. Chen Changjie's garrison headquarters is located in Haiguang Temple. The artillery units of all ministries were unified under the command of Qiu Zongding, the deputy commander of the Tianjin Garrison Command. After the meeting, the military divisions hurriedly held a meeting again, allocated defensive areas layer by layer, ordered all troops to station in each defense area, took the fortification line around the city as the main line of defense, and built additional battalion and company blockhouse group strongholds forward, building traffic trenches, barbed wire, Deer Village, and cleared the shooting area, demolished houses, from far to near, restricted residents to move out, and removed wood to do fortifications.For a time, the fireworks soared into the sky, harming the people.There are homeless and rough sleepers everywhere.Some demolished the entire village and razed it to ruins; some dug out a cemetery (cemetery) to place coffins and build fortifications. Not only did the living suffer catastrophe, but the bones of the dead also had no peace. The defense command also dispatched senior officers to inspect and strengthen fortifications in various defense areas every day and hour, and Chen Changjie personally visited the defense areas.As a result, the various armies frantically built fortifications and cleared the shooting range.There are as many as 7,500 migrant workers employed by the 62nd Army, 92nd Army, and 94th Army every day.The source of migrant workers is forced to recruit one worker per day per store per household, and merchants without manpower pay to hire people to replace them.The requisitioned migrant workers were handed over by the security chiefs to the various armies. Under the threat of bayonets, they dug trenches, carried wood, and demolished houses... From morning to dusk, they were forced to work all day without any price, and they had to bring their own dry food and drinking water .From mid-December 1948 to early January 1949, more than 100,000 people were forced to do hard labor.The materials needed to build the fortifications were also forcibly requisitioned and looted.According to Lin Weichou's recollection, all the materials required by the various armies were requisitioned and distributed, and the number was huge.Taking wood and iron wire as an example, the Defense Command first seized all the wood in the wood store in Tianjin, and then distributed it to the various armies for use. The amount was too large to estimate.The required barbed wire is also forced to be manufactured by the factory and then distributed to the various armies for use. In order to unify the leadership and organize the Pingjin Campaign, on January 10, 1949, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to form the General Front Committee of the Pingjin Front with Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Nie Rongzhen, and Lin Biao served as the secretary of the General Front Committee.The General Front Committee decided that Liu Yalou, chief of staff of the Northeast Field Army, would be the commander of the Tianjin front line and be specifically responsible for commanding the Tianjin campaign. Liu Yalou led the Tianjin Frontline Command to Yangliuqing Town. Yangliuqing Town is located 20 miles west of Jinxi. A river flows through the center of the town. The houses on both sides of the town are of different heights, and boats come and go on the river.Standing on the high roof, you can see the city of Tianjin in the distance with a telescope.A few days ago, the Eight Columns came to the outskirts of Tianjin and liberated the town.At this time, the scene of war is still in sight.The streets are full of broken bricks and tiles, and the traffic trenches and single bunkers left by the defeated enemy are incomplete and in a mess.It is also in deep winter, the branches are withered and yellow, and there is no green in the whole town.However, the residents were all smiling, and when they saw the People's Liberation Army, they surrounded them and asked kindly, "Comrade People's Liberation Army, when will you attack Tianjin?" The soldiers replied: "Don't worry, folks, just wait and hear the sound of our victory cannons! Once the cannons speak, the liberation of Tianjin will not be far away." Yangliuqing Town was called Liukou Town in the Jin Dynasty, and was renamed Yangliuqing Town in the Ming Dynasty.In the ninth year of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty, it was placed under the Tianjin government.The Yinya River, the Daqing River and the North-South Canal all flow through here, and the water transportation is very convenient.Every autumn, merchant ships from all over the country gather here with full loads of grain and local products, which are transshipped to Pingjin or sold on the spot.Yangliuqing is famous for its folk paper-cuts and Yangliuqing paintings. Almost every village in the village with a radius of tens of miles can dye it, and every household is good at Danqing.Since the end of the Ming Dynasty, every household has painted New Year pictures in family workshops and passed them down from generation to generation.Among them, the famous Dai Lianzeng painting shop has been passed down to the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty for nine generations. Liu Yalou established his frontline headquarters in this hometown of New Year paintings.He was appointed commander of the front line in Tianjin.He will lead 340,000 people to use their strength and resourcefulness, loyalty and sacrifice to paint a bigger and more beautiful picture, a picture of the liberation of Tianjin. This year, he was 38 years old.He has a young and beautiful wife who has just been married for just over a year.Half of his wife's blood is in Ivanovo, Russia, and half is in Xianshuigu, Tianjin, China.And Liu Yalou is about to command an unprecedented battle on this piece of land that contains half of his wife's family blood.This was the first battle of the Northeast Field Army after it entered the customs. It was an important battle in the Chinese People's Liberation War, and it was the first large industrialized city that the Chinese People's Liberation Army wanted to conquer. Liu Yalou bears unimaginable pressure on his shoulders.It is unprecedented in the history of our army to command a large corps of 340,000 people, with multiple arms, to attack a big city like Tianjin, and the difficulty cannot be overstated no matter how you imagine it. The war room was immediately set up, and the radio and telephone quickly communicated with the headquarters of the field army and the columns. The staff officers around Liu Yalou are all well-trained, which benefited from the tempering of the war, and also benefited from his hard work in strengthening the construction of the army headquarters.When Liu Yalou first served as the chief of staff of the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army, the staff of the headquarters generally lacked professional knowledge.The basic construction of the troops is also very poor, and there are not even maps necessary for combat.Liu Yalou is determined to change this situation.He set up a map department, set up a map printing factory, and established a school for surveying and mapping maps.He also held continuous staff training teams, and selected company and platoon cadres with a certain level of education from the army to participate in the training, and studied courses such as "Staff Operations", "Battle Tactics", and "Staff Ethics".The schooling period is 6 months, and after passing the examination, they will be sent to the headquarters at all levels to serve.He personally translated the Russian version of the "Soviet Red Army Field Staff Operational Regulations" into Chinese, printed it in a volume, and distributed it to each staff officer. The hard work has paid off, and now the young staff officers around him are all witty and capable, and they have become the right-hand assistants of the leadership and the chief. The pre-war preparations were laid out at once.Liu Yalou was busy day and night. He surveyed the terrain, gathered information, researched plans... All the situations had to be sorted out in his mind.His exuberant energy and extraordinary intelligence have been put into this battle.For a senior commander, only brave and tenacious spirit is not enough.Since the Liberation War, the scale of the war has become larger and larger, and the degree of modernization has become higher and higher.Decisiveness, decisiveness, thoroughness and meticulousness are essential qualities for a commander, and scientific thinking and modern military knowledge are even more indispensable.During the Red Army period, Liu Yalou commanded 1 regiment and 1 division with only guns and a few small cannons. Now he commands 6 columns and 22 divisions with 340,000 people, not only with guns and artillery, but also with heavy artillery groups, tank groups and sappers. Liu Yalou has such abilities and qualities.The Northeast battlefield has been fought for three years. As the first chief of staff of the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army and the Northeast Field Army, he has made irreplaceable contributions to every victory of this army, and has also withstood training and tests.With his "strong organizational discipline, strict, thorough, and efficient work style, astonishing perseverance and excellent organizational skills", Liu Yalou established the determination of the chief and provided a solid guarantee for smooth command. The rich experience in war and the study of the Soviet Military Academy forged Liu Yalou's ability to lead the army and control the war. Liu Yalou is completely capable of directing a major battle alone.Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan trusted him, the Party Central Committee trusted him, and the decision to appoint him as commander of the Tianjin Front was approved by the Central Military Commission and approved by Mao Zedong. Once, at a political work conference, Liu Yalou told a story that happened in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union: a Soviet soldier was lying on the snow to repair a broken down car.His hands were numb from the cold, and his legs were numb from the cold.Someone asked him: "It's so cold, why do you still do this?" He said: "Stalin knows me." After telling this story, Liu Yalou said excitedly: "'Stalin knows me', a simple sentence, contains so much. What a profound truth, what a great power it condenses. If every one of our soldiers understands "Mao Zedong knows me" when we are fighting bravely and fighting bravely, what magical power will it produce?" Liu Yalou's heart is full of strength and confidence.Because there must be such a sentence in his heart: "Mao Zedong knows me. The party knows me." Twelve years later, Liu Yalou wrote an article recalling the Battle of Tianjin. He wrote: "In the face of such a military group with hundreds of thousands of people and strong fortifications, it is indeed a major task to win the battle. And the time to complete the task It is also very urgent, because after the conquest of Tianjin, Beiping will be further liberated. It was already the beginning of January 1949. If the time is delayed, the freezing and thawing will not be conducive to the battle of Beiping. Therefore, the preparations for the Tianjin campaign must be completed within 10 days .” time does not wait.The task of attacking and annihilating the enemy in Tianjin must be completed in a short period of time, but the Northeast Field Army continued to march and fight, and soon after entering the pass, people and land lived together. Never fight a "reckless war". Liu Yalou warned himself and everyone around him. The Northeast Field Army once paid a price in blood for recklessness.It was the battle of Siping in June 1947. According to reconnaissance before the battle, it was estimated that there were 18,000 enemies in the city. After launching the attack, it was found that the actual number of enemies was 34,000, which was nearly doubled.For a whole month of heroic attack, 17,000 enemies were wiped out, and 13,000 people were killed or injured, fighting a war of attrition. "The Biography of General Liu Yalou" wrote: For a long time, Lin Biao was in a bad mood, and the staff at the headquarters avoided him whenever he saw anyone scolding him.As the chief of staff, Liu Yalou couldn't escape even if he wanted to.Later, Liu Yalou bit the bullet and asked Lin Biao for instructions, and held a staff work meeting.He knew that only by summarizing experience and lessons can the price of blood be transformed into the growth of the field army. At this time, Liu Yalou must quickly formulate a complete, thorough, and foolproof combat plan. There are many "requirements" and many "musts".天津是一座有200万人口的工商业城市，攻城作战必须速战速决，必须保证城市少受破坏，人民生命财产少受损失；必须把这个华北最大的工业重镇基本完好地交到人民手中。许多因素必须考虑到，许多意外情况必须事先预料到。战役部署和战术动作必须加以规定。敌人的部署和防御工事要了如指掌。敌人的兵力和战斗力要精确计算。刘亚楼和他的战友们凑在一起，对敌人逐一分析。一个军一个军地掂量，一个师一个师地掂量，一个团一个团地掂量。 刘亚楼的司令部像一架高速运转的机器。报话机、电话机响个不停。指挥员、参谋进进出出。各种战前准备会开了一个又一个。巨大的作战地图挂在墙上，那上面画满了各种标号。刘亚楼常在地图前久立，或独自思考或与指挥员讨论。思维高度集中，高速运转。参谋长的机动灵活与司令员的当机立断同集于刘亚楼一身而不矛盾。谨慎小心不意味着桎梏想象，周密细致不意味着缩手缩脚。战争是艺术，是钢铁与意志较量的艺术，是智慧与才干凝结的艺术，战争造就了旷世英雄，战争创造了崭新世界。 1949年1月初，刘亚楼在杨柳青召集参加总攻天津的各纵队的指挥员开会，对天津的敌情、地形等问题进行详细研究，以求在战斗中不出差错，达到迅速歼灭敌人。 这时，中共天津地下党，早已为会议提供了有关天津守军的各方面的情况报告，对天津城防每一座碉堡的位置、形状、守备兵力多少，都有详细的说明。报告说：“天津市南北长25华里，东西宽10多华里，是个长方形，各种高楼大厦都在南部，一般平房在中部，市郊开阔，南部多水网。陈长捷把强的部队放在中部和北部，弱的部队放在南部，其防御特点是：北部兵力强，南部工事强，中部皆平常。” 根据天津南北长、东西狭的特点，大家认为，加强东西两面攻击力量，就可把守军拦腰切断，既能打乱敌人防御体系，自己的兵力又能自由向两翼扩展，避免拥塞。因此，会议确定：攻打天津的部署是：首先实施东西对进，拦腰斩断敌人的防御体系。然后，再用先南后北的打法，实行先分割后围歼，“先吃肉后啃骨头”的方针，来逐一全部歼灭天津守敌。 在兵力具体部署上，刘亚楼将军决定以4个纵队东西对进：一纵和二纵并肩从天津城西和平门地区突破，由西向东挺进；七纵和八纵，从天津东面民权门一带揳入，由东向西挺进；两路部队在金汤桥会师。另外1个纵队，则从天津南的尖子山一线，向北攻击；1个纵队作预备队。 在这次会议后，各纵队的师长都根据各自担负的任务，分头到天津敌城防前沿地带，亲自察看地形和敌人防御工事的情况，并决定先扫除天津城防外围各支撑点，为攻城部队开辟道路。在解放军看来，攻打天津的时候，最困难的要算是抢渡护城河。如果渡不过护城河，就休想进入天津。 自天津被包围后，陈长捷就在三元村附近，将南运河与护城河沟通，使河水流入护城河，便可经常保持在3米的深度。每天还派人在河上打冰，以防结冻。并在赵各庄、陈官庄附近，堵塞了护城河通入海河的河道，让河水向广阔的西南郊倾泻，造成一片水淹区，以增加解放军前进的困难。面对这种情形，解放军决心打破对方的放水计划，经过调查研究，终于在南运河上游独流和马厂附近，找到了碱河的水闸，把水闸打开，让南运河的水流入碱河，切断了天津护城河的水源，也就解决了攻击天津的水患问题。 攻城部队对如何克服渡过护城河的困难，更非常重视，经过动脑筋，想办法，战士们终于创造出芦苇桥，汽油桶桥，有的还造出木板桥、船桥和云梯等等，他们都明白，要取得胜利，先得设法渡过护城河。经过试验，芦苇桥轻便结实，浮力大，不怕枪弹，在敌人火力下运动方便，又可就地取材，但是也有个缺点，浸水40分钟就沉没。用汽油桶钉成的桥，浮力大，但是笨重，在敌前运动不方便。而在战斗中渡河，在敌人密集火力封锁下，每延迟一分钟，都将带来很大的伤亡，所以必须尽快搭桥。 后来有人提出把坦克开到护城河底去，然后在顶上把门板和芦苇一放，部队就可冲过去。这个办法虽然可用，但是坦克兵可能爬不出来，就要牺牲性命。因此，指挥员对这个建议很是犹豫。战士们攻城心切，纷纷申请报名，要求纵队领导批准他们去完成这个特殊任务。他们豪迈地说：“我们是共产党员，不怕流血牺牲！为了解放天津数百万人民，即使爬不出来也是光荣的！”我们有些战士，为了保证攻城部队胜利渡河，就这样光荣地献出了自己年轻的生命。天津人民、中国人民，将永远记住他们的功绩！ 随着攻城时间的逼近，蒋军内部更加慌恐不安。陈长捷虽然死硬，但他知道了邓宝珊从绥远飞到北平的消息后，心中也跟着发生了问题。陈认为，邓宝珊是与解放军有联系的，邓飞往北平找傅作义，就表示双方谈判已在进行。而当时傅总部的参谋长李世杰，又一再传来傅的指示，总是说“坚守就有办法”。照陈长捷的体会，这句话的意思就是：愈能顽强抗拒，就愈可增加讲价的本钱，必须能够打，才能够与对方讨价还价。所以他一再宣称，要战到弹尽粮绝为止，不考虑放下武器。当时，天津市参议会议长杨亦周和工业会理事长李烛尘，均曾向他探问局势。陈只对他们说：“一切由傅作义主持。平津是一体，傅不会置天津于不顾。” 面对着解放军咄咄逼人的攻势，陈长捷惶惶不安。脚下的每一寸土地仿佛都在撕裂。他的眼睛沉入了黑暗，无边无际的大地正在剧烈地颠倒。自己马上就要被黑暗吞没。他承受不了那些令人厌烦的告急，什么“城外西北地区被共军占领！”“西门外的据点被攻下！”“灰堆附近的城防碉堡主阵地失守！”陈长捷慌了。他向守城将士下了死命令加强城防工事，拼命挡住共军的逼近！ ”六十二军军长林伟俦召集连长以上军官讲话说：“没有命令，不准冲锋，也不准撤退，要守稳阵地，与阵地共存亡。 ”八十六军军长刘云瀚对部属说：“上级要求一定要守住天津，我们打仗时要实行连坐法，临阵退缩者杀！ " 尽管人民解放军已完全有能力用武力占领天津，但为了减少天津市人民的生命财产损失，仍希望能够和平解放天津。为此，解放军在发起总攻的前夜，派人把一封劝降信送进了城里。陈长捷接到这封劝降信后，把守备天津的主要将领六十二军军长林伟俦、八十六军军长刘云瀚、天津警备副司令秋宗鼎、市长杜建时等召集到他的办公室，把这封以林彪和罗荣桓的名义写的劝降信，拿给众人传看。这封信虽然写得非常简短，但信中的内容足以震撼在场的每一个人： 陈长捷、林伟俦、刘云瀚将军： 我们即将开始天津战役了，郑洞国是榜样，将军如仿效将为人民立大功，如抵抗只能使自己遭受杀身之祸。希望你们在我们总攻之前，派代表来谈判，在任何地点都可以找到司令部，然后护送你们与我们商谈。 林彪罗荣桓 众人看完信后都一言不发，不约而同地把目光转向副司令秋宗鼎身上。此人长期在蒋介石的侍从室任职，派到天津任警备副司令是负有监军的使命，他的态度最为重要。秋宗鼎头脑清醒，早就看清了形势，打是必败无疑，要降又不能从他嘴里说出来。因为在天津还有一个与他负有同样使命的人——蒋介石派来的战地视察官程子践。有程子践在背后掣肘，秋宗鼎顾虑重重，不敢贸然表态。 杜建时见众人都沉默不语，心中有些着急。他先把陈长捷请到另一个房间，问他打算怎么办。陈长捷刚到天津不久，与林伟俦、刘云瀚这些中央军嫡系将领还不熟悉，况且他本来就是唯傅作义之命是从，傅作义早就指示他一定要坚守天津。于是，他就推托说：“我让他们打，谁不打也不行。但我若是要他们投降，他们不降我就毫无办法。我听说傅总司令正在北平与共产党进行和平谈判，还是等北平和谈成功后，再一起行动。” 杜建时见陈长捷不肯明确表达自己的意见，又出来把林伟俦和刘云瀚拉到另一个房间，问这两个人有什么打算。林伟俦、刘云瀚异口同声地说：“陈长捷是司令，他不说话，我们不能行动。这种事必须得他来点头同意，我们不能领头。” 杜建时说：“陈司令官的意思是等北平和谈成功后，再一起行动。” 林、刘二人表示：“那也可以。” 杜建时担心地问：“如果共军现在发起总攻，你们估计能顶多长时间？” 林伟俦有些丧气地说：“恐怕一个星期都顶不了。” 杜建时说：“既然如此，我们就必须赶快采取行动，最起码也得有一个明确的态度。” 于是，他们几个人又一起去找陈长捷，让他打电话给北平总部，询问北平和平谈判进展情况。华北“剿总”司令部参谋长李世杰只简单地重复了傅作义以前曾经对陈长捷等人说过的一句话：“坚定守住，就有办法。” 几个人又商议了半天，最后认为。目前最好的办法就是拖延时间，等待北平和谈成功。于是，陈长捷让秋宗鼎执笔给解放军回了一封模棱两可的信，大意是：“武器乃军人之第二生命，放下武器乃军人之最大耻辱，岂可随便放下。贵军倘有谋和诚意，请派代表前来商谈。” 刘亚楼一眼就看穿了陈长捷等人在玩弄拖延时间的诡计，便按预定作战计划，命令部队进入攻击阵地，把大大小小1000余门火炮都摆放好，准备发起攻击。在一切都准备就绪后，刘亚楼又以林彪和罗荣桓的名义给陈长捷发出了最后通牒： （一）本军甚望和平解决，以免天津遭受破坏。 （二）天津守军应自动放下武器，并保证不破坏公共财产、武器弹药及公文案卷。 （三）本军保证一切放下武器之官兵个人及家属生命财产之安全。 （四）如果守军不愿意放下武器而欲抵抗到底，则本军将采取敌对行动，城破之日，守军方面诸反动领袖不能按照在小城市及乡村中作战时被本军所俘敌方军官一样待遇，而将加重其处罚。 见了解放军的最后通牒后，陈长捷虽然嘴头上强硬，但内心中却极其虚弱、恐慌。为了拖延时间以及探听解放军的虚实，陈长捷假意答应进行和平谈判，派了几名代表出城去与解放军会谈。名为和谈，实际上陈长捷是想利用这些人刺探解放军的军事情报，特别是想弄清解放军的主攻方向确定在哪里。 陈长捷的这些小小伎俩怎么能瞒得过刘亚楼的眼睛。当陈长捷派出的所谓工商代表团到达杨柳青解放军的前线指挥所后，解放军的一名联络参谋对他们说：“刘司令员正在路上，烦请你们稍等片刻，大约25分钟后刘司令员就能赶回来。” 实际上，刘亚楼当时就在这些代表所在房间的隔壁。25分钟后，刘亚楼乘坐一辆吉普车从后门驶出杨柳青，然后绕道从天津以北的发电厂方向回来。刘亚楼的这一行踪故意叫这些代表们看到，以便给他们造成一个解放军的主攻方向在北边的假象。当刘亚楼“风尘仆仆”地走进屋内时，陈长捷派来的这些代表没有一个人对此产生过怀疑。陈长捷果真上当，他在得知解放军的主攻方向在天津北边的发电厂一带时，立即调整部署，把战斗力较强的六十二军第一五一师调到城北，这就大大减轻了解放军主攻方向的压力。战役开始后，一五一师在城北基本上就没有发挥什么作用。 刘亚楼严肃地对这些代表说：“为了保护天津这座工业城市，我军诚心诚意希望和平解决天津问题。只要陈长捷能自动放下武器，我军可以保证你们的生命财产安全及行动自由。否则，我们将按计划开始攻城，并对顽抗到底的首要分子进行严惩。现在，我再重申一遍：天津的守军必须在1月8日前放下武器！” 陈长捷根本就没有和谈的诚意。他指使谈判代表团三番五次地以各种理由要求解放军推迟进攻的时间。解放军为了表示仁至义尽，两次推迟了进攻时间，最后严令陈长捷：1月13日12时前必须把部队开出城外，听候处理，否则1月14日攻城！ “只要坚定地守住，就有办法。”傅作义的命令又来了。陈长捷自认为已经摸清了解放军的底细，依恃有坚固的城防工事，粮食、弹药充足，认为只要坚守三四个月，时局就可以发生变化，所以拒绝了解放军的和平诚意，决心顽抗到底。根据他所掌握的情报，对天津守军的兵力进行了重新部署： （一）刘云瀚第八十六军防守河东，从民族门到天津东南的海河岸边，指定1个加强团踞守阵地前的东局子营房据点，重点在民族门方向。 （二）林伟俦第六十二军防守河北，从民族门以北经天津北站、恒源纱厂到西营门运河地区，以1个加强团踞守北站前的宜兴埠据点，主力则保持在西营门方面。 （三）第九十四军第四十三师、新编第一八四师在天津西南区，防守西营门以南到南开大学、八里台、尖山一带。河北保安团防守灰堆据点，静海保安团活动于南开前方，警戒河水泛滥区，以上部队均属新一八四师指挥。 （四）第六十二、第八十六军要在接近于前方的第二线控置有力的部队作为预备队，预备队不得少于3个团。 （五）炮兵准备多处阵地，活动集中火力，由防守副司令秋宗鼎统一指挥。 同时，陈长捷还一再督促各部队抓紧最后时机，加固工事。六十二军军长林伟俦向全军连长以上军官训话说：“我们防守地区如果被突破，我们是负不起这个责任的，会被杀头的。我们只有拼命做工事，等于拼命打仗一样去干，才能完成任务。” 八十六军军长刘云瀚也向部下训示说：“我们防守阵线太长，兵力太少，多加强一分工事，就等于增加一个兵一样。” 经过一番突击，天津的城防工事又进一步得到加强。陈长捷狂妄地叫嚣说：“有这样坚强的碉堡阵地，充足的弹药器材，比起傅总司令当年仅仅以1师兵力守卫涿州城，不知优越多少倍。涿州的防守是3个月，创造了国军战史上的奇迹。现在我们在傅总司令的指挥下，也必能坚持到胜利。我们要效仿斯大林格勒守卫战的战术，逐屋抵抗，坚守三四个月！誓与天津共存亡，必要时不惜把天津全部烧毁！” 刘亚楼把“两只老虎”放在了第一主攻方向，这“两只虎”指的就是一纵和二纵。一位研究军史的人士说，一纵、二纵总是并肩战斗的，战斗友谊深，都是敢打硬仗从不服输的部队。有关这方面的故事流传得很多，讲述的人怀着崇敬的心情讲述，听的人也怀着崇敬的心情倾听。人们知道，一支英雄的部队正是因为有了这些久远流传的故事才有了生命，才有了性格。一支部队也正是因为有了这种不服输的劲头，才有了生龙活虎、敢打敢拼的作风。 一纵和二纵都是英雄的部队，是有光荣历史和光荣传统的部队。 一纵是以中国工农红军为骨干发展起来的一支部队。一纵有两个红军团。一团前身为1928年7月彭德怀、滕代远领导平江起义成功后组成的红五军一部，长征到达陕北时，其番号为红一军团第四师第十团。五团前身为1932年11月吴焕先、王平章重建的红二十五军第七十五师之一部。长征到达陕北时，其番号为红十五军团第七十五师第二二三团。1937年8月，这两个团分别改编为八路军一一五师三四三旅六八六团一营、三四四旅六八八团一营。一纵二团和一纵四团的前身是以红军干部、骨干组成的八路军三四三旅六八五团新二营和三四三旅补充团。抗战初期，这些部队在晋冀豫地区艰苦转战，1939年起先后进入山东和苏北地区。尔后长期战斗在苏北、鲁南、滨海战场，发展为山东军区第四、第六、第十三、第二十三团。抗日战争胜利后，1945年8月，第六、第十三团与滨海军区独立第三团合编为山东解放军第一师；第四、第二十三团与滨海军区独立第一团合编为山东解放军第二师。这两个师成为一纵两个师的前身。同一时期，由山东军区滨海支队与部分地方武装组成的东北挺进纵队主力成为一纵另一个师的前身。1945年9月，山东解放军第一、第二师和东北挺进纵队分别从陆地和海上开赴东北。