Chapter 3 Chapter Three: Sino-US Diplomatic Contest After Crossing the River

(7) Mao Zedong said to do the opposite, and asked Zhou Enlai to send Huang Hua to Nanjing to deal with the "old principal". A group of soldiers entered the residence of the American ambassador early in the morning. The helpless Leighton Stuart became happy when he heard Huang Hua's name up Mao Zedong said, we do the opposite He had been working at his desk for too long, and the ink on the inkstone had dried up, so he felt a little tired. When the guard was grinding ink for him, he put down the brush and stood up.He wanted to go for a walk, to see the new green blooming on the branches of the Fragrant Hills.At this time, the secretary sent an urgent message, and he asked what it was about.The secretary said that Zhou Enlai forwarded a letter written by Leighton Stuart at the behest of his personal secretary, Fu Jingbo.

He said it's not urgent, let's put it on the table first. It was noon in mid-to-early April.Mao Zedong walked out of the small courtyard gate of Shuangqing Villa, this time walking a little further.Yesterday he saw that only a few trees on the mountain had sprouted fresh green, but today a large forest has sprouted green buds on its branches, showing great vitality.He looked at the greenery in front of him and thought of the south.On the bank of the Yangtze River, the trees have long since turned green and the flowers are in bloom. My million troops are waiting on the north bank of the river, just waiting for an order to cross the Yangtze River and liberate the whole of China.

When he returned to the office after a walk, he picked up the letter from the well-known American ambassador to China to Zhou Enlai.This was relayed by the CCP office in Hong Kong in the form of a telegram.The letter was addressed to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao.During Marshall's mediation period in China, this Leighton Stuart and General Marshall had a lot of dealings with Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao, so he often wrote letters to them.This is already the third letter. The first two letters were received in Xibaipo.After all, it is just a content, wanting to establish contact with the CCP.

He thought he had met Stuart.It was just after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. When he went to Chongqing to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek, he was at Chiang Kai-shek's banquet first. At that time, the man was not an ambassador, but only the president of Yenching University and a famous educator that everyone praised.When they met for the first time, he once greeted Leighton Stuart and said: "Now there are many students of yours in Yan'an." Leighton Stuart replied, not without pride: "I hope they will take credit for what they have learned." The students of Yenching University who came to Yan'an to participate in the revolution all praised this old American who worked hard in education in China.It is said that President Leighton Stuart not only imparted knowledge, but also took to the streets with the students for anti-Japanese demonstrations, and also spent time in Japanese prisons.Gong Peng, who worked as an English translator for him in Chongqing, was also a student of Leighton Stuart.Therefore, Mao Zedong agreed to host a luncheon for the American in Hongyan Village.He felt that this old American man was really a hand at China. He didn't need Gong Peng as an interpreter when eating. Leighton Stuart spoke Hangzhou dialect, he spoke Xiangtan dialect, and both of them spoke Chinese dialect.Leighton Stuart said that some teachers and students at Yenching University also spoke Hunan dialect, which he could understand.Mao Zedong said that he has always respected teachers. When he was young, he studied in a normal school and volunteered to be a teacher.From education to the current situation, both of them hoped to establish a prosperous China after the war, so that all Chinese teenagers could have books to read.Unexpectedly, Marshall, who became the US Secretary of State a few months later, took a fancy to Stuart and asked the old principal to be the US ambassador to China.

He watched the incident with cold eyes in northern Shaanxi, and quickly concluded that the US ambassador who was a principal had run to Mount Lushan at the beginning of his tenure, which meant that the man's ass was entirely on Chiang Kai-shek's side. In the autumn and winter of 1948, as the People's Liberation Army continued to win victories, Leighton Stuart's attitude underwent a "subtle" change. The American ambassador began to write letters to Zhou Enlai.The ambassador was very clever, and the letter was delivered through a special Hong Kong channel, through Xie Weisi, who had a good relationship with the top leaders of the CCP when he was in the US military observation team in Yan'an.Xie Weisi was once arrested for the so-called "communism" crime, and after being released after investigation without evidence, he was arranged to serve as a deputy military attache at the US Consulate General in Hong Kong.Leighton Stuart's letters to Zhou Enlai were all passed through Xie Weisi and handed over to Qiao Guanhua, the head of the CCP's Hong Kong Office in Hong Kong.

These letters from Leighton Stuart were also one of the important bases for Mao Zedong to observe the subtle changes in the US policy toward China. The letter is always a letter, and the meaning expressed is nothing more than that the United States wants to establish contact with the CCP, which is constantly winning.However, when the Kuomintang government moved south to Guangzhou and the U.S. embassy insisted on staying in Nanjing, and also drove the embassies of countries other than the Soviet Union to stay in Nanjing, Mao Zedong had to pay close attention.Of course he understands the purpose of this ambassador, who wants to influence the policies of New China and safeguard the interests of the United States in China through contact with us; To contact us, it is impossible not to say that there is a little change in our favor.

Late at night on this day, after Zhou Enlai returned to Fragrant Hills from Beiping City, he came to Shuangqing Villa to report to him on his work. He mentioned that crossing the river was imminent and Nanjing would soon be liberated. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is going to take over, and there are many former foreign embassies and diplomats who stayed and did not move to Guangzhou. In particular, the American ambassador has sent a message to contact us several times, and it is necessary to send a suitable foreign affairs cadre to preside over Nanjing. The foreign affairs work of the Municipal Military Control Commission.

He asked, "Who do you consider sending?" Zhou Enlai had already thought about it: "I think Huang Hua is suitable. He received a group of Chinese and foreign journalists and the US military observation team in Yan'an, and later went to the Beiping Military Mediation Office with Jianying to deal with the Americans. Let's talk..." He interrupted and asked, "Have you taken a fancy to the teacher-student relationship between Huang Hua and Principal Situ?" Zhou Enlai: "The ambassador and the principal said that we should influence us through the relationship between teachers and students. Of course, we can do work for him through the relationship between teachers and students."

He smiled: "Well, let's do the opposite." Zhou Enlai also said: "Comrade Bishi also wants to transfer Huang Hua to the Central Committee of the Youth League." He thought for a while and said: "The Youth League needs cadres, but foreign affairs cadres are even more lacking. Taking over Nanjing will affect China and foreign countries, especially dealing with many foreigners who gather in Nanjing. You should say hello to Comrade Bishi. In addition, to the For the diplomatic work after the liberation of Nanjing, the central government should consider issuing a document in time, and pay attention to protecting the safety of foreign embassies."

This decided that Huang Hua, who was currently serving as the director of the Foreign Affairs Department of the Tianjin Military Control Commission, was going to Nanjing immediately, and Zhang Wenjin was in charge of the foreign affairs department in Tianjin. On the evening of April 23, the Sanye 35th Army broke through the city defenses of Nanjing and occupied Nanjing. On April 23, the General Front Committee and the East China Bureau began to move from Hefei to Nanjing.The receiving agency led by Liu Bocheng, the mayor of Nanjing and director of the Military Control Commission, also rushed to Nanjing.At this time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called the General Front Committee and the East China Bureau, and issued eight very specific instructions for the diplomatic work after the liberation of Nanjing——

General Front Committee, Liu (Bocheng), Deng (Xiaoping), Zhang (Jichun), Li (Da), Su (Yu), Tan (Zhenlin), and Zhang (Zhen): After the liberation of Nanjing, regarding diplomatic issues, the following instructions are specially issued: (1) For the embassies and legations of various countries stationed in Nanjing, our People's Liberation Army, the Military Control Commission and the municipal government still use the reason that the Chinese People's Revolutionary Military Commission has no diplomatic relations with them, and do not have any formal diplomatic exchanges with them , and do not acknowledge them as ambassadors or ministers, either in writing or orally.However, for the safety of the embassies and missions of various countries and the personnel in them, they should be responsible for protection without insults, and at the same time, there is no need to register. (2) Our personnel still adopt a cold attitude towards embassies, public missions and diplomatic personnel in them, and never take the initiative to pay attention to them.Our military control committee and the city government were established, only posted notices, published in newspapers, broadcasted, and never notified them with official documents.However, if they express their opinions to us through relevant Chinese friends (such as Wu Yifang, Chen Yuguang, etc.), we can listen to them from the sidelines, but do not express their attitude; Receive them as foreign nationals, listen to their opinions, and convey them to your superiors, but you must declare that you will not receive them as diplomatic personnel. (3) If the embassies and embassies of various countries require a personal exit pass and a car pass, after the military martial law is lifted, they can tell them that if they request it in their own name, they can issue a special pass. There must be a certain range, and each embassy is allowed to use one car. (4) For the time being, the journalists and news agencies of various countries in Nanjing still let them send and publish the news for a while without making any statement, and then deal with it according to the situation. (5) The radio stations of the embassies and embassies of various countries are also temporarily ignored, and they are listening to their reports to the outside world. (6) The guards of embassies and missions of various countries and their weapons and equipment may temporarily not interfere within the scope of their embassies. If they go out of the embassy, ​​they are not allowed to go out in military uniform. (7) Other items related to foreign nationals are still in accordance with the instructions issued on January 19 this year. (8) Huang Hua was sent to the Nanjing Municipal Government as the director of the foreign national affairs office, and he followed Soseki and Liu Xiao to the south. central April 25 In the above-mentioned documents of the central government, the appointment of Huang Hua as the "Director of the Foreign Nationals Affairs Division of the Nanjing Military Control Commission" is an important one of the eight items. Huang Hua, who was about to be transferred to the League Central Committee, was reassigned to Nanjing One day in mid-April, on the platform of Qianmen Station in Beiping, the farewell crowd shouted and waved their arms, and the train blew a long whistle and moved slowly.Several carriages were filled with southbound workers in gray military uniforms.The team members are mainly composed of cadres drawn from various troops and departments, some have just participated in the work of taking over Beiping and Tianjin, and there are also some young students from colleges and universities.They will follow the army on the front line of crossing the river to the south, and participate in the new, important, complicated and arduous work of receiving Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou and other central cities. A cadre in his 30s was sitting in the carriage, and his military uniform looked clean and neat.He is Huang Hua. In the carriage, other colleagues going south were talking in a warm atmosphere, discussing the new life they are about to face or recalling interesting past events, but he was alone thinking about the recent changes in his life and destiny. In mid-January this year, Tianjin was liberated. He was transferred from the Central Foreign Affairs Group to the Tianjin Military Control Commission as the director of the Foreign Affairs Department. Ren Bishi, one of the five secretaries of the Central Committee, took a fancy to it.He has a rare experience in the youth work movement: when he was studying in the Economics Department of Yenching University in Peking in the mid-1930s, he was the main backbone of the "December 9th" patriotic student movement. Union member.After arriving in Yan'an, he worked in the Cadre Section of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Since 1938, he has successively served as the head of the Organization Department of the Northwest Youth Salvation Federation, a member of the Youth Work Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a member of the Youth Committee of the Yangtze River Bureau of the Communist Party of China, and the party secretary of the All-China Federation of Students. In 1940, he also served as the director of education of Yan'an Youth Cadre School. In 1940, he served as the political secretary of Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, the secretary-general of the Overseas Work Committee of the CPC Central Committee, and later Ye Jianying's secretary.Ren Bishi felt that he was a good material for youth work and could be trained to be the main responsible cadre of the League Central Committee.Therefore, he was determined to attend the inaugural meeting of the Chinese New Democratic Youth League as a representative, and he was nominated as a member of the first Central Committee of the Youth League.During the meeting, Ren Bishi also talked to him specifically, saying that now, on the eve of the founding of new China, an important strategic task of the party is to further unite the youth of the whole country and organize them into a new force to welcome the liberation of the whole country and build a new China .Ren Bishi said that the organization wanted to transfer him to work at the League Central Committee.He expressed his obedience to the organization's assignment.What made him anxious was that after the opening ceremony that day, when Ren Bishi made a political report on behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he fell ill on the podium due to recurrence of high blood pressure. Representatives of the Youth League Congress came from all over the country, including heroes and models from the PLA and liberated areas, party and league workers and progressive youth from the enemy's rear, as well as some young scholars and social celebrities who had contributed to society. In mid-April, Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and other central leaders received all representatives in Xiangshan. On that day, Zhou Enlai said to him: "Leighton Stuart and the envoys of many countries stayed in Nanjing. The central government wants you to go to Nanjing to form the Foreign Affairs Office of the Military Control Commission. In addition to being responsible for taking over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kuomintang government and handling related foreign affairs, you can conduct business with Leighton Stuart. personal contact." He explained to Zhou Enlai how Comrade Bishi asked him to work at the League Central Committee a few days ago.Zhou Enlai, okay, I will discuss it with him when he is there. In this way, instead of going to Peiping, he was dispatched by the central government to go to Nanjing with the southward work team. In Nanjing, he will meet the old headmaster from his student days. At the beginning of 1946, when he first arrived in Peiping to work in the executive department of the military mediation, he also met the old principal who had not yet served as an ambassador.But he considered that this "teacher-student meeting" was fundamentally different from before.What the old principal represents is no longer a university that imparts knowledge. He is not only a student from a poor place called Ci County in southern Hebei near northern Henan. He represents the new China that is about to be born. He feels the burden on his shoulders. responsibility…… The train of the southward working team had to stop in Tianjin. At that time, his transfer was like a military operation.During the short time he stopped, he went to the residence to get his luggage as quickly as possible. Later, in his memoirs, he described it in the following words—— ... I got off at Tianjin East Railway Station, took advantage of the parking time, went back to the Foreign Affairs Office to pick up my luggage in a hurry, and then got on the train at West Railway Station and headed south.Because the train cannot go directly to Nanjing, I went to Hefei first, and then changed cars from Hefei to Nanjing. Troops entering the city entered the residence of the US ambassador to find a place to stay On April 25, almost at the same time as the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent the "Eight Instructions" to the General Front Committee and the East China Bureau on Nanjing's post-liberation diplomatic issues, a diplomatic incident occurred in Nanjing in which PLA soldiers entered the US embassy. In the early morning of that day, Xie Baoyun, commander of the 1st Battalion of the 307th Regiment of the 103rd Division of the 35th Army that had invaded Nanjing, entered the American Embassy on Xikang Road with his correspondents waiting to arrange board and lodging for the troops.Leighton Stuart, who was washing his face, saw the two People's Liberation Army coming in. He was taken aback, changed his face suddenly, changed his usual smiling image, and shouted furiously in Chinese, "What are you doing at the American Embassy?" Battalion Commander Xie suddenly saw that this foreigner was so rude, and the crimes of the imperialists who invaded China, ceded land for compensation, and massacred the Chinese people emerged in his chest. He was so angry that his lips trembled and his face turned blue. What the hell! Everything in this house belongs to the people and will eventually return to the hands of the people." Fortunately, Wang Huaijin, the battalion instructor, arrived in time and eased the situation.On the same day, Leighton Stuart reported the matter to the US State Department.He described it like this - At 6:40 that morning, 12 armed Communist soldiers stormed the embassy. They urged the Chinese guards to open the gate of the embassy compound and went straight to the back door of the embassy mansion.There, they asked the service staff how many Chinese and foreign people were in the embassy and where the ambassador lived, and then they immediately went upstairs and approached the ambassador's bedroom.At this time, the ambassador hadn't fully woken up yet, and the sudden appearance of armed Communist soldiers surprised the ambassador a little.The soldiers did not threaten the ambassador at the time.Those who broke into the room first spoke in high-pitched, angry voices.Those who came in later were more polite, saying they had "come up to have a look."They went around the bedroom a few times, checked the contents of the house, and said that everything here will be returned to the original owner and belong to the people.They questioned Mr. Fu Jingbo, but did not search his room.Then they left the house and yard without moving anything.They told a servant that the ambassador could not leave this courtyard. Due to the exaggeration of Western newspapers and radio stations, this incident has caused a certain impact internationally. When the diplomats from Western countries stranded in Nanjing heard about it, they became anxious and worried that their safety would not be guaranteed.But after a few days, not only did they not enter the foreign embassy, ​​but they also saw that the People's Liberation Army had strict discipline on the streets, treated people kindly, did not take things from the common people, and did good things for the residents. The turmoil gradually passed. The experienced Leighton Stuart understood that according to the CCP’s occupation of Tianjin and Beiping, the U.S. embassy in China and his ambassador to China would not be recognized in Nanjing, and he would only be treated as an "ordinary expatriate".Of course he will not be reconciled, he wants to use the matter of "entering the house" to follow the clues and have some form of official contact with the CCP.Therefore, he protested to the Nanjing Military Control Commission verbally and in writing. When the protest note from the American embassy was sent to the Nanjing Municipal People's Government, the city government returned the note on the grounds that the two countries had no diplomatic relations, and announced to it in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee: The People's Government does not recognize any diplomatic institutions and organizations in the Kuomintang era. The legal status of diplomats, the diplomatic personnel who stay in Nanjing are treated as ordinary foreigners.The people's government protects all legitimate interests and personal safety of aliens.However, during the period of military control, the Chinese People's Liberation Army has the right to enter the residences of all suspicious Chinese and foreign personnel for inspection and interrogation. Leighton Stuart hit a snag, but he still had a strong desire to contact the CCP, so he stopped entangled in the matter of "entering the house".The ambassadors of Britain, France and other countries were also very anxious to be neglected by the Chinese side, and had to meet with Leighton Stuart every two or three days.British Ambassador Stephen was more worried than Leighton Stuart. He was extremely worried that the powerful People's Liberation Army would go straight to Guangzhou after liberating Shanghai and threaten Hong Kong, so he wanted to play the CCP's trump card even more. After the incident of "entering the house", Stuart stayed in the embassy obediently in order to "avoid unpleasant things from happening".But he felt that he had a "special mission". On the one hand, he closely followed every move of the Military Control Commission after it took over Nanjing. He was eager to find channels to contact the leaders of the Communist Party.In his memoir "Fifty Years in China", he said: "Since the Communist Party resolutely does not recognize the 'imperialist' countries that have too close alliance with the Kuomintang, I, as an ordinary American citizen, listen to the facts of the local authority representatives. Arrangements and directions made." Although the People's Liberation Army once entered his house on the second day after entering the city, after a few days of observation, he had to admit that the CCP army had "strict discipline and high morale" and "almost never committed any crime against the people. Although they borrowed things everywhere, they always Return the full amount or compensate according to the price".Compared with the corruption and greed of the Kuomintang army, he couldn't help being moved, and he was also awed by the spiritual power of the Communists. When he felt helpless and helpless, things suddenly turned around. One afternoon, his private secretary Fu Jingbo came back from outside and brought him exciting news: the CCP had sent Huang Hua to Nanjing to serve as the director of the Foreign Affairs Office, saying that it was specially for the purpose of communicating with the foreign diplomatic missions in Nanjing. dealing with other foreigners. What excited him was that Huang Hua was a student of the Department of Economics at Yenching University, and he was also a classmate of Fu Jingbo.He had long heard from American military officers and reporters who had been to Yan'an that he was received by Huang Hua in Yan'an.He happily said to Fu Jingbo: "Look, the opportunity has come! If Huang Hua's relationship can be valuable, then our work will be much easier." Fu Jingbo said: "In my opinion, Huang Hua will also be able to reach the top leaders of the CCP just like Gong Peng." (8) In charge of Mao Zedong’s personal contact with China and the United States in Nanjing (Part 1): Nanjing has just been liberated and there have been frequent disturbances in diplomacy, which has attracted Mao Zedong’s attention. If the United States can sever ties with the Kuomintang, we can consider establishing diplomatic relations with them. Mao Zedong Give Huang Hua very specific instructions to talk to Situ, don't be overly enthusiastic, don't say your own opinions, and express opinions according to Li Tao's statement Regarding the entry of troops into Leighton Stuart's residence, Mao Zedong said that if you don't pay attention, there will be big troubles He was surprised. At the same time as the central government issued eight instructions on diplomatic work after the liberation of Nanjing, the troops of the 35th Army actually went to Stuart's house for the house! He remembered the scene of taking over Peking.The tanks and cannons of the troops entering the city had to pass through the foreign consulate area in Dongjiaomin Lane. According to the troops, it was to show off the prestige of imperialism. Mayor Ye Jianying made a special report to the central government.The troops entering the city also stipulated strict discipline not to enter civilian houses.After he came to Peiping, he heard good feedback from the people in Peiping.Our troops had just entered the city, and it was catching up with the cold weather, with the north wind howling and the dripping water turning into ice.The officers and soldiers of the troops guarding Xizhimen, Deshengmen and other city gates were covered with quilts that could not keep out the cold at night, and slept crowded under the eaves and doorways of ordinary people's homes.When the common people found out, they were very moved. They opened the door and invited them to sleep in the house, but they refused.This is the 41st Army that has won many battles. He also remembered that this heroic army was about to leave Beijing and go south. The soldiers proposed that they had finally reached the capital and wanted to watch a Beijing opera before leaving.He heard from Ye Jianying that the military party committee had discussed the requirements for soldiers several times, and felt that soldiers went through life and death in battle, enforced discipline, and strictly conscientiously; the request to watch Peking Opera was not too much.The People's Army can't watch Bawang opera, not to mention there are hundreds of thousands of troops outside the city; the army party committee said that if you want to watch the opera, you have to pay for tickets! He asked with great interest: "There are more than 20,000 people watching the show, where does the money for the tickets come from?" Ye Jianying told him: "The army's party committee was so determined that they took out several gold bars from the 'family wealth' accumulated over the years." He was moved, almost in tears. He once wiped his tears and made a wish that no matter how busy he was, he would take time to go to the city to visit this army. The troops were about to be transferred to the south of Beijing, and he was indeed too busy to go into the city during those two days; the troops were concentrated in Zhongshan Park waiting to meet with the head of the central government, so he had to ask Boss Zhu to go to the city to greet the troops on his behalf .He felt regretful when he thought about it... According to the original plan approved by the central government, the task of taking over Nanjing was undertaken by Chen Geng's Fourth Corps.As the enemy withdrew much faster than expected, Nanjing was about to be liberated, and the Chen Geng Corps was still in the area from Wangjiang, Anhui to Hukou, Jiangxi. If it turned to Nanjing, it would take at least half a month.Therefore, the General Front Committee decided to send two armies from the Eighth Corps of Chen (Shiju) and Yuan (Zhongxian).The Thirty-fifth Army led by Commander Wu Huawen, who attacked Nanjing, revolted during the Battle of Jinan last fall.It will take time to establish the revolutionary tradition of our army. On the evening of April 25th, the "Voice of America" ​​aired "The Chinese People's Liberation Army stationed in Nanjing raided the US embassy in China" in a news report. The British BBC Radio and other Western radio stations also broadcast similar reports. Late at night on April 26, he was waiting for Zhou En to come to Shuangqing Villa.As soon as Zhou Enlai entered the house, he asked another matter first, saying: "Did you tell Zhang Wenbai later, we crossed the river in half a day." It turned out that on the evening of April 20, when the deadline for the final signing of the Kuomintang-Communist peace talks came, Zhou Enlai asked Zhang Zhizhong: "Mr. Wen Bai, the crossing of the river is about to begin. How long do you think it will take us to cross the river?" Zhang Zhizhong, who was familiar with the internal situation of Jiangfang, the Kuomintang army, thought for a moment and said: "The national army in Nanjing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou has more than 400,000 troops. The defense line has been prepared for several months, and the fortifications are solid. With the cooperation of the sea and air force, according to our Look, you don't have five to seven days to cross the river." Zhou Enlai smiled slightly, and shook hands with Zhang Zhizhong at the Liuguo Hotel in Dongjiaomin Lane to say goodbye.The battle of crossing the river also began.Zhou Enlai worked at the Qinzheng Palace in Zhongnanhai all night and told Mao Zedong about it when he called him. Now Mao Zedong still remembers this, Zhou Enlai said: "At 7 o'clock the next morning, I will call Wenbai's room and tell him the good news: Our troops have arrived at your hometown Wuhu and Tongling in Anhui early this morning. , Guichi crossed the river successfully. He was surprised for a moment and said: No wonder you don’t let me go back to Nanjing. I said to him again: Our army occupying Pukou is going to call the Nanjing Telecom Bureau. Sheng said that they (referring to the Kuomintang government) have all run away, and we are waiting for you to take over." Mao Zedong smiled, and then said: "In my opinion, the task of receiving is no less important than the task of capturing. What we need to study is the issue of receiving." That night, he and Zhou Enlai and others studied the foreign affairs work in Nanjing, and also studied the relevant issues of taking over Shanghai, and issued relevant instructions to Shanghai that night.He emphasized to the General Front Committee: "When to station in Shanghai, we must get our approval." At this late night, that is, at 4 o'clock in the morning on April 27, Mao Zedong drafted a letter to Su Yu for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and reported to the General Front Committee, Liu Bocheng, Zhang Jichun, Li Dadian, regarding the incident of the Thirty-five Army's trespassing on Leighton Stuart's residence after occupying Nanjing. : "Attention must be drawn to the fact that the Thirty-fifth Army sent troops into Leighton Stuart's house without authorization on the second day (25th) after arriving in Nanjing, otherwise there may be a big mess. The situation will be ascertained as soon as possible and the telegram will be reported to handle it based on the verification.... Thirty The five armies entered Nanjing with strict discipline, and foreign countries responded very well, but the invasion of Situ’s residence was done very badly.” Two days later, Nanjing had another problem with foreign affairs. The "entry into the house" incident was overly exaggerated by the Western media. Some people ordered the Nanjing Telegraph Bureau to stop accepting foreign journalists to send news telegrams overseas without asking the central government. However, some reporters still sent out the news they wrote through the radio station of the embassy. .This matter has also been reflected in Western newspapers and radio stations.This practice also violated the eight instructions issued by the Central Committee on April 25 regarding diplomatic work after the liberation of Nanjing.The fourth of the eight directives said: "Journalists and news agencies from various countries in Nanjing still let them send and publish their news for a while, without making any statement, and we will deal with it according to the situation." On the Nanjing side, in just a few days, there was another disturbance in foreign policy, which had to arouse Mao Zedong's great attention.After checking the situation, he quickly found the reason: the problem did not lie with grassroots cadres and soldiers, but that some senior leaders relied on "oral instructions" to communicate relevant policies and instructions of the central government. Those who came to the meeting did not know, but only a few people who attended the meeting knew.The important policies and instructions of the central government cannot be carried out to the company. This situation must be reversed! On April 30, Mao Zedong drafted a telegram for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and sent it to the East China Bureau and the General Front Committee, and informed Su Yu, Zhang Zhen, Liu Bocheng, Zhang Jichun, Li Da, and each bureau and committee, pointing out: Without the approval of the Central Committee, the Nanjing Telegraph Bureau stopped foreign journalists from sending news telegrams. Who handled the telegrams? We believe that Nanjing and Shanghai should not stop foreign journalists from sending news telegrams for the time being.Nanjing should reopen, let foreign journalists generate electricity, and refrain from inspections.Wait for a period of time to see how things go, and then the central government will decide whether to stop all foreign journalists from generating electricity, or allow good reporters to generate electricity and stop bad reporters from generating electricity.Instructions on policies and working methods, as far as your senior leading organs are concerned, mainly rely on writing telegrams and issuing circulars, rather than relying on cadre meetings or oral speech.A person in charge can write a telegram in half an hour, and an order in an hour, and in one, two, three, or four days, it can be communicated through the radio to every army, division, regiment, province, city, and county. Words are the basis, there is a scope to keep, and it is quick, and it makes the subordinates follow.Chairman Mao has proposed this method to Comrade Rao Shushi many times.On your part, however, you still rely on verbal instructions rather than written instructions on certain policies and the methods of implementing them.Verbal instructions are also wanted, useful, and essential.But one has no text to rely on; the second is not very clear in scope; the third is that a few people who attended the meeting heard it, but most people who did not attend the meeting did not hear it. resolution of the cadre meeting).There have been a lot of troubles in this foreign policy within a few days, because you have not given any instructions to the lower levels on this issue in the past.Instructions have been given on some issues, but if the leading comrades of all armies, divisions, regiments, provinces, cities and counties are not widely seen, or if an issue is not emphasized, prominent, clear, or If the scope is determined, all localities still don't understand it, or don't quite understand it. After Chen Shiju, commander of the Eighth Corps, Yuan Zhongxian, political commissar, and Jiang Weiqing, deputy political commissar and director of the Political Department, sent the report to the Central Committee that the 35th Army handled diplomatic incidents without asking for instructions. Mao Zedong added a comment after reading it, and sent a message To the General Front Committee and the East China Bureau, "Please forward Huaye, Zhongye, and all armies and divisions to be vigilant."Mao Zedong wrote in this telegram comment: Judging from the anarchic and undisciplined mistakes committed by the 35th Army in Nanjing within a few days, when you were preparing to cross the river in the past, you were very concerned about foreign policy and many other matters (such as the army going to the theater, watching movies, bathing, sitting in the city, etc.) Tickets for trams and buses must be bought in the same way as people from all walks of life, no exceptions are allowed, and people are not allowed to accept condolences without permission from superiors, etc.) It seems that there is no clear regulation.If there is no regulation, you should make it as soon as possible, and order all armies to follow it.If there have been regulations in the past and the 35th Army deliberately violated them, in addition to inspecting the work of the army and making a conclusion and ordering all the troops, the previous order should be reiterated to all armies to draw attention to it, and no further violations are allowed. If the armies do not ask for instructions or report on such important matters as diplomatic issues, and let the various armies handle them at will, the impact will be extremely dangerous. Chen Yi, who was preparing to take over Shanghai, received relevant instructions from the central government. When formulating the "Rules for Entering the City", Chen Yi strictly emphasized that: after entering the city, troops are not allowed to enter private houses. In this regard, some responsible cadres couldn't figure it out, saying what should they do if it rains or if they are sick? Chen Yi insisted: "This article must be implemented unconditionally. If you say you can't enter a private house, you just won't be allowed to enter it. The king of heaven and I can't do it either! This is a 'meeting gift' given to the people of Shanghai by our People's Liberation Army!" The General Front Committee discussed the "Rules for Entering the City", and unanimously affirmed that the regulation of "no entry into private houses" is necessary. After Mao Zedong heard about it, he happily said four things in a row: "Very good, very good, very good, very good!" The 27th, 23rd, and 2nd armies of the Sanye Ninth Corps invaded downtown Shanghai at night. Shanghai residents opened their doors in the morning and found that all PLA officers and soldiers were sleeping on the streets, which had a strong shock to Chinese and foreign public opinion.The diplomats and foreign nationals in Shanghai were so surprised that even the "Voice of America" ​​had to report it. The photos and documentaries of the three field officers and soldiers sleeping on the sidewalk of Nanjing Road in Shanghai have become extremely precious historical footage.It is said that after watching such a scene, Marshal Montgomery, a famous general of the British army, said with emotion: I now understand why an army with such a spirit of sleeping on the sidewalk can defeat Chiang Kai-shek’s millions of troops armed by the United States! After Huang Hua and Fu Jingbo met for the first time, they asked Mao Zedong and the Party Central Committee for instructions Huang Hua hurried all the way, and rushed to Hefei by train with the southward work team.Just in time for the General Front Committee and East China Bureau originally located in Hefei to move to Nanjing, he immediately boarded a car and rushed to Nanjing. At that time, Nanjing had just been liberated, and the situation was very complicated.He reported to the military control committee, and as soon as he put down his luggage, he got busy day and night.First, according to the tasks assigned by Zhou Enlai, the Foreign Affairs Office was established and started to work.The Foreign Affairs Office was located in the office building of the Executive Yuan of the former Kuomintang government.On the one hand, he took over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kuomintang government and dealt with the remaining files; on the other hand, he worked with foreign embassy personnel and expatriates staying in Nanjing. As soon as he arrived in Nanjing, he heard about Leighton Stuart. The U.S. appealed to the Municipal Military Control Commission for the reasons for staying in Nanjing, saying that Leighton Stuart's special plane was broken and needed time to repair, and the plane was now parked at the Ming Palace Airport.We asked how long it would take to repair, and replied that it would take about four weeks, that is, about a month, and we agreed. As soon as Huang Hua heard it, he understood that this was obviously just an excuse.In addition, several PLA soldiers entered Stuart's residence, which aroused the uneasiness of some former foreign envoys. On the second day after this happened, that is, on April 26, the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China sent instructions to Nanjing in time: ...Indoor inspections of foreign ambassadors, ministers, consuls, personnel of all diplomatic agencies, and foreign nationals, and any action taken must be reported to the superior in advance, and at least the approval of the Central Bureau and the Front Committee of the Field Army must be obtained before implementation; If the above-mentioned actions are not stipulated by the central government, the central government must be notified for approval.The embassies, legations, consulates and other diplomatic agencies of various countries in China shall be protected according to regulations, and indoor inspections shall not be carried out without special authorization.野战军以下，任何部队及其首长均无权未经中央或中央局野战军前委批准擅自采取对待外国侨民超过中央规定的行动。 他立即召集了南京军管会各单位的干部开了一次会，传达了中央的对外政策，宣布了若干几项外事纪律和注意事项。 这时，他已经获知司徒雷登急于与他见面。5月6日，老同学傅泾波就要求先与他见面，黄华以有事而推托了。经报告了南京市委领导同意之后，约定了第二天与傅泾波见面。 5月7日，在中山路南京军管会外侨事务处的会客室里，两个燕京大学的老同学见面了。黄华穿的仍然是灰布军装，傅泾波却是西装领带皮鞋。在刚解放的南京，这两人虽是过去同班的老同学，从不同的衣装上就可以看出各自代表的是不同的世界。 傅泾波一进屋里，就主动表现出非常热情的样子，先寒暄叙旧谈同窗苦读之谊，黄华显得不冷也不热，话也不多，尽量让对方多说。在与傅泾波接触之前，因为得到了中央的有关指示，他已经是胸有成竹了。 4月28日，南京军管会就收到了中共中央军委关于与美国建交的原则问题的指示电。这份指示电是毛泽东为中共中央军委起草致电总前委，粟裕、张震并告刘伯承、张际春、李达的： 我方对英美侨民（及一切外国侨民）及各国大使、公使、领事等外交人员，首先是美英外交人员，应着重教育部队予以保护。现美国方面托人请求和我方建立外交关系，英国亦极力想和我们做生意。我们认为如果美国（及英国）能够断绝和国民党的关系，我们可以考虑和他们建立外交关系的问题…… 美国援助国民党反共的旧政策已破产，现在似乎正在转变为和我们建立外交关系的政策。 另一方，傅泾波早就与司徒雷登反复琢磨怎么与黄华对话。 司徒雷登知道，共产党对自己是很有意见的，毛泽东已经公开点过其名了。那是这年的2月15日，毛泽东揭露司徒雷登在贩卖国民党“和平”阴谋中所起的恶劣作用。毛泽东在为新华社写的评论中形象而辛辣地写道：“……其实，和平攻势这个法宝出产于美国工厂，还在大半年以前就由美国人送给了国民党，司徒雷登本人曾经泄露了这个秘密。他在蒋介石发出所谓元旦文告以后，曾告中央社记者说，这是'我过去一直亲自努力以求的东西'。据美国通讯社称，该记者因为发表了这段'不得发表'的话而丢了饭碗。”毛泽东对于司徒雷登一手玩弄“和平”、一手欺骗中国人民的伎俩，甚为鄙视，称其是搬起“和平攻势”的石头，最后打在自己的脚上了。 这对老同学寒暄后言归正题时，傅泾波按司徒雷登面授的意思，一上来就在黄华面前先为司徒雷登申辩，将事先准备好的一番话倾倒出来：一年多来，司徒雷登渐渐了解了自己过去对国民党认识的错误，美国现在已经停止援助蒋介石了。司徒雷登是在国外被任命为大使的，对外交不内行，对国务院也不熟悉，又加上马歇尔备受国民党包围，乃铸成错误，致使调停国共冲突失败，马氏被调回国。 傅泾波说：“因此，我们是不能过分责备司徒雷登的。” 黄华只是听着，没有作出什么表示。 傅泾波又按司徒雷登的授意，主动谈起了《中美商约》。傅说：“司徒大使说，中美两国之间，过去所签订的《中美商约》可以加以修改。” 司徒雷登知道中共方面对于蒋介石政府与美国政府签订的《中美商约》极为愤怒，认为这是蒋介石的卖国条约。《中美商约》全称是《中美友好通商航海条约》，那是蒋介石为了博得美国的大力支持和援助打败中共，在1946年11月4日签订的。按这个条约的内容，美国人可以完全自由地在中国居住、旅行、经商、购置土地及产业，美国商品与中国商品享有同等待遇，美国船舶、物资、人员可以自由通过中国领土、领水等等。此条约签订后，延安《解放日报》曾发表社论，指出该条约是中国历史上最可耻的卖国条约之一，是中华民族的国耻。为此，陕甘宁边区政府曾发布命令，将签约的11月4日定为国耻日。 司徒雷登让傅泾波主动提出修改《中美商约》，一方面是做贼心虚，另一方面也是以退为进的策略，妄图诱使新生的人民政权与美国政府发生官方关系。 黄华也只是听着，没有就此表态。 傅泾波继续为司徒雷登说好语：“此次国民党撤退以前，何应钦希望司徒雷登迁往广州，他却决定留在南京不走，目的就是希望有机会同中共方面接触，建立联系，这点已经获得艾奇逊国务卿的同意。他得知你来到南京的消息非常高兴，很盼望与你见面，见面的时间、地点，都可由你定。” 黄华并没有表现出高兴的神色，仍是一张平静的脸。 “现在是美国对华政策的改变时期，能在'老校长'手中完成，较换一个新人好一些。”傅泾波向黄华转达了司徒雷登想继续当大使，及与中共方面办交涉的愿望，并特别强调司徒雷登的诚意说：“司徒雷登为了促进中美外交关系，便按下贵军进入其私宅及其他的事，都不提了。” 黄华回答的声音虽平和，分量却不轻。他说：“美国援蒋政策造成中国人民损失重大，创痛极深。现在美国尚未放下屠刀，何能期望人民恢复好感？空言无补，需要美国首先做更多有益于中国人民的事，才能逐步取得中国人民的谅解。至于司徒雷登，他是美国派驻国民党反动政府的外交使节，人民政府不承认他的'大使'身份。会见的事嘛，考虑以后再说。” 谈话结束，傅泾波有点悻悻然地离开了。 黄华立即将这次谈话的情况以南京市委名义电告中央并报华东局，请示下一步的做法。 亲自掌握着这次南京中美接触的毛泽东，同意黄华与司徒雷登见面，目的是让黄华去摸一摸美国政府的底。并觉得5月6日黄华对傅泾波谈话中有的说法不妥当，需给予指正。 5月10日，毛泽东为中共中央起草复南京市委并告华东局电。该电指出： （一）黄华可以与司徒见面，以侦察美国政府之意向为目的。 （二）见面时多听司徒讲话，少说自己意见，在说自己意见时应根据李涛声明。 （三）来电说“空言无补，需要美国首先做更多有益于中国人民的事”，这样说法有毛病。应根据李涛声明，表示任何外国不得干涉中国内政，过去美国用帮助国民党打内战的方法干涉中国内政，此项政策必须停止。如果美国政府愿意考虑和我方建立外交关系的话，美国政府就应当停止一切援助国民党的行动，并断绝和国民党反动派残余力量的联系，而不是笼统地要求美国做更多有益于中国人民的事。你们这样说，可能给美国人一种印象，似乎中共也是希望美国援助的。现在是要求美国停止援助国民党，割断和国民党残余力量的联系，并永远不要干涉中国内政的问题，而不是要求美国做什么“有益于中国人民的事”。照此语的文字说来，似乎美国政府已经做了若干有益于中国人民的事，只是数量上做得少了一点，有要求他“更多”地做一些的必要，故不妥当。 （四）与司徒谈话应申明是非正式的，因为双方尚未建立外交关系。 （五）在谈话之前，市委应与黄华一起商量一次。 （六）谈话时如果司徒态度是友善的，黄华亦应取适当的友善态度，但不要表示过分热情，应取庄重而和气的态度。 （七）对于傅泾波所提司徒愿意继续当大使和我们办交涉，并修改商约一点，不要表示拒绝的态度。 根据中央的指示，黄华准备以私人身份到司徒雷登住处与其见面。 （9）毛泽东亲自掌握着在南京的中美接触（之二）：第一次见面，黄华以私人身份上门去看司徒雷登，第二次见面，“师生间”唇枪舌剑，气氛有点紧张，中央同意以民间渠道邀请司徒雷登来北平 黄华以私人身份上门去与司徒雷登作第一次见面 傅泾波去军管会与黄华见面回来，说黄华没有马上答应与司徒雷登见面，司徒雷登听了未免感到失望、茫然与纳闷。司徒雷登有好几天闷闷不乐。据说，他曾经常如此喃喃自语：“几年前，黄华到北平军调部任职，我们都还见了面。这次怎么就不提见面的事啦？” 正在这时，黄华登门来访，说是以私人身份见面。这又有点出乎他的意想之外。他是提出自己去军管会见黄的，现在黄主动上门来看他。他想：私人身份，或是官方身份，都不重要，重要的是能见面接触，而且私人身份表明此人还承认是他的学生嘛，有何不好？ 两人见面寒暄过后，因刚发生过解放军入宅事件，黄华就问起战士进屋来的情况是怎么样的。先问此事也符合黄华外侨处长的身份。 他说起此事，故意显得很有风度，很平静地说起那天一大早，有几个年轻的战士进屋来了，他问他们要干什么，他们说看一看，态度还算好等等。当然也没有说他自己当时暴跳如雷。 黄华当即告诉他，在军管期间，解放军有权进入一切可疑的中外居民住宅检查。在没有同新中国建交之前，原外国使节不再享有外交特权，但作为外国侨民，我们自将保护其安全，请他放心。 司徒雷登接着就说了一番共产主义的世界革命给美国的安全与世界和平带来威胁的冷战言论，然后就自诩自己是要为和平作努力的，他留在南京就是为了在美国政府与新中国之间建立新关系方面做一些事情，说他“乐意逗留一段时间，以表明美国人民对全中国人民幸福的关注”。希望中国政府能广泛地吸取民主人士参加。 黄华对司徒的共产主义威胁论给予了批驳，谈到美国承认新中国的问题时说，我们希望美国承认新中国，但是必须在平等、互利的前提下。 司徒雷登却提出了几个所谓的标准，作为美国承认新中国的条件。其一，中国必须按照国际惯例，尊重国家间签订的条约；其二，新政权必须要得到人民的完全拥护。他弦外有音地说：如果达不到这个标准，美国及其他国家只能等一等。其言外之意，就是要新中国承认西方帝国主义过去在华的既得殖民利益和种种特权。他还说，美国已经停止援助蒋介石，不愿参与中国内战。他已经建议将上海经济合作署所存粮食、棉花等援助蒋介石的物资，待上海解放后即移交给人民政府。 当时，解放军攻占上海的战役已经打响，黄华就说：这些粮食、棉花物资我们当然要直接从国民党手中接收的，我们不接收美国的物资。 司徒雷登说起美国不愿参与中国内战，使黄华想起在山东青岛的美国驻军。美国在青岛的海军舰只及陆战队是日本投降后进驻的，国共内战爆发后，驻青岛美军帮助蒋军进攻山东解放区，并运送粮食、军火与蒋军部队至华北、东北，成为帮助蒋介石打内战的帮凶。当时，解放军即将攻占上海，美国西太平洋舰队司令白吉尔以武力扬言说：假如必要的话，他将由青岛派遣海军陆战队到上海“保护侨民”。当时，毛泽东和中央都将美国可能的干涉视作一大危险！中央对于渡江南下及进占上海都是将美国出兵干涉考虑在内的。 于是，黄华向司徒雷登提出了这个敏感问题，说：美国既然表示不干涉中国内政，就应该将美国驻在青岛等地的海军陆战队和军舰撤走，以免发生冲突。 司徒雷登却强词夺理地辩护说：美国的驻军是“由于内乱和战争造成局势混乱期间，美国侨民的生命需要保护”云云，但答应将此意见转告有关方面。 黄华与司徒雷登见面之后，司徒雷登感觉到自己有了“面子”，立即利用会见的事做起文章来。此次的见面，尽管黄华声明了是私人性质的会面，但他还是通过种种渠道四处放风，夸耀他已经与中共方面建立了联系，为这次会面涂上了一层官方的色彩，以此提高他在外交界的身价。傅泾波也借此帮他的忙，竟在外面散布谣言说周恩来给司徒雷登带来了亲笔信等等。 司徒雷登也就乘机要挟英法等各国使馆，在同中共的交往上，一定要跟他采取一致的行动。他还心存幻想，如果美国承认新中国，他还可以稳坐在美国驻华大使的椅子上。 各国使节对司徒雷登放的风声不明底细，纷纷要求与黄华处长见面。 根据这个情况，南京市委决定，由黄华出面召集所有留在南京的外国使节开会，再次申明了中共关于建立外交关系的原则，以及对待原各国使、领馆和外交人员的具体政策，并回答了各国使节及外交人员提出的问题。这次会议，黄华邀请了加拿大临时代办朗宁做英语翻译。朗宁出生于湖北襄樊的一个传教士家庭，中国话讲得很好。 黄华与司徒的第二次会面，气氛坦率而紧张 6月6日，黄华约司徒雷登和傅泾波到南京外事处进行第二次会面。 在黄华与司徒雷登第一次见面后没多久，司徒雷登曾通过傅泾波与黄华联系，表示他准备在7月初回美国，希望回国前能再与黄华见一次面。为司徒雷登返美问题，南京市委给中共中央及华东局写了报告。在此期间，解放军三野部队发动的上海战役，经过16个昼夜的战斗胜利结束，上海于5月27日解放。 6月2日，驻青岛的美国海军陆战队与军舰被迫撤离，青岛获得了解放。 在美军撤离青岛的第二天，即6月3日，毛泽东同意了黄华与司徒再次会面，并审阅修改了中共中央关于司徒雷登返美问题给南京市委并告华东局、上海市委的复电，还在复电中加上了这么一段话： 美国有利用国民党逃亡政府尚存时期提出对日和约之可能，黄华与司徒会面时可向司徒指出，我方久已宣告，不承认国民党反动政府代表中国人民的资格。现在国民党政府已经逃亡，不久即可完全消灭，各外国不应再与该逃亡政府发生关系，更不应和该逃亡政府讨论对日和约问题，否则，我们及全国人民将坚决反对。 接到中央指示后，黄华即安排了6月6日在外事处接待室的这次会面。据司徒雷登记载说：“黄华邀请我喝茶。在场的只有林克（黄华的助手，燕京大学校友）和傅泾波。” 谈话一开始，司徒雷登就首先提出其要去上海与回美国的问题。他说，他准备于6月中旬带傅泾波去上海一趟，目的是向在上海的美国商人和教会人士介绍美国政府的对华政策，并听取他们的意见。然后，他又说，如果外交上没有什么事情可做的话，他打算7月初就返回美国。 黄华就告诉他：关于去上海与回美国的事，你可以以普通外国侨民的身份来外事处申请。 司徒雷登果然像中共中央判断的，谈到了对日和约及台湾问题。他说：开罗会议罗斯福曾允许台湾交中国托管，待对日和约签订后归还中国。但对日和会因种种原因，特别是美苏误解迟未召开，何时召开无法肯定。 黄华告诉他：台湾自古以来就是中国的领土，被日本侵占后，中国人民从未承认，也从未停止过斗争，而且台湾已经归还中国，决不容许国民党政府出卖或外国政府借口对日和约另生枝节。 然后，话题转到了新中国的外交政策上。黄华说：新中国希望同包括美国在内的外国政府建立外交关系，但是，外国政府尤其是美国政府必须停止援助及断绝与国民党逃亡政府的关系。今天，美国的援助仍然在继续运往台湾。以美国同国民党流亡政府现在的关系，乃是继续干涉中国内政，也表明美国缺少同人民政府建立外交关系的诚意。 司徒雷登申辩说：各国使节留驻南京，而仅仅派代表去广州这一举动本身，就表明了对国民党政府的态度。如果今后国民政府从广州迁往别处，美国代表不会随往。但是，目前新的中央政府还没有成立，没有承认对象。且国共各占领一部分地区，按国际法，美国还不能断绝同旧政府的关系。如果过去对美国有所谓干涉内政的评论，今天美国更宜慎重从事，不能表明拥护或反对哪一方面，故采取被动态度，等待产生了为中国人民所拥护的民主政府，而这个政府也证明了愿意并有力量担负其国际义务时，问题自然解决。至于美援问题，现在所运来的，为国会去年通过而未运来的，所余无几，今后再无援助。 黄华告诉他：据我个人看法，政治协商会议可能于打下广州后召开，联合政府将由政治协商会议决定产生。李涛将军的声明已表明我反对任何美援，并说明了与各国政府建立外交关系的原则。故从责任上讲，美国政府应明确断绝与国民党流亡政府的关系及停止援助蒋介石，用以表明美国放弃已经失败的干涉政策。现在美国仍支持反动政府进行反人民的战争，建立外交关系问题无从谈起。 司徒雷登仍继续为美国辩护，但其言论自相矛盾，漏洞百出，致使他显得甚为窘迫尴尬。最后只好拿出燕京大学的校训“为真理得自由而服务”来收场。当时世界处于冷战时代，加上美国反共的麦卡锡主义十分猖獗，司徒雷登是极为害怕共产主义、害怕世界革命引起第三次世界大战的。因而在谈话临结束时，司徒雷登表示说：中国问