Chapter 15 "Mud-legged Pole" Takes Power

The purpose of the Communist Party of China is to unite the proletarian revolutionary masses, closely rely on the broad masses of the people, use revolutionary armed forces to oppose counter-revolutionary armed forces, and establish Communist Party organizations at all levels and people's revolutionary regimes at all levels.This is what the Red Fourth Front Army did in Hubei, Henan, and Anhui. When it arrived in Sichuan and Shaanxi, the first thing the Red Fourth Front Army did was to mobilize the masses, organize the masses, arm the masses, and establish local party organizations and grassroots revolutionary regimes.

In the Hubei, Henan, Anhui and Soviet Areas, the highest leading authority is the Hubei, Henan and Anhui Central Branch of the Communist Party of China. On November 19, 1932, during the Western Expedition, the Hubei, Henan, and Anhui Central Bureau of the Communist Party of China held a meeting. According to the reality that the Red Fourth Front Army had left Hubei, Henan, Anhui and was advancing westward, it was decided to change the name of the Hubei, Henan, and Anhui Revolutionary Military Committee to the Chinese Soviet Republic. Central Government Revolutionary Military Commission Northwest Revolutionary Military Commission (hereinafter referred to as "Northwest Revolutionary Military Commission" or "Northwest Military Commission"), with Zhang Guotao as chairman, Xu Xiangqian and Chen Changhao as vice-chairmen, and Zeng Zhongsheng as chief of staff.After entering Sichuan, the Northwest Revolutionary Military Committee was the highest leading organ in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area.Since then, the Northwest Revolutionary Military Commission has fully led the construction and development of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Base Area and the Red Fourth Front Army.

It is worth noting that in the history of the Chinese revolution, there have been three "Northwest Revolutionary Military Committees". In addition to the "Northwest Revolutionary Military Committee", which was established on February 5, 1935, with Liu Zhidan as the chairman and Xie Zichang (later Gao Gang) as the vice-chairman, and the "Northwest Revolutionary Military Committee" established on November 3, 1935, with Mao Zedong Chairman, Zhou Enlai, Peng Dehuai as vice-chairmen of the "Northwest Revolutionary Military Committee."There have been three leading organizations with the same name, which are the products of the special period of China's revolutionary struggle.

The Sichuan-Shaanxi area has large mountains and dense forests. There are both high mountains and small hills. The farming conditions are not too bad. There are also a large number of birds and animals in the mountains. Under peaceful conditions, this place can also be called a year of abundance.However, due to repeated warlord melees, Latin distribution of funds, ravages of war, exorbitant taxes, and outside landlords, bullies, bandits, and robbers burned, killed and looted, the people here are in a miserable situation of extreme poverty and pain.The common people live a life of "half a year of bran and vegetables and half a year of grain". When the year is good, the millet threshed can still be eaten for three or four months in addition to paying rent. I dare not even think about it.In times of famine, people can only make a living with fern roots, kudzu vines, bark, and weeds. In some places, tragedies of cannibalism even occur. "March is miscellaneous grains and March chaff, March wild vegetables and March shortage" is a portrayal of the life of the local poor people.Due to poverty, most of the local people don't have enough clothes to cover their bodies. A padded coat and a quilt are often passed down from generation to generation. Teenage girls hide in bed all day because they have no clothes or trousers to wear.When it's cold, without a quilt, I sleep in the husk pile, which is commonly known as "cracking the husk".To make a revolution in such abjectly poor areas, the first thing to do is to solve their livelihood problem. Land is the foundation of livelihood. To mobilize the people to follow the Red Army, the land problem must be solved.

Due to the brutal oppression of the warlords, local tyrants and evil gentry, the resistance struggles of the Sichuan people have never stopped.Under the leadership of the Shaanxi Provincial Committee and the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, party organizations in southern Shaanxi and northern Sichuan have embarked on an armed struggle against the Kuomintang reactionaries.Wang Weizhou and Li Jiajun led the armed uprising of farmers and iron miners, and established the Eastern Sichuan Guerrilla Army on this basis.Kuang Jixun led the Dashiqiao Uprising, the peasant uprising at Shengzhong Temple in the south, and farmers in Wanxian, Dazhou, Liangshan, and Kaijiang, under the leadership of the local party organizations, launched anti-donation, anti-rent, anti-tax, and "eating big households" one after another. Although most of these struggles were brutally suppressed by reactionary warlords, they also cultivated a group of revolutionary backbones and established a mass foundation.The peasant movement in Sichuan is like dry wood, waiting for the fire of the revolutionary movement.

It is precisely because of this that the arrival of the Red Army immediately won the heartfelt support and full cooperation of the people, and the poor people in Sichuan became the natural allies of the Red Army.Even the KMT’s newspapers and periodicals said in summarizing this period of history: “There are thousands of overlapping mountains, rugged roads, and dangerous passes. The red bandits came from far away, and they don’t know the terrain. Gou Fei’s local people hate the county. Changping has been exploiting endlessly, forced to take risks, and lured wolves into the house. Otherwise, the bandit will have thousands of tired soldiers. How dare they go deep into the dangerous place? Even if they enter, if the county magistrate wins the hearts of the people, cooperates with the government and the people, fortifies the walls and clears the fields, and waits for work with ease, the bandit will be extremely cunning , but the host and the guest are different, how can they drive straight in, like entering the land of no one?"

The purpose of the Fourth Red Army's entry into Sichuan and Shaanxi was to establish a solid base in areas where the enemy ruled weakly, and liberate the people. The strategic slogan of the Red Army was "Redify the whole Sichuan."To achieve this, we must establish base areas and thoroughly mobilize the masses to join the Red Army.Under the explicit request of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the revolutionary bases established by party organizations at all levels at that time were collectively called "Soviet". "Soviet" is a transliteration of the Russian совет（soviet）, which means "representative meeting". During the Russian Revolution in 1905, the representative meeting organized by the striking workers was referred to as the "Soviet".After the October Revolution, Soviets became the symbol of a new type of regime in Russia. The most basic production units in cities and villages had Soviets. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the Soviets could not only legislate, but also directly derive administrative agencies.The full name of the Soviet Union was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the Soviet Union for short.The Soviet is also the name of the Soviet Parliament. The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union is composed of the Union House and the National Council. The Union Council is elected according to constituencies, and the National Council is elected according to the union republics, etc., and exercises the legislative power of the Soviet Union.

The Chinese Revolution was deeply influenced by the Russian Revolution. "The October Revolution brought us Marxism-Leninism." The Chinese Communists actively learned from the Russian Communist Party and took the Soviet Union as their teacher. I also study in school.The political power in the revolutionary base areas established by the Chinese Communist Party in the 1930s is generally called the "Soviet government", so the revolutionary base areas were also referred to as "Soviet Areas" at that time.However, for the Chinese rural areas at that time, due to differences in cultural customs, the meaning of "Soviet" was really difficult to understand. Many farmers had no idea what "Soviet" was, so they made various interpretations according to their own understanding.Although there are difficulties in understanding, the Soviet governments at all levels established by the Communist Party represent the working masses and serve them wholeheartedly, so the Soviet governments are quickly accepted by them.

When the Fourth Red Army entered Sichuan, they originally wanted to set up the "Sichuan People's Government" directly, and use this form of organization to call and organize the people.However, this idea of ​​the Northwest Military Commission was severely criticized by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and it was clearly pointed out that the revolutionary regimes established in various places can only be called "Soviet governments."According to the instructions of the central government, the Northwest Military Commission decided at a meeting held in Tongjiang that the revolutionary regime established after entering Sichuan would be called the Soviet government.Therefore, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Base Area will also be referred to as the "Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Area" in the future.

On December 17, 1932, the 217th Regiment of the 73rd Division of the Red Army, as the advance regiment of the Red Fourth Front Army, led by the head of the Red Army, Hong Meitian, passed Tianchi Temple, walnut trees, and crossed the ice-covered and snow-covered Daba Mountain. On the morning of the 18th, they entered and occupied the two estuaries of the Tongjiang River. Here, the troops defeated the defending enemy company, and the Tongjiang County Government and the defenders fled in a hurry.The second battalion of the 217th regiment stayed at Lianghekou, and the main force continued to advance.The Second Battalion of the 217th Regiment immediately established Sichuan's first workers' and peasants' revolutionary regime in Lianghekou - the Lianghekou Township Soviet Government.

On December 21, 1932, the Northwest Military Commission entered Kucaoba via Lianghekou and Nixichang in the north of Tongjiang County.Here, the "Ten Programs of the Red Army Entering Sichuan" was issued, calling on the masses to oppose the exploitation of warlords and landlords and gentry, establish a democratic government of workers and peasants, and decided to establish the Sichuan-Shaanxi base area. On December 24, the Red Fourth Army liberated Tongjiang. At the beginning of entering Sichuan, almost all the important military and political organs of the Northwest Revolutionary Military Committee were placed here. Five days after the Red Fourth Front Army entered Sichuan, on December 29, the Northwest Military Commission immediately organized the establishment of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provisional Revolutionary Committee, with Kuang Jixun as its chairman.The central task of the Sichuan-Shanxi Provisional Revolutionary Committee was to propagate, mobilize and organize the masses to join the revolution, to fight local tyrants, and to divide the land.With the Red Army sweeping across Tong, Nan, and Pakistan, the establishment of political power at all levels became an urgent task of the Northwest Military Commission.To establish political power, we must first establish a party organization. On February 7, 1933, the first Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Tongjiang County.More than 500 local and military representatives attended the meeting, and the meeting lasted for a week.Thirty-seven people, including Yuan Ke, Zeng Zhongsheng, Wu Yongkang, Zheng Yizhai, and Fu Zhong, were elected to form the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China. Yuan Keke, a native of Huang'an, Hubei Province, participated in the Jute Uprising in 1927 and joined the Communist Party of China in 1930. He served as a member of the Huang'an County Party Committee, chairman of the Federation of Trade Unions, and commander of the county military command. When the Fourth Red Army was established in 1931, he served as political commissar of the 34th Regiment of the 12th Division of the Fourth Red Army.He was elected as a member of the Hubei, Henan and Anhui Provincial Committees, Secretary of the Hubei, Henan and Anhui Provincial Committees of the Communist Youth League, and Secretary of the Youth League Committee of the Political Department of the Red Fourth Front Army.After the founding of New China, Yuan Keke was awarded the rank of major general in 1955. Yu Hongyuan is from Xixiang, Shaanxi. He joined the Red Army in 1932 and joined the Communist Party of China in the same year.Served as a propagandist of the Political Department of the 10th Division of the Red Fourth Front Army, Secretary of the Bazhong County Committee of the Communist Party of China, Director of the Organization Department of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, Director of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Security Bureau, and Vice Chairman of the Provincial Government.After the founding of New China, Yu Hongyuan was awarded the rank of major general in 1955. Liu Ruilong, a native of Nantong, Jiangsu. In September 1927, he joined the Communist Party of China. In March 1933, he went to the Sichuan-Shanxi Revolutionary Base. He served as the director of the Political Department of the 29th Red Army in southern Shaanxi, and later served as the director of the Propaganda Department of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the director of the Propaganda Department of the Political Department of the Fourth Red Front Army.After the founding of New China, he successively served as Deputy Minister of Agriculture of the Government Administration Council, Deputy Secretary of the Party Leadership Group, and Director of the Agricultural Office of the East China Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The central topic of the first Sichuan-Shanxi Provincial Party Congress was to establish the Sichuan-Shanxi border base area.The conference passed the "current political situation and the tasks of the Communist Party of China in Sichuan-Shaanxi Province", "developing the party organization and expanding the Red Army", and made important decisions such as immediately holding the "First Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers in Sichuan-Shaanxi Province".The congress decided to fully mobilize the masses, under the leadership of the party, to carry out extensive struggles for land distribution, and to completely defeat the feudal ruling forces.The meeting called on the people of Sichuan and Shaanxi to immediately set off an upsurge of joining the army, expand the Red Army, strengthen the armed forces, and actively prepare to crush the enemy's siege.The meeting decided to reorganize "The Poor in Northern Sichuan" as the official newspaper of the provincial party committee, establish a party school of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, and train party cadres.Since then, the task of the Front Enemy Committee of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army to lead the local party was officially transferred to the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China.Since then, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, local party committees and grassroots party organizations have shouldered the heavy responsibility of consolidating and developing the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area.Under the unified leadership of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, various mass organizations such as trade unions, poor farmers' leagues, women's life improvement committees, young pioneers, and boy groups in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet area were also established and developed rapidly. After the establishment of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee and the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Government, they immediately went all out to build grass-roots party organizations and grass-roots political power.Yu Hongyuan recalled in the article "The Source of Strength, the Guarantee of Victory--Party Construction in Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Areas": After the establishment of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee...the Provincial Party Committee decided to immediately send a group of cadres to the counties to carry out work.At that time, He Xurong, Leng Chizhai and I were sent to Bazhong.Before leaving, Comrade Yuan Keke, Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee, entrusted us with three tasks: the first is to build the party and government, and required that within two months, the county committee, district committee, and county and district government in Bazhong should be established, and organized Carry out work; the second is to actively expand the Red Army and prepare for war; the third is to organize work teams as soon as possible, mobilize the masses, and distribute land.The most difficult thing at that time was the lack of cadres.The three of us studied, and I went to the Red 11th and 12th Divisions to ask for support from the troops.The army immediately agreed to add more than 600 cadres and soldiers in addition to the original work team, which would be responsible for helping Bazhong County's party building and government building.The specific division of labor is: the 11th Division is responsible for the establishment of Deshengshan, Zengkouchang, Jiangkouchang, Lancaodu and other districts; the 12th Division is responsible for the formation of Yangbaihe, Qingjiangdu, Bazhong suburbs, Enyanghe and other districts... With the assistance of the army, after two weeks of intensive work, we held the first party congress in Bazhong County in early March... more than 30 people including Yu Hongyuan, He Xurong, Leng Chizhai, Tang Shifu, etc. were elected to form the CCP Ba Middle County Commission.Yu Hongyuan served as secretary of the county party committee... Tang Shifu served as chairman of the county government... On June 23, 1933, the Second Party Congress of Sichuan-Shaanxi Province of the Communist Party of China was held in Zhaoshanping, Xinchangba, Tongjiang County. There were 248 delegates present, representing more than 100 Party members.The meeting heard the political report made by Zeng Zhongsheng on behalf of the Provincial Party Committee.According to the new situation after the victory against the "three-way siege" and the instructions of the Party Central Committee, the congress made a resolution on the "Resolution on the Current Political Situation and the Party's Tasks", passed the "Resolution on Organizational Issues", "Struggle Program" and "The Red Army and the Party" Local Armed Forces Resolution.The resolution made more detailed regulations and specific requirements for developing the party organization, improving the quality of party members, establishing and improving party branches, training and promoting cadres, and strengthening the theoretical study of party members and cadres. In December 1933, Liu Xiang launched a "six-way siege" to the Soviet area. In order to cooperate with the Red Fourth Front Army to smash the enemy's attack, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee held the third party congress in Bazhong on December 11, 1933. At this time More than 30,000 party members and more than 1,000 representatives from more than 20 counties in the entire Soviet area attended the meeting. The central topic of the meeting was: to further mobilize the party, the government, the army and the people to fully devote themselves to fighting the "six-way siege." After the overall victory against the "Six Routes Siege", on October 19, 1934, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee held the fourth party member congress in Yunping Academy, Bazhong County.The conference summed up the experience of the victory against the "six-way siege", discussed the urgent task of smashing the "Sichuan-Shaanxi Confession and Suppression", passed the "Resolution on Launching Guerrilla Warfare", and formulated a plan for the development and expansion of local armed forces.The meeting re-elected the provincial party committee, with Zhou Chunquan as the secretary of the provincial party committee. Zhou Chunquan, on behalf of the provincial party committee, made the "Summary of the Fourth Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Congress". After leaving the base areas of Hubei, Henan and Anhui, during the thousand-mile journey, the Fourth Red Army experienced the pain and hardship of losing the base areas. They had nowhere to eat, nowhere to raise supplies, nowhere to live for the troops, nowhere to raise the wounded, no one for the Red Army, and no one for information. According to the facts, the base area is the basis for the survival and development of the army.Because of this, the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army attaches great importance to helping local governments build up the party and government. General Political Commissar Chen Changhao personally takes care of this work. In addition to personally participating in the construction of grassroots party organizations and political power, he also requires the main leaders of all levels of the army to attach great importance to and participate in it. this work.According to the requirements of the General Political Department, a large number of military and division-level senior leaders, including Zhang Guangcai, the political commissar of the 73rd Red Division, and Li Xiannian, the political commissar of the 11th Red Division, personally joined the work team and led the team to the grassroots to help and guide local Party building and government work.The units of the Red Fourth Front Army cooperated with the situation of the troops stationed, and helped each locality to carry out party building and government work: the organs directly under the Red Fourth Front Army headquarters helped to establish the Chijiang County Committee; the Red Eleventh Division helped to establish the Bazhong Party Organization; The party organization in Hongjiang; the General Hospital of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army helped establish the party organization in Chibei.By the end of March 1933, all five counties had established county committees and county governments. In the work of building the party and building the government, what is most lacking are cadres.At that time, the county party committee and county government were mostly built with the help of the army, and leading cadres at all levels were also served by army cadres and soldiers.But all cadres and soldiers in the army have to go back to the army. In order to solve this problem, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Soviet immediately mobilized party schools at all levels to vigorously carry out cadre training. The "Resolution on the Organizational Issues of the Second Congress of the Communist Party of China in Sichuan and Shaanxi Province" clearly stipulates that each party member must step up to learn the basic knowledge of Marxism, and train new party members in a planned way, through group meetings, reading books and newspapers , Public speaking and opening literacy classes to improve the theoretical level and cultural level of party members. In July 1933, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party School of the Communist Party of China was established in Tongjiang. The first principal was Chen Kai, who was succeeded by Luo Shiwen, secretary of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China.The Provincial Party School mainly trains county and district party cadres.Some county party committees also opened party schools, such as the Bazhong County Party Committee, which took the lead in opening them.Yu Hongyuan recalled: The county party committee decided to immediately open a training class for party members and activists, and vigorously train local cadres.In the first phase, more than 50 party members and non-party activists were selected from seven districts to participate, and a temporary branch was formed to lead the study.There are five main courses: the first is the basic knowledge of the party; the second is to develop the party organization, build the party, the regiment, and the government; the third is to expand the Red Army and organize local armed forces; the fourth is to study the outline of the land law and how to allocate land; How to do a good job in mass work... Graduation after 25 days of study... The second period, a total of more than 200 people participated, all of whom were members of the Party and Youth League. question.After the trainees graduate, except for a few staying in the county party committee and county government agencies, they are mainly assigned to work at the grassroots level. ... In addition, the Provincial Party Committee also established the Party School and the Pengyang Military and Political School (named after the revolutionary martyrs Peng Pai and Yang Yin) at that time. The Party School mainly trained grassroots Party branch members...Pengyang School mainly trained company and platoon cadres for the army... ...The development of the party organization in the Sichuan-Shaanxi base area is quite fast. Sometimes the Red Army takes a place and requires ten days and a half months, or even a week, to establish the party organization.Therefore, the methods and procedures for developing the organization are relatively simple. First, various mass meetings are held to widely publicize the Party’s views, explaining that the Communist Party is a political party of the proletariat...that seeks the interests of the working people. Take the party oath. Although the development of party members is very fast, the conditions are also very strict.At that time, the conditions for joining the party emphasized three aspects: Political conditions - good class composition, only laborers, poor peasants and other working classes can join the party, and exploiting classes such as landlords and rich peasants are absolutely not eligible. Ideological Conditions—Have a preliminary understanding of the Communist Party and volunteer everything for it. You must memorize the "Ten Political Platforms", and someone will come to check it every day or two to see if you remember it. Work performance - active in work, brave in combat.In peacetime, Communist Party members look for elements who can take the lead among the masses. In wartime, whoever is determined to destroy the enemy and whoever is brave in the line of fire can join the party. The branch examination and the oath to join the party are extremely strict and solemn.Branch inspections include interview inspections, assignment inspections, and front-line inspections.Wu Huachuan, chairman of the Soviet in Zhugong Township, Changchi County, was in charge of keeping the copper coins, silver coins and opium confiscated by the local tyrants and evil gentry in the township.Wu Huachuan strictly observed the discipline, took good care of it, and took nothing home.One day, Section Chief Xu of the Red Army Task Force suddenly asked him: "How many silver coins and opium have you paid?" Wu Huachuan said one by one.Section Chief Xu made an inventory and divided them into two parts.Subsequently, Wu Huachuan joined the party with honor, and soon served as secretary of the Zhenzi District Committee. Lin Ziqin was a poor farmer in Fanba Township, Nanjiang County. When the Red Army liberated Nanjiang, Lin Ziqin was active, following the work team of the 73rd Division of the Red Army to put up slogans, collect food, and catch reactionaries.When the township Soviet was established, he was elected as the chairman of the Soviet, and later elected as the chairman of the Nanjiang County Soviet. He heard that the Red Army was sent by the Communist Party to fight against reactionary warlords and liberate the poor, so he found the 73rd Division to work in Fanba Township Captain Su Ronghua.After getting to know him, one night, Su Ronghua explained the Communist Party's proposition to Lin Ziqin in detail, and Lin Ziqin expressed his strong desire to join the Communist Party again.A few days later, Su Ronghua told Lin Ziqin: "You have been approved to join the party, and you must keep the secrets of the party, even your wife." In Tong, Nan, and Basu districts, tens of thousands of poor farmers like Xiong Guobing, Wu Huachuan, and Lin Ziqin stepped into the gate of the party organization and started their new lives. In the era of revolutionary wars, every day is a struggle of blood and fire. The cruel environment of struggle requires the party organization to have a high degree of cohesion and combat effectiveness, and the realization of this depends on organizational discipline, and iron discipline is the guarantee of victory.The Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee has extremely strict requirements on the party's organizational discipline. The "Instructions for Party Members" issued by the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee stipulates: 1. The discipline of the party is iron discipline, and no comrades are slightly lenient. 2. The discipline of the party includes educational punishments, which must make comrades consciously correct and overcome their mistakes. 3. The highest party discipline is expulsion from the party.Expulsion from the party means that his political life is bankrupt. 4. There is no discipline in the party. In order to adapt to the war environment and improve the party's combat effectiveness, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Organization of the Communist Party of China stipulates that party members must abide by political discipline, organizational discipline, mass discipline, battlefield discipline, economic discipline, confidentiality discipline, and work discipline. Political discipline: always believe in the party, highly unified, and against splitting; Organizational discipline: the minority obeys the majority, the subordinates obey the superiors, and the party's resolutions are absolutely implemented; Mass Discipline: Serve the people wholeheartedly, and don't take a single needle from the masses; Battlefield discipline: take the lead, charge ahead, and retreat behind; Economic discipline: honesty and integrity, strictly prohibiting corruption; Confidentiality discipline: Strictly keep secrets, and never tell anyone, including parents and wives, any secrets within the party; Work Discipline: Dedicated to duty, no matter how difficult the task is, it must be completed on time. Party members who violate discipline will be punished and sanctioned. The actual situation at the time was: "The first offender is educated, the second offender is skinned, and the second offender is decapitated." pointed out: Party members should absolutely implement the resolutions of their superiors. In the Soviet area, the party should practice discipline and militarization. Every party member in the Soviet area should bear serious responsibilities for all aspects of work, such as fleeing, leaking secrets, violating the party's line and not implementing the party's policies. Resolutions, or the activities of small organizations in the Red Army or in the Soviet area, will be subject to severe disciplinary sanctions by the party...Party members who make mistakes repeatedly, deviate from the party line, and those who cannot correct themselves shall be subject to severe disciplinary sanctions. party. If strong political and ideological work is a multiplier of combat effectiveness, then iron discipline is the guarantee of victory, just like the iron hoop on the outside of a bucket.In extraordinary times, the disciplines of party organizations at all levels in Sichuan and Shaanxi are indeed extremely strict.Chen Dalin, the leader of the guerrilla team in Fengming Township, Xuanhan County, fought bravely against the enemy. The local tyrants and evil gentry were frightened when they heard his name, but Chen Dalin could not resist the temptation of money. When he was by his side, he, who had been poor all his life, was moved, and he took part of the opium and silver coins for himself.After the incident, although he regretted too much, he was still sentenced to death.From an objective point of view, the harsh environment at that time made the implementation of party discipline go too far, but on the other hand, it also showed the nobility and majesty of party discipline in the Soviet area, which no one dared to despise.In the face of powerful enemies and difficulties, the development of the Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Area and the victories of the Red Fourth Front Army are the most convincing evidence that the discipline of steel has cultivated a team of steel and will of steel. A large number of outstanding Communist Party members and revolutionary cadres, heroic Struggle, active work, hard work, industriousness and simplicity have become the backbone of base area construction and army building. While strengthening the construction of party organizations, the construction of political power in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area was also carried out simultaneously. The Communist Party is a political organization with lofty political goals, and the construction of a political power must realize the various goals of the party on the basis of the rule of law.The Sichuan-Shaanxi First Congress of the Communist Party of China passed the "Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Organization Law".The General Principles of the Organic Law openly declare: The Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Soviet is the representative meeting of Sichuan-Shaanxi workers, peasants and soldiers.This regime belongs to all Sichuan and Shaanxi workers, peasants, Red Army soldiers and all toiling masses.Under the leadership of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, resolutely implement all decrees and instructions promulgated by the Central Government of the Chinese Soviet, protect the interests of the workers and peasants, completely overthrow the rule of imperialism, the Kuomintang, landlords, gentry, and bourgeoisie, and expand the revolutionary war. Strive for the first victory of the Soviet regime in Sichuan and Shaanxi, until the victory of the whole of China. The "Organization Law of Soviets in Sichuan and Shanxi Province" clearly stipulates and requires the organizational system and work content of Soviet regimes at all levels, and provides detailed regulations on the status, staffing, salary, and scope of functions of Soviet regimes at all levels.The method of producing Soviet representatives at all levels, the qualifications of candidates and the rights of representatives have been clearly stipulated. In the Soviet regime, only workers, peasants, Red Army soldiers and all toiling masses have the right to elect representatives and control the administration of the regime.Warlords, bureaucrats, landlords and gentry, capitalists, rich peasants, monks and all exploiters and counter-revolutionaries do not have the right to elect representatives to participate in the political power and political freedom. The organizational law sets up the political institutions in great detail. For example, the composition of the county Soviet includes the county military headquarters, the financial committee, the economic committee, the transportation bureau, the political security bureau, the revolutionary court, the land committee, the labor committee, the food committee, the cultural committee, the internal affairs committee At the same time, each agency has clear and specific work content.For example, the work content of the county Soviet land committee is: 1. Check whether the allocation of land in each district is carried out according to the land law, and immediately conduct a field inspection... quickly allocate land; 2. Handle pond repairs, weirs, dikes, ditches, water irrigation, etc., and study the quality of the soil and what is suitable for planting things, plans to transport fertilizers, solve the needs of farm tools, reclaim wasteland, etc.; 3. Implement the provincial and Soviet resolutions and instructions on land issues. In the poverty-stricken mountainous area where the economy and culture are extremely backward, the enemy is launching a frenzied attack on me. The red regime that has just been established for one month has issued the "Soviet Organic Law". Detailed, clear tasks, easy to understand and easy to implement. According to the Organic Law, on February 17, 1933, the first Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers in Sichuan-Shanxi Province was held in Tongjiang, with 150 representatives present.The General Assembly proclaimed the "Outline of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic" as the fundamental law of the revolutionary base area, which fixed the achievements of the revolution in the form of law and clearly pointed out the direction that the revolution would continue to strive for.The General Assembly elected the Sichuan-Shanxi Province Soviet Government. The Sichuan-Shanxi Province Soviet established finance, economy, diplomacy, transportation, land, labor, food, culture and education, internal affairs, workers’ and peasants’ supervision committees, political security bureaus, revolutionary courts, smoking cessation bureaus, etc. mechanism.Xiong Guobing, a poor farmer who led the Red Army over the Daba Mountain into Sichuan, was elected chairman of the Soviet Government of Sichuan-Shaanxi Province. But Xiong Guobing's life was bumpy and difficult, which is embarrassing. After leading the Red Army over the Daba Mountain and entering Sichuan, Xiong Guobing became an active member of the revolution. He divided the fields in Xiongjiawan by local tyrants and was elected as the captain of the township Red Guard and the chairman of the Soviet. In February 1933, when preparing for the establishment of the Sichuan-Shanxi Provincial Soviet, Liu Zicai, who had been transferred to the secretary of the Tongjiang County Party Committee, recommended Xiong Guobing to Yuan Keke, the new Secretary of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee. After being introduced by Yuan Keke, Xiong Guobing joined the Communist Party of China and participated in the Preparations for the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet. In mid-February 1933, at the First Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers in Sichuan and Shaanxi Province held in Tongjiang, Xiong Guobing denounced and accused the heinous crimes of the Kuomintang reactionary warlords and landlord bullies based on his personal experience, and enthusiastically praised the Red Army of the Communist Party. feat of liberation.His speech was simple and sincere, which greatly aroused the enthusiasm of the delegates attending the meeting.Proposed by Zhang Guotao, more than 150 representatives attending the meeting unanimously agreed to elect Xiong Guobing as the first chairman of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet.In this way, a poor peasant stepped onto the historical stage of revolution in the Sichuan-Shanxi area. Xiong Guobing is an ordinary "mud-legged pole" with no culture and no experience in leadership work. He was pushed by the tide of revolution to the highest leadership position in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Government. Some fear and apprehension, even a little at a loss.But he devoted himself to the revolutionary cause with simplicity and passion, and he would not be a leader. In actual work, the real commanding role was Huang Chao, the secretary-general sent by the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army.But Xiong Guobing was diligent and conscientious, and worked hard to do everything he was assigned to him. He never slacked off, let alone put on airs to play authority.During the Long March of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army, Xiong Guobing was responsible for the logistics supplies of the troops. In the West Route Army of the Red Army, Xiong Guobing served as the director of the general manager of the logistics department and assisted Zheng Yizhai in his work.After the failure of the West Route Army, according to the arrangement, Xiong Guobing led more than 200 logistics personnel to act with the left detachment. After the troops were dispersed by the enemy, Xiong Guobing fought out from the enemy group, but fell into a deep snow pit and passed out.After an unknown period of time, he woke up. Due to the fall and the low temperature, his left leg was frostbitten.Xiong Guobing gritted his teeth and slowly climbed out of the snow pit. After climbing for a long time, he met two surviving comrades.They helped Xiong Guobing up and found some firewood to light for warmth.It happened that Fang Zhen, the staff officer of Bi Zhanyun's detachment, brought some lost personnel over. Seeing this situation, Fang Zhen decided to leave five soldiers for Xiong Guobing.The next day, these five soldiers supported Xiong Guobing to go west, and suddenly encountered Ma Jiajun's search team. He could not walk because of his own leg injury, so he ordered the five soldiers to run quickly. To cover them, Xiong Guobing was seriously injured and was killed. Enemy captured.The enemy didn't know his real identity, and thought he was a cook when he looked like this, so he relaxed his guard, and he took the opportunity to escape from the clutches.Xiong Guobing, who was seriously injured, struggled to survive by crawling and begging. In Jiujiayao Village, an old man surnamed Zhang took him in and healed his injuries with local methods.After recovering from his injury, Xiong Guobing fled to Jiuquan alone in order not to hurt the old man.At this time, the horse bandits were searching for the "leaders of the red bandits" Xu Xiangqian, Chen Changhao, and Xiong Guobing.The situation is very dangerous, Xiong Guobing is careful all day long, hiding everywhere.In order to survive, he went to work part-time in Wangjia Vinegar Workshop in Jiuquan City, and curled up in the corner of Wangye Temple to sleep at night.During this period, Xiong Guobing tried to leave Jiuquan many times to find the Red Army, but every time he went out, he was always checked by the enemy's sentry checkpoint and returned.Xiong Guobing wanted to leave but couldn't, so he had to hide his name and continue to hide.A few years later, he settled down in Jiuquan until liberation. After the founding of New China, Xiong Guobing supported himself and worked in the countryside of Jiuquan.Because of the long-term loss of contact with the Red Army and the party organization, and because most of the Bashan sons and daughters of the West Route Army sacrificed themselves and lived on their own, Xiong Guobing felt ashamed and felt ashamed to see the party organization and his fathers and villagers in Sichuan, so he kept his name incognito More than twenty years. In 1960, natural disasters led to starvation throughout the country. In October of this year, Xiong Guobing’s family life was in a desperate situation. There was no food at home. Hunger caused old injuries to recur, his body was swollen, he had no money for medical treatment, and his health became worse and worse.Someone learned about his life experience and advised him to find an organization. He said that he had been separated from the party organization for decades, and he was sorry for the Red Army and the party organization.Under the predicament of illness, injury and hunger, he finally passed away and was buried in the desert of Xujiamowan, Quanhu Township, Jiuquan City.General Chen Mingyi, a veteran of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army and the former deputy commander of the Chengdu Military Region, said: "Xiong Guobing was a worker and peasant cadre. I met him and he was a good comrade. We living people are sorry for his death. After liberation, he did not have any special requirements. This shows that as a member of the Communist Party, his qualities are noble." On August 1, 1933, the Second Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers of Sichuan-Shanxi Province was held in Bazhong.The meeting adopted the resolution "The Current Situation and the Tasks of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviets", which emphasized the need to "improve the Soviet organizations at all levels", "mobilize the broad masses of workers and peasants to review and criticize the work of the Soviets", "to attract the spirit of struggle, good composition, not afraid Workers and peasants who have offended the rich come to the Soviets at all levels." In October 1933, after the victory of the Yinan, Yingqu, and Xuanda battles, the base area achieved unprecedented development, and the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet regime was established in its heyday. There are more than 900 townships and more than 4,300 villages. According to the "Organization Law of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet", the County Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Congress elects the Executive Committee and the Supervisory Committee, which are responsible for implementing and supervising the resolutions made by the Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Congress; One department, two bureaus, seven committees and one court", that is, the county military headquarters, political security bureau, transportation bureau, finance committee, economic committee, land committee, food committee, labor committee, internal affairs committee, culture and education committee, and revolutionary court. The "Summary of the Organizational Law of the Soviets and the Work of Various Committees" also stipulates the provisional regulations on the staff and wages of Soviets at all levels: 1. There are 27 members of the County Su Executive Committee and 11 members of the Standing Committee... Eleven members of the County Su Standing Committee are required to be out of production, and each person has a monthly salary of 6 yuan (including food expenses)... 2.区苏执委十三人，候补二人，常委七人……每月工资五元（伙食费在内）…… 3.乡苏执委七人……工资每人每月四元（伙食在内）…… 4.村苏设主席、土地委员、劳工委员，三人均需参加生产，不能起伙。 按照当时的体制，红四方面军属于野战军，直属西北军委管辖，川陕省苏维埃也建立了属于西北军区和川陕省军区管辖和指挥的为数众多的游击队、战斗连、独立团、独立师、赤卫军等地方武装组织，担负保卫苏区、维持治安、侦察敌情、训练军事、扩大红军、配合作战等任务。 地方武装组织的任务是：维护苏区治安、清剿反动武装和配合红军作战。 当时川陕有一些反动会道门组织，这些反动会道门成为敌人的爪牙和走狗，经常聚集会徒袭击根据地，制造惨案。通江有一伙反动会道门武装自称“盖天党”，常在沙溪、洪口一带进行抢劫、暗杀活动，先后杀害区乡村苏维埃干部四十余人，烧毁房屋数百间，还狂叫“打到王坪去，踏平总医院”。赤北县委决定拔掉这个毒瘤，为民除害，安定一方。1934年8月中旬，赤北县军区指挥部调集沙溪、洪口、钢溪三个区赤卫军配合川陕省保卫局警卫营、总医院警卫营，向盘踞在向阳寨的这伙土匪发起攻击。警卫营兵分四路，每路由一连赤卫军配合，经过三天三夜的围剿，全歼了这股土匪，击毙匪帮头子，保卫了苏区大后方及红军总医院的安全。 川陕苏区的地方武装经过无数次战斗考验，已经成为一支支训练有素、作战勇敢、纪律严明的武装队伍，在红四方面军不断战斗、减员、扩编的情况下，这些地方武装组织源源不断地被编入正规红军部队，成为红军发展壮大的重要兵力来源。据不完全统计，仅南江、长赤两县，从独立团、营、游击队等成批改编为红军部队的，就多达八千余人。 打土豪、分田地是动员和号召贫苦大众拥护苏维埃，参加红军的直接动力，也是建党建政的首要任务。入川后，在各级苏维埃尚未建立时，西北军委政治部就专门发布《关于土地问题的布告》： 川陕省父老兄弟姊妹们！ 土地是穷人的劳苦雇工农民的命根子呀！地主豪绅富人占据了许多土地，自己不做庄稼，雇工农民每年缴纳租粮给他们，他们就坐着享福、有钱有势、压迫穷人，无所不为…… 雇工农民要想解决自身痛苦，不但要取消苛捐杂税，还要没收地主阶级的土地，分配给贫苦的工农……穷人向地主豪绅夺回土地，就是真正从十八层地狱里翻身了。 ... 雇工、佃农、兵士，要分得田地，中农的土地，要不受人家并吞，不要还粮上税受剥削，自己耕种即归自己所有，就要起来拿着武器组织政权，来镇压旧的压迫者，土地才能归到被压迫者手里来。 土地归贫苦农民，粮食归穷人，八小时工作，政权归工农兵苏维埃。 为了动员广大贫苦百姓参加革命，西北军委从红四方面军各部抽调大量有基层工作经验的干部战士组成工作队深入农村，开展轰轰烈烈的土地分配和扩大红军工作，红四方面军总政治部编印了《怎样分配土地》的小册子，对“为什么要分配土地”、“怎样分配土地”、“农村阶级说明”、“土地问题解答”等方面内容，作了极为详尽的说明。 （一）为什么要分配土地？ 封建的土地制度，是封建势力的根本基础，彻底没收地主阶级土地分配给无田的农民耕种，就是根本肃清封建势力，驱逐帝国主义…… （二）怎样分配法 目前平分一切土地应由乡为单位，按照人口和劳动力混合起来分配……首先把红军的土地分好，红军公田提出来，再把好坏远近的田地、山林、池塘、竹园等作一总的计算，兼配得好好的，按人口与劳动力混合划分…… （三）农村阶级说明 （1）打长工的是农村中的无产阶级——叫做雇农。 （2）自己有少数土地，卖短工，做小贩，或佃种人家的田地耕种，受人家的剥削与压迫，一年收入不够吃用，这是农村中的半无产阶级——叫做贫农。 （3）自己的田地，自耕自种，在政治上受豪绅地主的压迫、在经济上受苛捐杂税的剥削，他本身又不剥削人家，一年收入供给他全家人口需要恰恰够了，没有多余的叫做中农。或一年请几个短工或请一个放牛的，全年收入供给全家人需要所多无几，一年多上几石谷或出卖货物多一二百串钱，叫做富裕中农。 （4）自己有余土地租给别人耕种，他可收租，或种不完、雇人耕种剥削雇农，或自己种田又有多余的金钱放高利贷，或自己种田地又请人做生意……一年除供给自己家普通农民生活须要外有多的，这个多的由剥削而得来的，就叫做富农。 （5）自己把田地佃给人家耕种，专靠剥削人家生活，自己不劳动者的叫做地主。 中共川陕省委、省苏维埃成立以后，为推进苏区建设，发布了一系列决议、布告，如《中共川陕省委关于红五月工作的决议案》《川陕省总工会红五月工作计划决议案》《川陕省苏维埃政府布告》《加紧生产运动决议》《中共川陕省第二次代表大会关于目前政治形势与党的任务决议案》《中共川陕省第二次党员代表大会讨论的斗争纲领》《共青团川陕省委关于文化教育决议》《少共川陕省委关于青年文化教育决议》《川陕省军区指挥部条例》《西北军区赤卫军条例》《优待专门人才暂行条例》《川陕苏维埃税务条例草案》《川陕苏区商业条例》《优待红军条例》《妇女斗争纲领》《告商人书》《公粮条例》《正确执行税务条例》《川陕省革命法庭条例》《中共川陕省委关于白区工作决议案》等，这些政策、条例、法规、决议，涵盖了社会、政治、经济、法律、妇女、青年、教育等社会生活各个方面。在红色政权初创时能够做到如此系统和完整，在当时全国几大苏区里，尚属第一。 为了让这些制度政策人人皆知，随时可看，不怕风吹雨打的损坏，红四方面军政治部和各军、师的政治部分别组织人将其刻在石头上。今天这些石刻已经成了极为珍贵的革命文物，珍藏在北京的军事博物馆和四川的川陕革命根据地博物馆里。 在川陕苏区存在的三年时间里，中共川陕省委和川陕苏维埃政府做了大量的工作，建设和巩固了根据地，培养和造就了大批党政干部，发展了根据地的农业、工业、教育、卫生、金融、工商等事业，动员了数万人参加红军，组织了二十多万人的运输队为红军运送给养和伤员，领导群众发展生产，保证了红四方面军八万多部队和大量地方部队以及党政机关的全部粮食供应。 中央对红四方面军创立川陕苏区深表嘉许，1933年8月，中共中央在致红四方面军的一封信中指出： 你们每一个胜利，都将加多整个革命战争胜利的机会。 这种惊人的胜利，给整个西北的革命运动，奠定了最强固的基础…… 在土地革命时期，川陕根据地是与江西瑞金根据地齐名的大根据地之一。1934年，毛泽东在瑞金中华苏维埃第二次全国代表大会上说： ……由于红四方面军的远征，在辽远的中国西北部，开展了广泛的群众革命斗争，把苏维埃的种子广播到革命形势比较落后的区域中去了。红四方面军的英勇善战，在不足一年之内，已经在二十余县建立了苏维埃政权，已经发展了十倍以上的红军队伍，号召了整个四川的工农劳动群众与白军兵士倾向于苏维埃革命，在中国西北部建立下苏维埃革命新的强有力的根据地。川陕苏区是中华苏维埃共和国的第二个大区域，川陕苏区有地理上、富源上、战略上和社会条件上的许多优势，川陕苏区是扬子江南北两岸和中国南北两部间苏维埃革命发展的桥梁，川陕苏区在争取苏维埃新中国伟大战斗中具有非常巨大的作用和意义。