Chapter 16 Enhance own hematopoietic ability

To understand the economic development of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area, one must know Zheng Yizhai.Zheng Yizhai, formerly known as Deng Shaowen, was born in Xuchang, Henan Province. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1927 and worked as a secret communicator in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1930, in order to carry out his work, Deng Shaowen changed his name to Zheng Yizhai and opened Yizhai Bank in Shanghai. In 1932, Zheng Yizhai left Shanghai and was ordered to work in the Hubei, Henan, Anhui and Soviet Areas.In the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet Area, Zheng Yizhai held several positions. He was not only the chairman of the Finance Committee of the Soviet government and the president of the Industrial and Agricultural Bank, but also the head of the General Manager Department of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army. He also served as the director of the arsenal and the mint.The Red Fourth Front Army moved thousands of miles to Sichuan and Shaanxi. From the logistics supplies of the troops to the construction of logistics infrastructure to the economic development of the entire Soviet area, it all depended on him to plan and strategize. Just like in the Hubei, Henan, and Anhui Soviet areas, Zheng Yizhai became a veritable Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet area. "Big housekeeper".

The first thing Zheng Yizhai has to solve is the problem of eating.After the troops entered Sichuan, food for more than 10,000 people was the primary issue. At least 10,000 to 20,000 catties of food were consumed a day. With the expansion of the army, the daily food consumption continued to rise.As soon as the heads of the various troops met, they asked him for food.Zheng Yizhai was devastated by the food problem, and ran around to investigate and research, looking for solutions.He quickly discovered a problem: in the past, every time the troops conquered a place, they always distributed the food of the landlords and local tyrants to the poor people on the spot, and the food he carried with him could only last three to five days at most.Troops have a lot of mobility in marching and fighting. It is impossible to march and fight with food on their backs. They eat wherever they go. This has caused great difficulties in the food supply of the logistics department.After the establishment of the Soviet area, the scope of activities of the troops is in the small Soviet area, and the activities of the troops also have certain rules. As long as a batch of grain stations are established in various places, the problem of food supply for the troops can be effectively alleviated.Tong, Nan, and Ba are mountainous areas. There are few paddy fields and a lot of dry land. The land is in the hands of the landlords and local tyrants. Most of the annual grain harvest is collected by the landlords and local tyrants in the form of rent.In order to survive, the villagers plant a little sweet potato and potatoes in the corners where food cannot be grown, such as in front of the house, behind the house, on steep rock slopes, etc., so that they will not starve to death in times of famine.Now, all the food from the landlords and local tyrants is distributed to the local people, and they also store it at home. When the army runs out of food, they will have to buy it from the villagers.Zheng Yizhai proposed to the headquarters: when the local tyrants break their warehouses and distribute grain, only a part of the grain will be distributed to the poorest families, and most of the grain will be collected. The general manager will set up multiple grain stations and transfer stations in the Soviet area. The distance between stations It should not be too long, and at the same time organize a transport force in the Soviets at the grassroots level to ensure that no matter where the troops concentrate on fighting, they will have food to eat.In this way, the troops will not compete with the people for food, and at the same time, it will also make the enemies who break into the Soviet area unable to get food and be in a difficult situation.His suggestion was quickly implemented.Under his guidance, the general manager's department established a food supply system of the main station, sub-stations and supply points.The tens of thousands of troops of the Red Fourth Front Army have been in Sichuan and Shaanxi for more than two years, fighting almost every day, but relying on the grain station system and transport teams established by the Soviet regime at all levels in the Soviet area, the problem of food for the troops has been basically solved. The six-way siege" lasted for ten months, and the troops also maintained basic food supplies.Zheng Yizhai's grain station supply system laid a solid foundation for battle victory and army building.

To solve the food problem, the root is still in production.Years of war have led to barren fields in many places in northern Sichuan. In some places, there is no food or smoke in the fields.Zheng Yizhai suggested that everyone do their own work to open up wasteland to grow food, and plant melons and beans in front of and behind the house to solve the food shortage.Xu Xiangqian and Chen Changhao attached great importance to Zheng Yizhai's suggestion and instructed the political organs at all levels of the Red Army to assist the government in reclaiming wasteland and farming, destroying tobacco and growing grain.The Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee also issued a special instruction, calling for "a variety of grains, a variety of vegetables, and more livestock." After a year of hard work, by 1934, the grain production in the entire Soviet area had developed significantly, and the army's food supply was difficult. get relief.

After the Red Army entered Sichuan, salt was once a serious problem.After the Battle of Yinan, the Red Army occupied part of the salt fields, and some salt field owners destroyed the salt wells when they fled.Upon receiving the news, Zheng Yizhai immediately led people to the salt field to organize the resumption of production. At the same time, he mobilized the local Soviets to organize a transport team to transport a large amount of stored salt to the rear.Regarding salt, there is another story between Zheng Yizhai and Xu Xiangqian. Zheng Yizhai and Xu Xiangqian are old comrades-in-arms, and they have a very good relationship. Once, Zheng Yizhai discussed work with Xu Xiangqian, and when it was time for dinner, Xu Xiangqian stayed with Zheng Yizhai for dinner.Two plates of green vegetables, a bowl of rice, and a few steamed potatoes.Zheng Yizhai took a bite of the dish, but it was tasteless.There was a "thump" in his heart.The Soviet area lacked salt, the Red Army lacked salt, and now the commander-in-chief's plate is also bland and without salt. As the head of the general logistics, he feels that he has not done his job well.Three days later, Zheng Yizhai delivered a batch of salt from the underground transportation station in the enemy-occupied area.Zheng Yizhai picked up the precious salt and weighed it over and over as if seeing gold.He drew up a detailed distribution plan, and then specifically explained that he left a small bag, about half a catty.He sent guards to send Xu forward immediately.After a while, the guard came back with the bag of salt in his hand and a letter from Xu Qianqian, which said: "Comrade Yizhai, thank you for your kindness. Use it yourself."

Looking at Xu Xiangqian's letter, Zheng Yizhai felt sad for a while.After thinking for a while, he asked the guards to send the salt to the Red Fourth Army General Hospital.The director of the hospital, Zhou Guangtan, was overwhelmed with emotion when he learned about the origin of the bag of salt from the guards. He told the story to the wounded. The wounded were deeply moved. Inspection, a total of sixteen wounded were approved to return to the troops.This incident spread all of a sudden and became a good talk in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area. Seizing political power depends on the army, and building political power requires economic development. To improve the fiscal revenue of the Soviet area and the living standards of the people, it is necessary to carry out economic construction and enhance economic vitality.In order to develop the economy, meet the daily needs of the soldiers and civilians in the Soviet area, and ensure the needs of the revolutionary war, the Sichuan-Shanxi Province Soviet established a Finance and Economics Committee, with Zheng Yizhai as the director, and a Construction Bureau under the Finance and Economics Committee to lead the establishment of various factories in various places.as

Zheng Yizhai, head of the General Manager Department of the Fourth Red Front Army and Chairman of the Soviet Area Finance and Economics Committee, made a comprehensive plan for the logistics construction of the Fourth Red Front Army and the economic development of the Soviet Area, and implemented it in detail. Before the Red Army entered Sichuan, the economy in northern Sichuan was in decline, and there was no industry at all. There were only a few small arsenals run by warlords and capitalists that could be called industry. small workshop.Under Zheng Yizhai's planning, the military supply factories at all levels were first established.

Zheng Yizhai divided the general industrial enterprises into three levels of ordnance repair factories and institutes: army, army, and division. The army and division repair shops were responsible for repairing guns and machine guns and cannons with minor defects. The general manager's repair shop repairs.The biggest shortage of ordnance repairs is technicians. Zheng Yizhai asked the troops to try their best to find local skilled workers wherever they went, and invite them to arrange them in the army and division repair shops and the general manager's ordnance repair shop.Since Daxian seized Liu Cunhou's military factory and mint, Zheng Yizhai was very happy, and rushed to Daxian overnight with Zhang Qinqiu, director of the General Political Department, to personally organize the handling of machinery, equipment and raw materials.Machines need to be operated by people. With machines, more importantly, there are technicians to operate the machines. The machines can be moved away, and the technicians need to do patient work to move them.Together with the Daxian party organization, Zheng Yizhai publicized the policies of the party and the Red Army to the workers and technicians in the arsenal, mobilized them to join the revolutionary ranks, and made bullets for the Red Army.In the end, almost all the original military workers, including the factory director He Yangzhou, entered the base area, strengthening the military industrial team in the Soviet area.Under the personal leadership of Zheng Yizhai, the Red Army quickly established Red Army military factories, machinery repair factories, textile factories, clothing factories, bullet factories, bomb factories, and other places in Tongjiang Kucaoba, Dehan City, and Wenchangchang in Cangxi County. Coin factories, gunpowder factories, bamboo hat factories, shipyards, etc., the military industry in the Soviet area developed rapidly.

In January 1933, the General Manager Department moved the military factory from the Hubei, Henan and Anhui base areas to Goujiawan near Tongjiang City. The factory has more than 100 workers, mainly repairing firearms and assembling ammunition, which has become the basis for military production in the base area. .After the warlord Liu Cunhou seized a large amount of machinery, equipment and raw materials in the Xuanda Battle, the Army Factory of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army expanded to more than 1,000 people and 138 sets of various machine tools. In more than ten houses. In March 1934, the anti-"siege of six routes" tightened its position, and the Goujiawan Arsenal moved to Luoping, Kucaoba, and the Red Army Luoping Military Factory was built.The plant covers an area of ​​240,000 square meters, with a total of 80 houses.The factory is headed by He Yangzhou, the former director of Liu Cunhou Military Factory, who is responsible for technical guidance.The whole factory is divided into arms manufacturing factory, bullet factory, bomb factory, pharmaceutical factory and production departments such as the first gun room, the second gun room, and the third gun room.In the more than a year since the "six-way siege" to the evacuation of the Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Area, the factory has overcome various difficulties, remade bullets, manufactured more than one million rounds (pieces) of hand grenades, repaired more than 200 machine guns, and two mortars. There are more than a hundred doors, which strongly support the front-line operations.In addition, there are various small and medium-sized weapon manufacturing factories, such as Changchiyu Palace Weapon Factory, Bazhong (Qingjiang) Comprehensive Factory, Red Fourth Front Army General Manager Department Ordnance Repair Factory, Red Ninth Army Army Ordnance Repair Factory, Jiangkou Red Army Cloak Factory, Ordnance Repair Office, Nanjiang County Gun Factory, Shimiaozi Arms Factory, Zhengzhi Arms Factory, Chenjiawan Arms Factory, Wenchanggong Iron Factory, Fenshi Liang Iron Factory and Letaisi Iron Factory.It is in these humble small factories with hundreds of people and as few as a dozen people, the workers and masters sweat like rain, day and night, forging the Red Army soldiers with swords and spears that make the enemy fearful, basically guaranteeing the Red Army. Supply of some guns and ammunition and all cold weapons.

In addition to food and weapons, clothing is the third biggest problem faced by the troops.At the beginning of entering Sichuan, the troops moved thousands of miles, and there was no replenishment along the way. The military uniforms were in tatters.Zheng Yizhai believed that production and transportation would be problematic with only one clothing factory in the general manager's department. He split the clothing factory of the front army into the divisional managers of each army and division, set up branch clothing factories, and organized production according to the same specifications. Divisions jointly participate in the production of military uniforms, which also reduces the difficulty of long-distance transportation.After entering Sichuan and Shaanxi, the ranks of the Red Army expanded rapidly, and the problem of clothing supply became acute again. Many army and division commanders approached Zheng Yizhai: the expanded Red Army needs military uniforms, and people don’t want to come if they don’t have them.As many sets of military uniforms as you give me, I can expand the Red Army as much as possible.Xu Xiangqian and Chen Changhao also specifically asked about the supply of military quilts.Zheng Yizhai took several measures. He split the clothing factory of the general manager's department into three factories, unified planning, division of labor to produce winter and summer military uniforms, and guaranteed the supply of troops; in order to solve the source of cloth, he organized the general manager's department to set up stations in the entire Soviet area to purchase homespun cloth. At the same time, they sent people to purchase cloth from vendors in the border areas of the Soviet area.After hard work, the winter and summer clothes of the whole army in 1933 and 1934 were uniformly supplied.The military supplies and clothing enterprises mainly include the following:

In January 1933, the general manager’s department established the General Red Army Clothing Factory in Nanling and Jianjiashan, the suburbs of Tongjiang County. There were more than 300 male and female workers in the factory, but there were only two sewing machines, and most of the military uniforms were sewn by hand. system. In October 1933, the Xuanda Battle was won, and a large amount of machinery and equipment and military supplies captured by the warlord Liu Cunhou were transported back to Tongjiang. The men's factory of the Red Army Clothes General Factory expanded to more than 300 people, organized into a company, and increased to more than 80 sewing machines. , daily production of 650 sets of military uniforms; the women's factory was expanded into a women's engineering battalion, the battalion commander Lin Yueqin (later Yang Wenju), political commissar Wang Zenan, and three companies with about 500 female soldiers, of which the first and second companies It is produced in Tongjiang, and Sanlian is stationed in Enyanghe Clothing Factory in Bazhong. It mainly produces military uniforms, octagonal military caps, military shoes, hanging bags, bullet bags, leggings, etc.During the anti-"three-way siege" and anti-"six-way siege", the main garment factory was transferred to Tongjiang Kucaoba, Dehan City, Washipu and other places to maintain production. In December 1934, he withdrew westward with the army to participate in the Long March.

In February 1933, the Red Fourth Army Textile Factory was built in Tongjiang Kucaoba, with only a few looms at the beginning. After the victory of the Xuanda Battle in October 1933, all the looms captured by Liu Cunhou's department were added to the factory, and the number of looms increased to 47, with more than 100 workers.The factory produces two types of cloth, narrow width and wide width, which are used by clothing factories to make military uniforms. In February 1933, the Dyeing and Finishing Factory of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army was built in Kucaoba, Tongjiang, with more than 100 workers. The factory makes military uniforms and the mint prints cloth coins. In July 1933, the General Manager Department established a popping factory in Jianjiashan, Tongjiang County. There were more than 300 popping workers. The factory was organized into a battalion-level unit with companies and platoons. The popped cotton was mainly handed over to the quilt factory for sewing Quilts and cotton coats. In the spring of 1933, the General Manager Department established a bamboo hat factory in Tongjiang Kucaoba. In early 1934, it moved to Tongjiang Bixi Farm, merged with the General Manager Department Bixi Weaving Factory and the Iron Factory, and organized three companies, each with more than 150 people.More than 20,000 bamboo hats were made in more than two years. In March 1933, a leather goods factory was established in Nanling, outside Tongjiang City, with more than 70 workers. The munitions industry in Sichuan and Shaanxi has made great contributions to ensuring the military supplies of the troops and supporting the Revolutionary War. In addition to military industry, civilian industry has also undergone restorative development. In 1933, the Sichuan-Shanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China called in the "Red May Work Resolution": "All kinds of handicraft factories should be opened everywhere, especially to develop the production of daily necessities for the Red Army and the workers and peasants." The General Manager Department of the Red Army and the Security Bureau cooperated with the economic communes of various counties to establish steel and coal factories in Tongjiang Gangxi River, Nanjiang Daheitan and other places.Tongjiang Gangxihe Iron Works, the largest at that time, had eight branches, more than 2,000 workers, and produced nearly 2 million catties of iron in two years.Salt farms in the south, hookah and wine in Jiangkou, coal mines in Wangcang, coal and iron factories and pot factories in Tongjiang, Nanjiang and Wanyuan, as well as textile factories, paper factories, wood factories, straw shoe factories, and sewing companies scattered throughout the Soviet area , Bamboo factory, weaving factory and other small factories, the total number of workers is nearly 10,000.The Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Government clearly stipulated in the "Draft Resolution on Financial and Economic Issues": "Reward the establishment of various factories and enterprises, and welcome free investment. All kinds of capital in the Soviet and White areas can operate freely. Under the condition of strictly abiding by Soviet laws and regulations, it is allowed Stores and factories are free to operate and protected, and they are used to supply the needs of the Soviet areas and to develop production in the Soviet areas." Encouraged by these policies, although the Soviet area was full of wars, the private industry and sales industry gradually recovered and developed.In addition to industrial enterprises, transportation, postal services, and telecommunications have gradually started. Tongjiang, Nanjiang, Bazhong, Jiangkou and other places have high mountains and high mountains, and the traffic is very blocked. There are only narrow paths between counties, districts, and townships, and the transportation depends entirely on manpower.Several main rivers in the territory can only carry a wooden boat of about one ton, and the beaches are full of rapids and dangers. In case of dry water, they have to stop for several months.Such backward transportation conditions have brought serious difficulties to the Red Army's operations, economic development, and material exchange and transportation.As soon as the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet regime was established, the masses were mobilized to cooperate with the Red Army to carry out necessary transportation construction.Under the unified planning, four major transportation routes from Bazhong to Nanjiang, Bazhong to Tongjiang, Bazhong to Jiangkou, and Bazhong to Langnan were built, which facilitated the circulation of material transportation inside and outside the Soviet area. At the beginning of 1933, the Red Army and the local Soviet successively built wooden bridges of more than 100 meters in Maoyu Town of Tongjiang, Shahe River of Nanjiang, and outside the west gate of Bazhong City. The largest bridge was Maoyu Red Army Floating Bridge.The bridge is more than 100 meters long and more than two feet wide. The bridge is divided into three floors. The bottom is bamboo bundles and wooden boats, the middle is wooden squares, and the top is wooden boards. In December 1933, the anti-"six-way siege" began. In order to facilitate the mobility of the troops, the joint meeting of the chairman of the Bazhong Road Soviet Government made a decision: the Soviets at all levels set up traffic stations on all traffic arteries, and the places close to the riverside immediately Concentrate the boat workers, build a large number of boats, and mobilize the masses to build more bridges and improve some roads in various places. The Soviets in Bazhong, Changchi, Hongjiang, Jiangkou and other counties organized the masses to build a number of roads leading to the districts and townships, such as the trunk road from Qingjiangdu to Tongjiang, from Yanxichang to Fuyangba in Tongjiang, From Xizui to Kucaoba, Nanjiang Bamiaoya to Dahekou to Fuyangba, etc.The most famous of them is the "Hanzhong Road" from Tongjiang to Jiangkou, and some sections of the road are paved with stone roads.Nanjiang Beiji Township also left a Red Army stone inscription saying: "Since ancient times, the rugged road has been repaired on the sunny slope." Through the efforts of the soldiers and civilians in the Soviet Area, the Soviet Area has basically formed four major traffic arteries in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area centered on Bazhong and Tongjiang, namely From Bazhong to Nanjiang, Bazhong to Guangyuan, Wanyuan, Xuanhan, Daxian, Tongjiang to Bazhong, Jiangkou, Tongjiang to Yingshan, Quxian. The operations in the Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Area were basically carried out within the territory of the Soviet Area. Food, ammunition, supplies, and transport of the wounded were all handled within the Soviet Area. The transportation team is organized into squads, platoons, companies or squads, squadrons, and brigades according to the army organization. Ten people are small teams, thirty people are squadrons, and 120 people are brigades.Since all young and middle-aged men joined the Red Army, the main force of the transport team was almost all women and older people. Some of the transport teams even included teenage children. Landlords and rich peasants joined the transport team under supervision.In order to solve the problem of food and accommodation faced by the long-distance transportation team, the Soviets of each county set up transportation stations and receptions similar to today's military depots every 30 to 50 miles along the main transportation routes, providing free board and lodging for passing transportation personnel.On the 170-mile journey from Tongjiang to Bazhong, there are seven traffic stations and receptions, including Yinggezui, Yangbaihe, Shaniuping, and Youyakou.From Changchi to Nanjiang, there are also seven transportation stations and receptions, including Shahezi, Erdongqiao, Shikuangba, and Dongyupu.Due to the large number of passing convoys, the kitchen at the reception was constantly on fire day and night.Zhou Lamei from Shahezi Street, Nanjiang, once helped her mother cook at the reception. She recalled: At that time, there was a running water table in the kitchen, and people came and went every day. Nearly a thousand catties of rice, there are more than 100 beds in the reception area for lodging of troops and Soviet personnel, and sometimes people come to stay in the middle of the night. Post and communication are the characteristics of modern society. The Red Post Office and Telegraph Office are set up under the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Transportation Committee, and agency offices are set up in districts and townships, responsible for the delivery of official newspapers, military and private mail, telegrams, and newspapers at all levels.A county post office usually has a director, a clerk each, and about thirteen messengers and traffic officers who deliver letters to various places.He Chaokai, the communication platoon leader of Nanjiang Dahe Post Office, once recalled: At that time, the postal personnel had to do: deliver urgent items as soon as they arrived, such as documents and newspapers sealed with the words "quick and fast", and they had to be delivered in the middle of the night; Where to distribute and post slogans and leaflets; as a postman and as a combatant, he carries a rifle, a saber, and several grenades when delivering letters, and is ready to participate in battle anytime and anywhere; strictly confidential, including his own relatives. When reading letters, carry matches with you at all times, and destroy documents immediately when you are outnumbered. Economic development and prosperity cannot be separated from business.In the early days of the establishment of the base area, all private businesses were confiscated, resulting in difficulties in market supply.The Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet government quickly changed its policy and made great efforts to organize the "economic commune" invested and established by the government. In essence, it was a state-run supply and marketing cooperative, responsible for sales and purchases.The Red Army confiscated the property of commercial capitalists and bureaucratic warlords and the gold and silver seized from local tyrants every time it liberated, as a source of funds for economic communes.The head office of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Economic Commune is located in Tongjiangde Seoul, each county has its head office, each county has an economic commune, and the township level has an economic cooperative.Economic communes are responsible for supplying materials in the Soviet area, leading cooperatives and private businesses, stabilizing prices and other important tasks, occupying a dominant position in the state-owned economy in the Soviet area.According to needs, some economic communes also opened restaurants, noodle shops, and pharmacies. The funds for opening stores were allocated by the Soviet government and accepted the leadership and supervision of the Soviet Finance and Economics Committee. In addition to the "economic communes" sponsored by the Soviet Finance and Economics Committees at all levels, the government also allowed economic models such as cooperative business and private business as supplements to economic communes.Cooperative business is a kind of collective economic organization established by the masses themselves. There are "poor farmers' cooperatives", "workers' cooperatives", "women's cooperatives", "soldiers' cooperatives", "credit cooperatives", "cattle cooperatives" and so on. For example, the poverty-stricken cooperative in Dahe District, Nanjiang County, operates salt, cloth, sugar, etc., and the masses raise funds and form a joint venture. Each household has one share, and each share is one yuan. Dividends are distributed according to shares. The share capital is 1,500 yuan. manage.Shareholders can get a cooperative membership certificate, which can be used to buy scarce materials at a price lower than that of state-owned stores. I can only buy a tael of salt, half a catty of brown sugar, a foot of homespun cloth, and two liters of rice.Half a year after the establishment of this cooperative, the dividend of each share (one yuan) was five silver dollars. Encouraged by the policy of "protecting the interests of small and medium-sized businessmen", state-owned businesses, collective businesses, and private businesses in the Soviet Area coexisted and prospered.For example, apart from the two state-owned economic communes in Jiangkou Town, private businesses were very active in the past. Every "Monday, Fourth, and Seventh" market, the section from Daqiaowan to Xiaoqiaowan in Jiangkou Town became a place selling incense, candles, cannons, bamboo ware, The individual vendors' markets for homespun cloth, local tobacco, cooked food, and small department stores, because there is no bullying by warlords, bandits, and bullies, the market transactions are prosperous and the price flexibility is far beyond that of the warlords. Northern Sichuan, where the Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet is located, is the most backward area in Sichuan's economic development. Except for the military industry, all local products are native products, and all daily necessities are exchanged for native products from the White Area.In order to invigorate the local economy and improve the living standards of the people, it is necessary to actively develop the economic and trade between the Soviet area and the White area. The Sichuan-Shanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China stipulated in the "Draft Resolution on Financial and Economic Issues" that: collect black and white fungus, tung oil, white wax, wood, wool pigs, sheepskin and other redundant and unnecessary things from the red areas and send them to the white areas, and the white areas will purchase cotton, Cloth, western medicine, salt and other things needed by the red areas.The border regions immediately established foreign trade agencies to reward farmers in the Soviet areas and develop foreign trade. Economic construction is an important knowledge with its inherent laws. Under the conditions and environment at that time, few people in the Red Army understood this knowledge.Zheng Yizhai was engaged in financial work when he was doing underground work in Shanghai, and he was also engaged in financial and financial work in the base areas of Hubei, Henan and Anhui. He is a rare economic expert in the Red Army.Zheng Yizhai had his own unique views on the economic construction of the Soviet area. He emphasized that economic construction must meet the needs of the revolutionary war, and economic sources should be found in construction.He criticized the heads of certain economic departments for only paying attention to confiscating property from landlords and capitalists, instead of paying attention to economic construction and strengthening their own blood-forming ability.In order to educate cadres to pay attention to this problem, Zheng Yizhai published many articles in newspapers such as "Soviet" and "Must Read for Cadres", and put forward solutions, methods and constructive suggestions for the problems existing in the financial work of the Soviet area.In his article "My Opinions on Financial and Economic Work", he requested that leading cadres at all levels of financial and economic work should conscientiously do a good job in economic construction, "so that every comrade understands, especially that every party member regards economic work as a daily task." One of the central tasks is to make every worker and peasant in the Soviet area know the meaning of economic construction.” In July 1933, in his article "Concentrated, Unified Control and Thorough Reorganization of Economic Materials", he listed the various manifestations and harms of conservative ideas and decentralization in financial and economic work, and proposed to improve financial committees and managerial offices at all levels. Ten measures, such as the implementation of budget and final accounts, regular and accurate statistics of economic property, resolute implementation of cash concentration, development of trade in dialogue areas, intensified publicity of the significance of progressive taxation, intensified publicity and the establishment of various cooperative organizations.These propositions of his have played a very important and very practical guiding role in strengthening the financial work of the base areas, improving the financial system, strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of economic work, and developing the economic construction of the Soviet area. Financial affairs have an extremely important impact on the political and economic development of the entire society, and are indispensable to any government.In the Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Area, the economy was backward, and the financial industry had no foundation at all.Due to the long-term warlord melee, warlords of various backgrounds and factions came and went, causing the currency system to be chaotic here. Silver coins, copper coins, and banknotes from all over the world were mixed and popular, and some unreputable bad coins were mixed in it.In addition to being plundered and squeezed by warlords and reactionary governments, the people here are also exploited economically. Sometimes a currency plummets, instantly causing the property of tens of millions of people to evaporate and become penniless. Some profiteers also take advantage of this There is a way to create a financial undercurrent and take people's property. After the establishment of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Government, Zheng Yizhai immediately took on the important task of establishing the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area's financial undertakings.Zheng Yizhai concurrently served as the president of the Soviet Industrial and Agricultural Bank in Hubei, Henan and Anhui. The Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Industrial and Agricultural Bank took over the establishment of the Hubei, Henan, and Anhui Industrial and Agricultural Bank, and he was still the president. The Industrial and Agricultural Bank had branches in all counties in the Soviet Area. The overall goal is: to unify the currency system, to circulate finance in the Soviet area, to implement low-interest and interest-free loans to workers and peasants, and to help the development of cooperatives. The Sichuan-Shanxi Industrial and Agricultural Bank is located in Tongjiang, with more than 600 employees. It has a currency exchange office and two mints, one for making silver and copper coins, and one for printing banknotes.The currencies issued mainly include silver coins, silver coin coupons, copper coins and copper coin coupons.Such as: one-yuan cloth currency and one-yuan banknotes of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Government, one-yuan cloth currency and one-yuan banknotes of the National Bank of the Soviet Republic of China.In order to facilitate the change, there are also five hundred copper coins, two hundred large copper coins, small two hundred copper coins, two strings of cloth coins, three strings of cloth coins, five strings of cloth coins, ten strings of cloth coins, one string of banknotes, three A string of banknotes, plus imitation Yuan Datou, Sun Xiaotou, and Sichuan silver coins, the Soviet District Bank issued a total of 18 kinds of currency. Under the chaotic currency system, the difficulty of reissuing the unfamiliar "Soviet coins" can be imagined.In order to demonstrate his economic strength and political power, Zheng Yizhai adopted a two-pronged approach. On the one hand, he organized a gold, silver and jewelry exhibition, and on the other hand, he used legal means to announce a series of financial administrative regulations and financial management regulations: "Draft Economic Policy Resolution": "Currencies in the Soviet area must currently be circulated in the Soviet area and eliminate market differences. However, the Soviets should check and stamp these old coins for supervision." "Foreign currencies." It shall be exchanged for the currency issued by the Soviet itself.” "Business Regulations": "All merchants may not refuse to use the currency issued by the Soviet government." "Revolutionary Tribunal Bill": "Whoever engages in economic sabotage schemes, destroys bank credit, and refuses to use banknotes issued by the Industrial and Agricultural Bank of China... all belong to counter-revolutionary crimes. Intimidation shall be punished with hard labor, imprisonment and death respectively.” After all, the Soviet currency is a new currency that the local people have never seen. When the Soviet currency was first issued, there were incidents of refusal to use, belittlement, and forgery. "Tongjiang Finance Chronicle" records: There are several salt merchants in Tongjiang, who sell salt at a lower price to Su Yang. Yuan Datou sells salt for eight taels, Sichuan version for six taels, and Su Yang only sells salt for four taels.After it was discovered, it was suppressed by the Northwest Military Region. Qu Xuejin, former salesperson of Hongjiang County Economic Commune, recalled: There was a landlord who forged bills and went to the economic commune to buy salt. After being discovered, he was sentenced to death according to the "Regulations of the Revolutionary Tribunal". When the Soviet area was first established, although the Industrial and Agricultural Bank issued a small amount of banknotes and cloth coins, it was far from meeting the needs of the market. The white area currency flooded the market. Zheng Yizhai put forward countermeasures in time, "Issuing a large amount of Soviet currency and exchanging it for the old currency."In the Battle of Xuanda, Liu Cunhou's coinage equipment was seized, and the coinage and coinage conditions of the Industrial and Agricultural Bank were greatly improved, creating conditions for a large number of coins to be issued.The Soviet government also issued a policy: "All foreign currencies are exchanged for Soviet currency." Once this policy was introduced, foreign currencies could only enter and not come out. The economic communes took back the foreign silver and copper coins, and then returned them to the furnace to cast their own silver and copper coins. As a result, the white area currency was quickly squeezed out of the Soviet area market, and the Soviet currency gradually became the main currency in the Soviet area. Taxes are an important channel for the return of money. In August 1933, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet promulgated the "Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Taxation Bill" and so on.Article 1 of the Tax Regulations begins with the following statement: In order to implement the central progressive tax rate, and according to the resolution of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers, with the purpose of enhancing and consolidating the interests of workers and peasants and developing the social economy, it is named Sichuan-Shaanxi Workers, Peasants and Soldier Taxation Bureau. Tax types include agricultural tax, special tax, business tax, import tax, export tax, etc.The agricultural tax is mainly based on the payment of public grain. The maximum tax burden on poor and middle peasants is 7.5%, and the maximum tax burden on rich peasants is 12.5%. In order to prevent corruption, the "Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Taxation Regulations Draft" also made strict restrictions on the behavior of tax officials: No one can collect and collect without the inspection and dispatch of a responsible person by the Bureau.Tax officials at all levels dispatched, in addition to government allowances for food, are provisionally paid two yuan a month. Favoritism and malpractice are absolutely prohibited, and taxpayers are not allowed to take a penny arbitrarily.When collecting taxes, the tax bureau has no right to hang people. In addition to taxation, the seizure of the Red Army's battles is also a special channel for the return of currency in the Soviet area.For example, in the Battle of Xuanda, more than one million silver coins, 200,000 pieces of cotton cloth, and 20,000 sets of cotton clothes were seized at one time from Liu Cunhou's inventory.So many seizures have greatly filled the bank's inventory and laid the economic foundation for the Soviet currency. In just over two years, the financial system in the Soviet area played an important role in consolidating and developing the Soviet regime, breaking the enemy's economic blockade, promoting the construction of base areas, ensuring the supply of military supplies to the Red Army, supporting the revolutionary war, and stabilizing the lives of the people.Zheng Yizhai is also known as a "red financial management expert". Due to the limitation of cultural level and the resentment towards landlords and rich people, after the Red Army captured some places, some people always regarded the rich people's valuables, high-end furniture, and rare antiques as luxury items, smashed them up and burned them. Seeing these situations, Zheng Yizhai was very Distressed and angry.He said at a cadre meeting in Daxian County: "All wealth is created by the people. These good things were exploited and plundered by the landlords and rich people in the past. Now they are overthrown, and the good things have returned to the hands of the owners. We Why do we have to smash them into pieces? We are the real masters, and we should cherish them. Only the working people have the right to enjoy them!" His point of view is very clear, these things are ill-gotten gains from the enemy, and now we have In your hands, it is the property of the people. If you want to make good use of it, if you destroy and waste it, it is a crime against the people.In the future, wherever the troops fought, he would follow them there, organize manpower together with local party organizations, and quickly count, classify, ship, and store the spoils of war, accumulating a large amount of wealth for the revolution.In the mansion of Liu Cunhou in Daxian County, he heard that Chen Xilian threw the gold bricks into the latrine as copper. He was very surprised and immediately organized people to find the gold bricks from the latrine. In October 1936, the headquarters of the Fourth Red Front Army led the Fifth Army, Ninth Army, and Thirty Army to cross the Yellow River to form the West Route Army under the order of the Party Central Committee. Zheng Yizhai was appointed as the head of the General Manager Department of the West Route Army.Due to being outnumbered and changing orders, the West Route Army suffered heavy losses. On March 13, 1937, the West Route Army headquarters held a military and political committee in Shiwo, south of Kanglong Temple. After receiving the meeting notice, Zheng Yizhai separated the management department. The gold and silver coins in custody were collected, wrapped into several bags, sewn firmly with needles and threads, and prepared to be taken to the general headquarters with them as travel expenses for leading comrades who were about to return to Yan'an.Unexpectedly, he was surrounded by enemies before he went far.Zheng Yizhai commanded the soldiers to fight calmly, retreating up the hillside while fighting, but the enemy was encircling more and more. In order not to let the funds fall into the enemy's hands, Zheng Yizhai made a decisive decision and ordered the soldiers to open the Qing to carry gold to break through, and he stayed to cover himself.Xiao Zhang rushed out, and the funds were safely sent to the leaders of the headquarters.Zheng Yizhai was shot several times, and together with the remaining guards and soldiers, they all sacrificed heroically.At that time, Zheng Yizhai was not yet thirty-six years old.