Chapter 14 chain reaction

After completing all preparations for the coup, Chiang Kai-shek left Shanghai for Nanjing on April 9. On April 12, the counter-revolutionary coup broke out. The coup was planned by Yang Hu and Chen Qun, using the Shanghai Youth Gang leaders Huang Jinrong, Du Yuesheng, Zhang Xiaolin and other forces to organize thugs, and joined forces with the Hong Gang to set up a secret "Commitment Association" and an open "Industrial Federation" to organize Thousands of gang members prepared their own weapons, wrapped their arms in white cloth, and wrote a letter with the word "Gong" as the name. After obtaining the consent of the National Revolutionary Army and Consul General Fei Xinchun of the Concession Authority, Zhang Boqi, the former commander of the Ningbo Fortress, was appointed as the commander-in-chief. Pickets attack.

The night before, Du Yue signed a banquet and invited Wang Shouhua, chairman of the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions, to the banquet.Li Bozhi, another person in charge of the trade union, advised him not to go. After thinking about it, Wang thought he should go: "I used to deal with gangsters from the Qinghong Gang a lot, and they were loyal. Maybe we can talk things over if we go. It makes people laugh!" He left and never came back. In the early hours of the same day, bugles sounded in the headquarters of the Northern Expedition Army on Qiqi Road, and the gunboats in Shanghai Bund also sounded their sirens. Hired hooligan thugs pretended to be workers, and went to Zhabei, Nanshi, Huxi, Wusong, Pudong and other places. On the 12th, a gun battle broke out between the two sides; Bai Chongxi, commander-in-chief of the East Route Army and commander of martial law, and Zhou Fengqi, commander of the 26th Army and deputy commander of martial law, attacked the two sides in the name of "mediating internal strife among workers". Disarm. A picket of 2,700 workers armed with 1,700 long guns and dozens of machine guns was disarmed within hours.Some workers’ pickets did not have time to resist, and some could not escape even though they resisted desperately. Hundreds of workers’ pickets were killed.

April 12 was a bloody page in history.It is also a day of great turning point in history. Zhou Enlai used to work in the Commercial Press Club, leading the rectification and education of the workers' pickets. On the evening of the 11th, before the reactionaries took action, Slie, the commander of the Second Division of the 26th Army, came forward and invited Zhou En to the division headquarters to discuss matters as if nothing had happened.Zhou Enlai thought that the 26th Army also needed to do work, so he went. Thirty years later, when Zhou Enlai recalled this incident, he clearly remembered: "How did the enemy deceive us? A Kuomintang division commander stationed in Zhabei was called Si Lie, and his younger brother Si Li came from the Whampoa Military Academy and was my student. Slie used this relationship to negotiate with us. We were confused and thought we could use him. We thought he would not do anything to us. In fact, our focus was wrong at this time. The focus should be on maintaining arms. At that time, my second-in-command I went too." As soon as they left, Slie remained very polite, but he refused to let them leave, and at the same time attacked the workers' pickets.

In the early hours of the 12th, Luo Yinong learned that Zhou Enlai had been detained, and immediately asked Huang Chengjing, a member of the Communist Party who was familiar with Zhao Shu, the representative of the 26th Army Party, to seek Zhao Shu's rescue.Huang Chengjing went to the headquarters of the Second Division and saw Zhou Enlai glaring at Slie, protesting their reactionary behavior.The tables and chairs in the room had been overturned to the ground, and teacups and vases were scattered on the ground. Zhou Enlai was furious at Si Lie: "You are still a believer of the Prime Minister. You openly betray the revolutionary Three People's Principles and the Three Great Policies, oppose the Communist Party, and oppose the people. There will be no good end for you!"

Si Lie lowered his head and murmured: "I was also ordered." After Zhao Shu talked with Si Lie individually, Si Lie began to change his mind and said to Zhou Enlai: "The matter is over, please come and talk, there is no other meaning, misunderstanding, misunderstanding." Zhou Enlai was so angry that he ignored him, turned around and got into the car with Huang Chengjing, rushed through many barriers, and returned to Luo Yinong's office near the East Four Kazi Bridge on North Sichuan Road. From Zhou Enlai's recollection and the analysis of newspapers and periodicals at that time, Slie's deception was able to succeed, which was related to the mistake of the CCP leadership (including Zhou Enlai himself) in estimating the political orientation of the 26th Army.

Zhou Enlai believed at the special committee meeting on March 30 that Si Lie could command Zhou Fengqi, and if he died like this, the 26th Army could be fully used by Chiang; Luo Yinong also believed that the 26th Army was mostly leftist.Therefore, after the Federation of Trade Unions received a report on the future attacks by hooligans on the night of April 11, it still pinned its hopes on the 26th Army to remain neutral and even support the revolution. assistance.In such a situation where the estimation of the entire leadership organization is biased, it is understandable and has no right to criticize the ingenious deception of isolating the commander from the team in the name of negotiation that cannot be seen immediately.

After the incident of confiscating guns from workers' pickets, people from all walks of life in Shanghai rose up to accuse Bai Chongxi and others of their rebellious behavior.Even the "Times" is shouting: "Supporting farmers and workers is Sun Yat-sen's first policy, and the performance of workers' pickets defending the people with arms and self-defense. How can they explain themselves to the revolutionary people when they are subjected to such brutal violence?"Why do you have a big spirit for the prime minister? On the morning of April 13, workers in Zhabei gathered at Qingyun Road Square to protest against imperialism and the reactionary actions of the Shanghai military authorities.

After the meeting, the masses went to the headquarters of the Second Division of the 26th Army to appeal. When the parade reached Baoshan Road, the soldiers of the 2nd Division of the 26th Army who had already ambushed here shot and shot the unarmed crowd. Five or six minutes later, the blood of the dead flowed down the street, and the wounded fell to the ground one after another.After the massacre, the reactionary army cleared the streets and dragged the dead to the outskirts for burial in large carts, with more than 10 people piled into each cart;In Nanshi, there was also an incident where the reactionary army opened fire on the marching workers. At that time, more than 10 people were killed immediately.

After the establishment of the Nanjing government, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Yang Hu as the chief of the Shanghai Police Department, and even more frantically arrested Communist Party members and labor leaders.Yang Hu and Chen Qun, director of the political department of the former enemy general headquarters of the Eastern Route Army, even publicly issued orders to offer monetary rewards for the capture of Communists: if the leader is captured, Dayang will be rewarded with 1,000 yuan each, and each follower will be rewarded with 500 yuan for Dayang.Since the 14th, more than a thousand Communists have been arrested at the Longhua General Headquarters.Shanghai wolves and tigers (Yang Hu) come out in groups (Chen Qun)—this popular saying vividly depicts the white terror that hangs over Shanghai.

The bourgeoisie greatly appreciated Chiang Kai-shek's actions.The Shanghai Chamber of Commerce and the Silver and Money Industry Association respectively sent telegrams in support of Jiang Qing's party: They voted unanimously for the authorities' purge of the party, and are willing to support it. The imperialist newspapers unanimously praised Chiang Kai-shek for his proper handling.Japanese newspapers lead the way. "Asahi Shimbun" said that this move "can create a more stable atmosphere and end the xenophobic riots in Shanghai"; It also expressed the expulsion of the Russian forces below Borodin behind the Wuhan faction, which is consistent with the claims of the northern warlords.

Chiang Kai-shek himself was very proud of himself: the Communist Party was so powerful in the past, but we purged the party with one word, and sooner or later, all fields under the blue sky and white sun rose together to eradicate it.They finally have a foothold without size! Chiang Kai-shek entered Nanjing on April 9. This afternoon, the public stadium was originally holding a meeting to welcome Wang's reinstatement, but Chiang Kai-shek unexpectedly arrived.In order to save face for Chiang, the meeting to welcome Wang was temporarily changed to the meeting to welcome Jiang.Before Chiang Kai-shek showed his face, his thugs had already appeared on the stage. Armed with wooden sticks, iron bars, pistols and other weapons, they first rushed into the city party headquarters and arrested more than 10 clerks; More than 20 people were arrested, and after an hour of shouting and beating, the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions was destroyed. On the morning of the 10th, a crowd of 100,000 people gathered in Nanjing to petition Chiang Kai-shek, proposing to protect the provincial and municipal Party committees and trade union organizations, and hand over the reactionaries to the people for trial.Chiang Kai-shek refused to agree, and the angry masses vowed not to leave the headquarters.After several hours of stalemate, hundreds of hooligan thugs from the "Nanjing Labor Federation", armed with bamboo sticks and other murder weapons, rushed into the crowd and shot and killed dozens of people.The crowd rushed towards Dongyuan Gate, crushing, trampling and injuring countless people.At that time, the Nanjing Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China convened an emergency meeting. Due to inadvertent leaks, the reactionary military and police surrounded the venue. More than 10 members of the Communist Party of China who attended the meeting, including Hou Shaoqiu, Xie Wenjin, and Liu Chongmin, were arrested and killed one after another. This was the "April 10" massacre in Nanjing that preceded the "April 12". It was also planned by Chiang Kai-shek behind the scenes, and it was done to clear the way for him to establish a separate central government in Nanjing. Under this signal—— Guangxi: Huang Xuchu, Wu Zhankong and others who stayed in Nanning received Huang Shaohong's telegram to clear the party and acted immediately. On April 12, 13 people including the CCP leader Liang Liudu in Guangxi were arrested, and Huang Jiazhen and others were wanted .Afterwards, not only the Communists were killed, but even those who leaned toward the revolution were not spared.Many years later, when Li Zongren recalled this period of history, he sighed: In fact, there were very few Communists in Guangxi at that time. Among the provincial party committee members, there were only a few left-leaning elements, and there was no real Communist Party.Unexpectedly, after the telegram arrived, the Guangxi left-behind personnel actually shot and killed these left-leaning provincial party committees, and at the same time, a very small number of Communist Party members in the party headquarters of each county were also arrested and killed.In the Party headquarters of Guilin County, a young cousin of mine, Li Zhenfeng, was also killed.Zhenfeng is the grandnephew of my grandmother's family. His father is the famous Linsheng. He lives in Xiling Village, Liangjiangxu. It is also a family of scholars for generations.Zhenfeng is short and strong, can speak well, and is full of energy. She can be said to be a promising young man.Before the Northern Expedition, I went to Guangzhou with me, and probably joined the Communist Party at that time.He never denied me that he was the Communist Party.Once, he boldly and naughtily said to me: "Cousin, China will be ruled by our Communist Party in 20 years!" I replied: "Don't talk nonsense!" was killed. Guangdong: The massacre was horrific, and the Communists sacrificed the most. Apart from Shanghai, Guangzhou was the worst.After Li Jishen returned to Guangzhou from Shanghai, on the evening of April 14, he called an emergency meeting of the upper-level military officers to discuss the anti-communist plan, and decided to start taking action against the Communists the next day. At 2 o'clock in the morning on April 15, martial law was enforced in Guangzhou City, and the city was densely populated by military and police.They imitated the same trick as the "April 12" in Shanghai. First, the hooligans organized by the pseudo-trade union attacked the workers' pickets and the revolutionary trade unions. Qian Dajun and Li Fulin sent military police to assist.The workers' picket team used two locomotives as a fortress, stood firm in the residence, and fired back. It lasted until noon, and was finally forced to disarm because it was outnumbered.As far as we know afterwards, Xiong Xiong, Director of the Political Department of Whampoa Military Academy, and Yang Qigang, Chief of the Propaganda Section of the Political Department, were arrested on April 15 and executed shortly thereafter.Hundreds of Whampoa students were arrested and countless were killed.Xiao Chunv, a political instructor, suffers from lung disease and is recuperating in Dongshan Hospital. The military police force her to hang her on the back of a car and drag her to death.Communist Party member Han Linfu later reported to the Central Committee of Wuhan on the situation of the "Qing Party" in Guangdong, saying: Li Jishen returned to Guangdong from Shanghai and spread rumors that the Communist Party would attack Shamian on the 16th, and we knew that there would be major changes on the 16th.Unexpectedly, at 2 o'clock on the night of the 14th, the strike committee, Guangsan trade union, and Guangjiu trade union were all disbanded. Sun Yat-sen University, Zhixin Middle School, and No. 1 Middle School were also destroyed as much as possible.They use students to arrest students, workers to arrest workers, and they have been arresting wantonly.By the next morning, a total of more than 2,000 comrades had been arrested, and they were all banned in Nanguan Theater.The anti-communist purge in Guangdong was extremely important to the reactionary strategy of the Chiang Kai-shek clique, and it cut off Wuhan's external maritime ties.Most of the communists in Guangdong were arrested and sacrificed, and the workers' armed pickets were destroyed. Only the peasant army led by Haifeng Pengpai and the peasant self-defense army in Beijiang Luoqiyuan withdrew in time. . Fujian: It was the breakthrough point for Chiang Kai-shek to launch the "Qing Party" across the country. On April 3, under the direct order of Chiang Kai-shek, Fang Shengtao, Chiang Kai-shek's agent in Fujian and chairman of the interim political conference, and Tan Shuqing, the acting commander-in-chief of the East Route Army and the commander of the new First Army, etc., held a support for Chiang Kai-shek at the South School Field in Fuzhou. The "Qing Party" conference proposed to "expel Bo Luodin" and "punish" the leftist leaders of the Kuomintang Xu Qian and Deng Yanda and the leaders of the Communist Party of China Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Tan Pingshan, Yun Daiying, and Yu Shude; after the meeting, the party headquarters of Fujian Province was reorganized preparatory office. On April 4, Tan Shuqing became the commander of martial law in the whole province, announcing that all assemblies, associations, and mass movements would not be held. Anyone who violated the martial law measures and sabotaged them would be severely punished. It was in April that Wuhan first heard about the anti-communist wave in Fujian. On the 6th, the Central Political Committee decided to appoint CCP members Jiang Dongqin and Xu Suhun as party affairs instructors in Fujian to save the crisis, but it was too late. Exile. Zhejiang: The hometown of Chiang Kai-shek, the birthplace of the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Consortium, naturally not far behind.Zhang Jingjiang personally went to deploy the "Qing Party". In the early morning of April 11, Zhang Lie, director of the Hangzhou Municipal Public Security Bureau, led a large number of military police to raid the provincial and municipal party headquarters and trade unions, searched the residences of famous communists, and arrested revolutionaries.Ningbo, which is closer to Chiang Kai-shek's hometown, suffered after Chen Qun and Yang Hu from Shanghai arrived with a group of thugs.When they interrogated the revolutionaries, they used brutal corporal punishment and brutal beheading.Communist Party members Yang Meishan (Standing Committee Member of the Kuomintang City Party Committee) and Wang Kun (Chairman of the Federation of Trade Unions) were beheaded, and female Communist Party member Hu Jiaoqin was stabbed in the chest and then shot to death.Thousands of people were imprisoned, and many peasants were executed by burning and burying alive by landlords.After the establishment of the Nanjing government, Zhang Jingjiang, Chiang Kai-shek, He Yingqin, Zhou Fengqi, etc. served as members of the Zhejiang branch of the political conference. On April 27, the Zhejiang Provincial Government announced its establishment and promoted Zhang Jingjiang as the chairman of the provincial government.Famous CCP leaders such as Xuan Zhonghua and An Ticheng were arrested and sacrificed. Anhui: The anti-communist purge began on March 19 when Chiang Kai-shek entered Anqing from Jiujiang. The "March 23" incident was the harbinger of a comprehensive "cleaning of the party" in Anhui.After this incident, the CCP's power in Anhui was completely lost. After the "April 12" coup, the anti-communist forces in Anhui became even more vicious. An emergency meeting was held on the evening of April 14, and operations began the next day. The Federation of Trade Unions rushed into the venue according to the prior arrangement, arrested the Communists, and wounded countless participants.According to Shu Chuanxian, a member of the Standing Committee of the Anhui Federation of Trade Unions and a Communist, reported to the Wuhan Central Committee: Jiang Yiyu, a member of the association, was shot in the left arm, countless people were wounded with sticks, more than 10 people were missing, and 7 people were arrested. Sichuan: On March 31, more than 30,000 people from all walks of life in Chongqing, including industry, agriculture, business, and academia, held a meeting in Daqiangba to protest against the bombing of Nanjing by the British and American imperialists, against Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship, and against the betrayal of the Sichuan warlords.The main backbone of the CCP in Sichuan participated in the conference.Sichuan warlord Liu Xiang received a secret telegram from Chiang Kai-shek and ordered Chongqing Garrison Commander Wang Lingji to send troops to surround the meeting place and shoot at the crowd.This is the "March 31" tragedy in Chongqing.Famous communists Yang Quangong, Chen Dasan, Zhang Sigu, Qi Nanxun, Cheng Jianyuan, etc. were all arrested and killed.Yang Daorong, a member of the Communist Party who survived the disaster, reported that there were more than 400 dead; almost all workers' pickets were wiped out. BEIJING: The red-bearded Zhang Zuolin, who has been entrenched in Beijing, sees a glimmer of hope after Chiang Kai-shek's open defection.After the British imperialists were in the middle, they echoed Chiang Kai-shek and sent military police to attack the Soviet embassy in China on April 6, arresting Soviet diplomats and Li Dazhao who was working at his desk in the West Courtyard, KMT leftist Lu Youyu and others He was also followed and arrested. On the morning of April 28, 20 people including Li Dazhao were about to be escorted to the execution ground of Jingshi Detention Center in Xijiaominxiang after a hasty "military trial" by the Police Department. The "Shenbao" report on April 30: The roads in the detention center were cut off from traffic and the security was extremely strict. Gao Jiwu, the commander of the Northeast Military Police Battalion, was the prison officer. Executioners and soldiers sent to the gallows.It is said that there are two gallows in the detention center, so only two people can be executed at the same time, and it takes about 18 minutes for each person to die.Counting from 2 o'clock to 5 o'clock, the execution of 20 people was completed. The first person to climb the gallows was Li Dazhao. Hearing that Li's expression did not change, he died calmly. One of the female corpses is Zhang Juanlan, her face is bowed down, her skin is pale, her neck may have red marks, her hair is all disheveled, her clothes are mostly commoner clothes, and her shoes are mostly leather shoes. At first glance, she can be seen as a young student. The purge of communists even spread overseas. After the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup d'état, the anti-communists in the Paris branch of the Kuomintang took the lead and launched an attack on April 24. They held an emergency meeting, issued an anti-communist declaration, and expelled the communists.The next day, the German branch also followed suit, anti-pollution communists "betrayed the party and the country". On April 28, anti-communists in the branches of Shatuku, Qingtian, Biyingu, Marseille, Hungary, Spain, Turkey, and Guluomei announced that they were in favor of "expelling the Communist Party." On April 29, the anti-communist forces in Paris, Qingtian, Chatoucourt and other places colluded with each other, organized and established the "Preparatory Office for the Reorganization of the General Branch of the Chinese Kuomintang in France", and issued a statement of opinion on the reorganization of the general branch.As of the beginning of May, the anti-communist forces in branches such as Lyon, Belgian, Columbia, and Monbury started the "party purge" operation, and about 50 communists were expelled. On June 14, the Nanjing Central Party Cleaning Committee dispatched 5 people to organize overseas party cleaning committees, and began to press on overseas Communists step by step... A member of the Kuomintang who participated in the "Qing Party" and later felt uneasy said this about the "April 12" massacre: The entire country's politics has been reversed since then, and all disasters have followed.Woohoo, I don't know how many thousands of passionate youths have ruined their most precious lives just under the four words "stop activities" in the "Qing Party" express text!The Kuomintang massacred millions of young people with aspirations and knowledge in China in order to "save the party".The greatest crime of the Kuomintang is the "Qingdang", which wiped out the vitality of the nation, and it is the root cause of all the crimes of the Kuomintang since then. Recalling the rows of corpses that fell in Longhua, the bamboo sticks nailed between Li Dazhao's nails, and the picket team members who were thrown alive into the locomotive boiler, a "participant" can still know this, what else does the Communists have? Say something?History has reached the final decision. The "cold spring" in 1927 lasted longer than ever before, and the communists felt as if they were tightly bound by ice and snow armor in the cold wind.