Chapter 13 tragedy happened

Before Wang Jingwei arrived in Shanghai, it was also the time when the Central Committee of the Communist Party was nervously preparing to deal with Chiang Kai-shek's sudden coup.The originally tense strings relaxed overnight when Wang Jingwei arrived.The reason, on the one hand, was that Wang Jingwei was always regarded as the leader of the "leftists", and on the other hand, when Wang Jingwei passed through Moscow, the Communist International and the Soviet government promised to give him full support. It should be said that before 1926, Stalin basically wanted the Communist Party of China to fully support the National Revolutionary Army controlled by the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek.Into 1927, the situation changed.Shortly after the conclusion of the Seventh Executive Committee of the Communist International, the dispute between Chiang Kai-shek and the Wuhan Nationalist Government for moving the capital took place in China.

Three representatives of the Comintern in Shanghai reported to Stalin that the dispute over the transfer of the capital "is not a simple dispute over the seat of the government. The question is whether the National Revolutionary Movement is moving forward with the masses and the Communist Party, or whether it is planning to fight with Japan and Feng march forward with the compromised dictator Chiang Kai-shek".Pointing out that Chiang Kai-shek's speech on February 21 was the last public killing speech, especially raising the Shanghai issue has special significance at present, Chiang Kai-shek needs Shanghai as a base for continuing to oppose the leftists and the Communist Party, and to trade with the North and imperialism.Chiang Kai-shek rushed to attack Shanghai because he believed that only by occupying Shanghai could he gain an absolute advantage in the struggle with the leftists for the leadership of the Kuomintang.The Chinese bourgeoisie also hopes to maintain its leadership in the national revolution through Chiang Kai-shek. Shanghai has become the key to determining whether the leadership of the proletariat can be realized, and Chiang Kai-shek has become the banner of the counter-revolution.

These words are neither unrealistic nor profound.Even Wei Jingsky, who always advocated that the revolutionary camp should not divide too quickly and disagreed with Borodin's Lian Tang (Shengzhi) against Chiang, went to Nanchang, and after returning to Wuhan, he couldn't help it. , Shanghai will be turned into a rightist bastion by Chiang Kai-shek! The Communist International also instructed in a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: The Communist Party must not cover up the reactionary policies of the KMT Right Wing, and must mobilize the masses to unite around the KMT Left Wing and the Chinese Communist Party, discrediting the KMT Right Wing politically and removing them from their leadership positions .It seems that the Communist International has clearly identified Chiang Kai-shek as a rightist of the Kuomintang.However, they remained optimistic about Chiang Kai-shek and the revolutionary situation in China. On March 16, 1927, "Pravda" published an editorial: The view that differences within the revolutionary camp are not inevitable is a serious political error, which has nothing in common with Marxism.He also said that the imperialists were trying in vain to split some Chinese military leaders from the Kuomintang.The editorial concludes by saying that although the path of the Chinese revolution is arduous, there is no reason for pessimism.

Faced with the tense situation of Chiang Kai-shek's rebellious revolution in Shanghai, the Executive Committee of the Communist International instructed the Communist Party of China: to launch a movement among the masses to oppose the coup d'etat that was already planned, and to launch an anti-rightist movement.Given the very disadvantageous position in the balance of forces, let us not rush into an open struggle.Weapons are not to be handed over, they must be concealed if necessary. At the same time, Stalin wanted to exploit the right.He said at the Moscow Party Congress of Activists: Why expel the Right?Right now we need the Right, and among the Right there are able men who will lead the army against imperialism.Chiang Kai-shek may not sympathize with the revolution, but he is leading the army, and he cannot do anything other than fight against imperialism.They also have connections with wealthy businessmen, where they can raise funds.So make the most of them, squeeze them like lemon juice, squeeze them dry, and throw them away.

The last sentence is too vivid.Words that are too vivid are easy to remember. Chen Duxiu never forgot.Moreover, when Wang Jingwei passed through Moscow, the Comintern considered him a leader of the left and promised to fully support him.After Wang Jingwei returned to China, and after Chiang Kai-shek used counter-revolutionary hands to send out a telegram, Moscow was even more optimistic. On April 5, "Pravda" once again wrote an article saying: The Kuomintang is expected to continue to support the revolutionary workers, peasants and democratic masses; the dispute over the issue of individual leadership within the Kuomintang has been resolved; Chiang Kai-shek has fully agreed that the differences among the Kuomintang members should be resolved collectively , all party members must obey the resulting resolution.Chiang Kai-shek has expressed his willingness to obey the Kuomintang Central Committee absolutely.

The return of Wang Jingwei, the representatives of the Communist International, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Shanghai District Committee all placed great hopes on it. After a short contact with Luo Yinong, he made this evaluation: Wang Jingwei's attitude is very good, his political concept is very stable, and he can continue to cooperate with CP, even to build a socialist system.He also said that after Wang Jingwei's arrival, the fighting in Shanghai had eased, and that Jiang had issued a mobilization order the night before, but he withdrew it immediately after Wang came.

It was later verified that after Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Shanghai, he did order Liu Zhi to mobilize the siege and confiscate the firearms of the picket team on April 1. It was because Wang Jingwei went to Shanghai that Chiang Kai-shek withdrew the order. These days, Chen Duxiu is living in an atmosphere of peace brewed internationally and domestically. On April 3, he and Zhou Enlai went to see Wang Jingwei. Chen Duxiu extended his hand early and greeted Wang Jingwei endlessly.Chen Duxiu asked: "I heard that you went to Moscow?" Wang Jingwei did not answer directly: "Mr. Sun advocates alliance with Russia and the Communist Party."

Chen Duxiu sat down with Zhou Enlai: "The Communist International has the same attitude as ours, and hopes that you will come back." Wang Jingwei nodded: "Brothers have heard about it outside. Thank you for your trust." Chen Duxiu: "You are not here, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party are at a standstill. Chiang Kai-shek has done it in Jiujiang and Anqing. I am very worried about the situation in Shanghai. It will be fine if you come." "In the past few days, I have talked with comrades Zhihui, Yuanpei, and Shi Zeng. I heard that the Communist Party shouted slogans to overthrow the Kuomintang and the Three People's Principles?" Wang Jingwei said with a smile on a serious subject.

"There is absolutely no such thing!" Chen Duxiu categorically denied. "This matter, which Zhihui and I have stated many times, is purely a rumor." "It's fine if not, I'll talk to Zhihui again." Like an arbiter of good things, Wang Jingwei began to jump back and forth between the KMT and the Communist Party, while hiding his ultimate goal very deeply.After Chen Duxiu left, he briefed Wu Zhihui, Li Zongren, and Zhang Jingjiang. Wu Zhihui shook his head and grinned: "You have to listen to him, he told me before, it was just talk, what Chen Duxiu said is all lies. Tell him to write it on paper and try!"

Wang Jingwei ran to Chen Duxiu, and when he told Wu Zhihui what Chen Duxiu said, Chen Duxiu became anxious: "Why is it empty talk? I can write it on paper and let him read it, and let the world read it." On April 4th, Chen Duxiu handed over to Wang Jingwei a statement of attitude written by himself.When writing was brewing, Chen Duxiu repeatedly read the international calls in order to make his views more in line with the international spirit.Wang Jingwei took it over and looked at it. There are two points that are very eye-catching: one is that the Kuomintang has never expelled friendly parties and destroyed trade unions; the other is that it agrees with the National Government's policy of not taking back the Shanghai concession by force.Chen Duxiu also wrote: We should stand on the revolutionary point of view, immediately abandon mutual suspicion, not listen to any rumors, respect each other, negotiate everything, and proceed with sincerity. Even if political opinions are different, they must be consistent.

After watching it, Wang Jingwei said: "I agree with your opinion. If the two parties are really like this, it will be good for both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party." "If you are sincere, sir, please sign it. It is our consensus, how about it?" Wang Jingwei agreed, read it again carefully, and signed it. The next day, "Current Affairs News" and "Republic of China Daily" both published the "Wang and Chen Joint Declaration". When Chiang Kai-shek saw him and patted the table, Wu Zhihui opened his mouth and cursed: "Isn't this hanging with Chen Duxiu? A rabbit white-faced scholar, a rabbit with raised eyebrows." On the same day, Wu Zhihui questioned Wang Jingwei in front of everyone: "When Mr. He did not agree with the Kuomintang and the Communist Party to jointly govern China, but only said that the Communist Party helped the Kuomintang." Wang Jingwei smiled: "We only said that misunderstandings between the two parties should not happen, and we didn't say that the two parties should treat China together." Wu Zhihui asked again: "Is it your idea to publish the joint declaration, or Chen Duxiu's idea?" Wang Jingwei seemed very aggrieved: "I only intend to issue a statement to dispel rumors with Chen Duxiu, so as to prevent the misunderstanding between the two parties from deepening. If you have opinions like this, if you knew it, you just don't publish it." "You should know that Chen Duxiu is the leader of the Communist Party and their parent. His status as a leader in the Communist Party is unquestionable. But is there such a leader or parent in our Kuomintang?" Wu Zhihui sneered, "Now there are people As the leader of the Kuomintang, I’m afraid it’s not true!?” Wang Jingwei was very embarrassed.In shame and anger, he took a night boat to Wuhan. According to the speculation of later generations, it is not ruled out that Wang Jingwei's wavering mood at that time was not ruled out.From the original intention of the Communist Party, the publication of the Wang and Chen Declarations is to break the tactics of the rightists from a strategic point of view.This can be seen from Luo Yinong's report at the activist meeting on April 6. Luo said: "The Chen-Wang joint declaration has broken many rightist tricks of spreading rumors and slandering. All the Kuomintang party departments and our party departments should issue a declaration to express their support. Especially among the workers, students and women, we should especially support our leader Comrade Duxiu, which is of great significance. The second is to ease the tense atmosphere , to 'delay the outbreak' of the conflict." However, at this very moment, even the sound of gentle wind and drizzle for peace, in the eyes of the hostiles, is a potential danger, may have long nights and dreams, and is a declaration of war. Chiang Kai-shek was also afraid that something might happen to Wang Jingwei.He was afraid that Wang Jingwei would mix the Wuhan government and the Communist Party together. In that case, it would be difficult for Chiang Kai-shek alone to shake the mountain.So Chiang Kai-shek couldn't wait any longer, he wanted to catch a lightning bolt before the storm... It cannot be said that the Communist Party is not vigilant.Chen Duxiu, like Wang Jingwei, went to Wuhan.The district committee members who remained in Shanghai held an activist meeting on April 6, chaired by Zhao Shiyan.When explaining the reason for this meeting, he especially emphasized: "Shanghai is still in a dangerous period. It is not only related to the Shanghai revolution, but also the key to the success or failure of Chinese workers. Most comrades have not yet understood the current political situation, so this meeting is called. " Next, Luo Yinong also pointed out in his report that the current situation urgently stems from the struggle of the New Right of the Kuomintang to the revolutionary forces, and the nature of the struggle is a struggle between revolution and counter-revolution.Luo Yinong summarized the dangerous situation in Shanghai and the entire revolution: Chiang Kai-shek is the center of all right-wing reactionaries, and all those who oppose the Wuhan government are concentrated in Shanghai, so this struggle is overall, not a simple Shanghai issue. The mastermind was Chiang Kai-shek.Chiang Kai-shek has burned trade unions and destroyed party headquarters in Jiangxi, Anqing, Wuhu, Hangzhou, and Ningbo. Although such actions have not broken out in Shanghai, they are brewing. The Shanghai District Committee is actively preparing, and no one thinks of retreating.However, they have no experience.In the clouded skies of their hearts they hoped that the "proclamation" would work miracles; they looked for a glimmer of light in the distance.What will the international say?Chen Duxiu waited eagerly. In waiting, he fell into the quagmire of opportunism.Instead of slowing down his opponent, his strategy of delaying the attack paralyzed himself. After the publication of the Wang and Chen Declarations, the influential "International Review" of Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow said: What disappointed foreign imperialists even more was the declaration jointly signed by Wang Jingwei and the Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chen Duxiu. The task is not to accomplish his final goal, but to cooperate with the Kuomintang to achieve the victory of the national revolution as a necessary condition.At the same time, the Kuomintang also advises its members to cooperate faithfully with the Communists. Therefore, all enemies of the Chinese revolution should know that the Kuomintang is a unified anti-imperialist organism that can defeat any compromise with this or that bourgeois group. . After the tragedy, Chen Duxiu told the comrades: When Chiang Kai-shek was preparing for a counter-revolutionary coup, the International sent a telegram ordering us to bury the workers' guns, to avoid conflict with Chiang Kai-shek's army, and not to disturb the ancestral world with armed forces, etc. The Shanghai District Committee has realized that the command of the Communist International to hide guns is suicide, and they are willing not to avoid bloodshed and sacrifice.The Shanghai District Committee was crushed into a pool of blood by the wheels of the coup.