Chapter 27 3. Zhou Enlai led the anti-germ warfare

In order to save the unfavorable situation on the battlefield, the U.S. authorities increased the pressure on North Korea and China to influence the armistice negotiations, and in order to test the performance of its bacterial weapons, in early 1952, in violation of public international law and regardless of humanitarianism, the US authorities continued to carry out the "Strangling War". "At the same time, a large-scale germ warfare was carried out in North Korea and parts of China.In order to cover up its crimes, the United States conducts its germ warfare in secret. Walker Mai Mahurin, served in the Office of the Secretary of the US Air Force before October 1951, and later served as the captain of the 5th Air Force for the US invasion of North Korea. He was shot down and captured on May 13, 1953; Andre J. Love Jr. Vince, who served in the Office of the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force before November 1952, and later served as the deputy captain of the 5th Air Force for the U.S. invasion of Korea, was shot down and captured on March 26, 1953.During their tenure in the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force or the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, they all came into contact with some inside information about the germ warfare carried out by the U.S. military in North Korea, and all of them carried out germ warfare missions in North Korea.According to their confessions after being captured, as early as December 1950, when the U.S. military was hit by the second battle of the Chinese People’s Volunteers and retreated from the Qingchuan River to the 38th parallel, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff hoped to use bacteriological weapons to save them. The defeat on the Korean battlefield.The main members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff all believed that bacterial weapons were effective and cheap, and should be developed, and approved the preparation work plan for the use of bacterial weapons in North Korea, and ordered that the preparations be completed before the end of 1951. In the winter of 1951, the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to implement germ warfare in North Korea.

Mahurin stated in his confession dated August 10, 1953: In November 1950, on the instructions of my superior, Deputy Director of the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, Thiel, I visited the Detrick Barracks in Frederick, Maryland , where the Air Force is experimenting with the best way to carry and deliver bacteriological weapons by aircraft.Thiel told me that senior military leaders such as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Bradley, Army Chief of Staff General Collins, Air Force Chief of Staff General Vandenberg, and Chief of Naval Operations General Sherman all believed that bacteriological weapons were effective , and cheap, so it should be developed to make this weapon occupy a certain position in the war. In the last week of October 1951, Maj. Gen. Savel, who was in charge of Air Operations, summoned me and said that the Chief of Staff of the Air Force had ordered 75 F-86Es to be sent to North Korea to replace the F-86Es of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing. -80 aircraft, you Mahurin will be in charge of this program.The purpose of these aircraft is related to the germ warfare program in North Korea.We have received instructions from the Ministry of National Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff to carry out a limited bacterial campaign in North Korea. The goal of the bacterial campaign is to test its effect on the Korean battlefield. The scale of use may also be adjusted according to the actual situation of the war. To expand, the containers that can be carried by different types of aircraft will be tested in various terrains and different climates. Some people also hope that the negotiations may be affected by this and produce a satisfactory result.Mahurin said that on the afternoon of December 18, the commander of the Far East Air Force, General Willan, met with us. He said that he had received an order from the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the germ warfare plan. Bacterial warfare is carried out on a small scale, with the possibility of being expanded in the future, and other types of aircraft will also be involved.After the Weyland meeting, I received an order to be transferred to the 5th Air Force. On December 20th, we went to Seoul and met with Everest, commander of the 5th Air Force, who told us that the 5th Air Force would start a limited germ campaign, which concerned the fighters and bombers of the 5th Air Force , this attack will be on an experimental basis, but has the potential to be expanded.

Evans stated in his confession dated August 18, 1953, that my first exposure to germ warfare and the fact that it could be used in North Korea was in January 1951, when I was Chief of Staff of the Air Force Chief of Staff Gru Assistant to Brigadier General Sendorf.One day, he talked with me about what happened in North Korea. When the situation in North Korea was reversed due to the participation of Chinese troops, he told me that despite this, the Joint Chiefs of Staff had approved the possible use of germ warfare in North Korea and its preparations last month. The work plan, the Research and Development Command has been ordered to complete this plan by the end of 1951, and perhaps this plan will have an impact on the future of the war.

In addition to the two of them, Colonel Frank H. Schweible, who was shot down and captured on July 8, 1952 and served as the chief of staff of the 1st Air Wing of the US Marine Corps, made a statement in December 1952 In it, he also confessed the background of germ warfare that his predecessor told him in late April 1952.This background situation is roughly the same as that discussed by Mahurin and Evans.Evans, Schweible, and some other American pilots who were shot down and captured during germ warfare missions stated in their confessions that all American combat aircraft in the Far East, including fighter interceptors, fighter bombers, B-26 light bombers, B The -29 strategic bomber and the aircraft of the Marine Corps have performed germ warfare missions.

The United States carried out bacterial warfare in North Korea. The germs and viruses used were carefully cultivated. Some of the germs and viruses of severe infectious diseases such as plague, cholera, typhoid, and dysentery were made into bacterial bombs or bacterial powders, and some were attached. On other media, use aircraft for throwing and spreading.For the sake of secrecy, they are called "propaganda bombs" or "non-exploding bombs" to their pilots, and they are usually carried out at night or during bombing missions.The scope of its distribution includes the entire northern part of North Korea, mainly along several main railway lines and towns north of Pyongyang.Bacteria were also sprayed in Northeast China.From January 28 to March 31, 1952, within two months, insects carrying germs and viruses were discovered 804 times in northern North Korea by the US military. After the end of February, there were also insects in the border areas of China. Find.North Korea, where there had been no plague or cholera for many years, was invaded and infected.

At the end of January and early February of 1952, in the coldest month of winter in North Korea, after the U.S. military planes passed by, the Volunteer Army repeatedly found insects and small spiders that could not survive in this season in the wild, and the density was relatively high, and some even reached one square meter. More than 1000 meters.After receiving the report from the Volunteers, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission paid close attention to it and handled it very carefully.Instruct the Volunteer Army to continue to collect relevant information, collect specimens for culture and testing to make a judgment, and at the same time take effective measures to exterminate these insects to prevent spread.The General Staff and the General Logistics Department also sent relevant experts to understand the situation.By mid-February, the Volunteer Army found the above-mentioned insects and small spiders after the U.S. aircraft passed by several times in a row. On the 17th, the China-North Korea Joint Headquarters notified the Volunteer Army and the People's Army ministries, and instructed the ministries to pay close attention to the enemy's insidiousness.

On February 18, Nie Rongzhen, on behalf of the chief of the general staff, reported to Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, and Lin Biao on the U.S. military’s dropping of fungal insects and their opinions on handling. , The second is flies, and the third is fleas. The spraying area is very large, and they were found in the defense areas of the 20th, 26th, 39th, and 42nd armies. "In addition to sending experts to the spot to find out, all kinds of insects have been sent to Beijing for culture and testing. It will take two days to draw a conclusion on what kind of bacteria they carry. According to experts' estimates, cholera, typhoid, plague, The four types of relapsing fever are more likely. If the tests confirm that the epidemic prevention and elimination work must be carried out quickly and vigorously (the Ministry of Health of the General Logistics Department is planning), and the Soviet Union will need human and material assistance.” At this point, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China The Central Military Commission and the Central Military Commission have determined that the United States dropped various insects in North Korea, which is an action of germ warfare.After seeing this report, Mao Zedong issued an order on the 19th: "Premier Zhou please pay attention to this matter and deal with it."

After receiving Mao Zedong's instructions, Zhou Enlai drew up the tasks to be done in the anti-bacterial warfare work that night, and reported to Mao Zedong: "The chairman's instructions have been read, and the things to be done now are: 1. Intensify the test Insect bacteria, according to preliminary tests, contain plague, cholera and other germs, all of which should be identified within a day or two; second, send the epidemic prevention team and vaccines, powders and other equipment; Following the accusation to the whole world, cooperate with the news and public opinion, and make the United States responsible for the consequences; 4. Heda suggested to the world and Heda to launch the world's campaign against the crimes of germ warfare committed by the United States; Sixth, report this matter to the Soviet government and ask for its help." These six measures were approved by Mao Zedong.Since then, the anti-bacterial warfare work of exposing and prosecuting the crimes of germ warfare in the United States and carrying out epidemic prevention on the battlefield has been launched accordingly.

On the 21st, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a propaganda work instruction against the U.S. imperialist germ warfare to all central bureaus, pointing out: "Since January 28, we have successively discovered that the U.S. imperialist aggressors used a large number of air forces to attack the U.S. imperialists. Release and spread germs. This is a new inhuman crime committed by the U.S. imperialists on the people of China and North Korea. This new crime of U.S. imperialism must be exposed and combated, and the people of the whole country must be mobilized to strengthen the work of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea. Support the Chinese People's Volunteers. The central government has decided that the Xinhua News Agency will publish news and People's Daily editorials starting on the 22nd; both the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Korea will issue statements on this matter and file accusations to the world; the Chinese people defend world peace The Committee Against U.S. Aggression will also file a complaint to the World Peace Congress on this matter, and suggest that the World Peace Congress launch a campaign against the U.S. imperialist crimes of germ warfare. After the Xinhua News Agency releases this news, the party committees in various places should launch a campaign to accuse and oppose U.S. imperialism. Propaganda campaign for this new crime of the emperor.” In the directives of the central government, several methods were also stipulated for carrying out this campaign in various places.

On the same day, the Central Military Commission issued an instruction drafted by Zhou Enlai to the Volunteer Army and the Northeast Military Region, pointing out: "According to many indications, the enemy's recent dispersal of various insects in North Korea to carry out germ warfare should cause our various The high attention of the leaders at the higher level. Although it is not yet possible to finally determine what kind of germs the enemy is spreading (because it needs to be cultivated and repeatedly tested, it will take two days), but there is no delay. In order to gain time, in addition to the Sincerely worked with Soviet advisors and other experts to put forward the epidemic prevention plan today (21st), and since yesterday (20th), 3.4 million copies of plague vaccine, 9,000 pounds of disinfectant powder, sprayers, anti-epidemic clothing, etc. , transported to Andong by plane in three days, and quickly transferred to the front by the volunteer army. In addition, another 10 million plague vaccines were produced in China and sent to North Korea in batches. The epidemic prevention personnel except the epidemic prevention team and health personnel of the army should In addition to emergency mobilization, the Northeast epidemic prevention team has been dispatched on standby, and the Soviet side has been called to send experts for guidance. The important issue now is that we must seize every minute and every second to disinfect and isolate the area where the bacteria spread, and overcome the Numbness and fluke mentality. But in the army, we should also pay special attention not to cause panic and terror. In order to understand the situation of the enemy's continued spread of bacteria and our epidemic prevention, please give a daily briefing. What kind of medicines and utensils are also expected to be telegraphed at any time so that they can be delivered." On the same day, the content of this telegram was sent to Kim Il Sung and Li Kenong in the name of Mao Zedong.

On the 23rd, Zhou Enlai reviewed the outline of the anti-bacterial warfare epidemic prevention plan prepared by the Ministry of Health of the General Logistics Department, and believed that "the principle is applicable", and reported it to Mao Zedong at the same time, suggesting that the anti-bacterial warfare work can be implemented in two stages: the first stage is the preparation and prevention stage, that is, Under the current situation that the germs have not yet developed, the central government first organizes the general epidemic prevention office within the Central Military Commission to lead the rear to prepare for epidemic prevention and take epidemic prevention measures on the front line (the war zone first organizes the epidemic prevention command office, and the Northeast Military Region organizes the epidemic prevention office. The health department of the military region is responsible for this work), and is currently not busy with large-scale mobilization and border inspections in the country.If the United States continues its germ warfare after my public accusation, I will immediately enter the second stage of comprehensive emergency measures.It was approved by Mao Zedong on the same day. On the 25th, the Central Military Commission once again issued epidemic prevention instructions to the Volunteers, stating: The current epidemic prevention work in North Korea should first unify the understanding of the enemy's germ warfare and overcome various right-leaning ideas (careless paralysis, luck, and disbelief that the enemy will spread germs, etc.).Leading cadres and agencies at all levels must regard epidemic prevention as the top priority in the current work of troops and residents.For this reason, in addition to other arrangements made by the central government in terms of diplomacy and publicity, the specific measures related to the frontline epidemic prevention work are now stipulated as follows: (1) Epidemic prevention work is carried out in two steps.In the first stage, when the current front-line germs are not developing, the central government first sends representatives from the General Staff, the General Political Department, the Ministry of Public Security, and the Ministry of Health within the Military Commission to form the Central Epidemic Prevention Office. First, the military region organizes the epidemic prevention office to grasp the situation of the epidemic prevention, exchange the epidemic situation, study and guide the epidemic prevention work in the front and the support work in the rear.If the enemy continues to scatter bacteria and insects after I publicly accuse them of their crimes, and the tests ahead of them prove to be infectious bacteria, and the number of sick people and deaths continues to increase, and the number is increasing, then we should declare that we have entered the second stage. Phase emergency measures phase.At that time, both the theater and the country must organize epidemic prevention committees covering all aspects to strengthen the overall leadership of epidemic prevention work. (2) Immediately mobilize the anti-epidemic teams and health personnel in the front to quickly inoculate the 3.4 million plague vaccines that have been sent to the front for forced inoculation among the troops and residents in the epidemic prevention areas, and carry out disinfection and isolation of the epidemic areas. It should be done without hesitation.The five-in-one vaccine (cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid A, B and tetanus mixed vaccine) is now being packaged, and 2.5 million copies will be delivered around mid-March (for party, government and military personnel), And 5 million copies of cholera vaccine (for residents in epidemic areas and traffic arteries).The plague vaccine is still being produced according to plan, and the anti-virus masks are also being arranged and produced. (3) The intelligence work of epidemic prevention should be strengthened. In addition to the epidemic prevention organizations and health agencies at all levels must report the epidemic prevention situation at any time, a number of laboratories and quarantine stations must be organized in appropriate places in the theater of operations, and several mobile test teams must be formed by Zhiwei and the epidemic prevention team.For this reason, the central government is organizing laboratory experts from Beijing, Tianjin and other big cities to set up several laboratory teams to go to Zhisi.The Northeast Epidemic Prevention Team has sent 150 people to Andong, Changdian Hekou, Ji'an, Linjiang, and Tumen to set up stations, and another 350 people have been concentrated in Changchun for training and to enter the court. (4) Designate several specialized hospitals as preparatory hospitals for infection prevention, and prepare to receive and isolate patients. (5) Epidemic prevention education among the troops and the population is extremely important and must be carried out seriously, but at the same time special care should be taken not to cause panic and confusion. In short, no matter how far the enemy's germ warfare is going, or whether there are sick people, we must carry out the epidemic prevention work quickly and resolutely, without any hesitation or wavering, otherwise we will easily suffer losses and fall into a passive position.As for specific measures, please ask Peng to deal with it as appropriate and report. In accordance with the above-mentioned decisions and instructions, the anti-bacteriological warfare struggle has been fully launched in the country and among the volunteers. After the end of February and the beginning of March, the United States expanded the scope of germ warfare to Northeast China. On March 14, a Central Epidemic Prevention Committee was established with Zhou Enlai as the director, Guo Moruo and Nie Rongzhen as the deputy directors, and He Cheng as the office director. Leads the overall effort against germ warfare. After the foreign minister of the government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea issued a statement protesting against the atrocities of germ warfare in the United States, on February 24, Zhou Enlai issued a statement in the name of the foreign minister, supporting the statement of the foreign minister of the DPRK and expressing the determination of the Chinese government and people to resolutely crush the crimes of germ warfare in the United States.At the same time, news and public opinion tools across the country cooperated closely to expose and accuse the United States of crimes of germ warfare.Guo Moruo, chairman of the Chinese People's Defense of World Peace and Against U.S. Aggression Committee, called Joliot Curie, chairman of the World Peace Council. Various democratic parties, people's organizations, and famous democrats issued statements and speeches to expose and accuse the U.S. of the crimes of germ warfare .Democratic organizations and people in various democratic countries in the world have also issued statements or held rallies to protest against the atrocities of germ warfare in the United States. In this regard, the U.S. authorities initially expressed silence, and it was not until March 4 that U.S. Secretary of State Acheson issued a statement denying and denying it. On June 18, when the representative of the Soviet Union put forward the proposal of "calling on all countries to participate in the ratification of the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of bacteriological weapons" in the UN Security Council, the representative of the United States unreasonably vetoed it. In order to expose and publicize the crimes of American germ warfare to the world, in mid-March, a resolution was initiated by the Committee of the Chinese People's Defense of World Peace Against U.S. Aggression, and the Red Cross Society of China, various people's organizations, various democratic parties, Christian circles, and news art Representatives from the world and relevant experts and scholars formed the "U.S. Imperialist Bacterial Warfare Crime Investigation Team" to conduct on-the-spot investigations in North Korea and Northeast China from late March to early April; from early March to mid-August The Chinese and North Korean governments successively accepted the "Investigative Mission of the International Association of Democratic Legal Workers" and the "International Scientific Committee to Investigate the Facts of Bacterial Warfare in North Korea and China", and went to North Korea and Northeast China to investigate the crimes of bacterial warfare in the United States.The three investigative teams successively published investigation reports. After legal and scientific steps, they investigated a large number of facts and came to the conclusion that the United States carried out germ warfare in North Korea and Northeast China. During this period, China also held physical and photo exhibitions of American germ warfare crimes in Beijing and Shenyang. From early May to late November 1953, China's Xinhua News Agency successively published the confessions of 25 American pilots who had carried out germ warfare missions and were shot down and captured. The common feature of these confessions is that they Both described the detailed plot of the execution of the germ warfare mission and roughly the same official confidentiality regulations. The three captured colonel pilots, because of their higher positions and experience in high-level U.S. Air Force agencies, also confessed to the decision-making and planning of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff on germ warfare in North Korea with basically the same plot. Although the U.S. government has always denied and denied it, and has not released its files on the implementation of germ warfare in the Korean War until now after the war.But the facts speak louder than words. The US’s crimes of germ warfare and its ugly face have been fully exposed before the world. Dr. Wen Youzhang, the chairman of Canada's Peace Conference at that time, who had been a missionary in China for 22 years, conducted an on-site investigation near Shenyang when he visited China, and based on the facts he saw with his own eyes, he was in London on April 25. The press conference stated that the United States had carried out germ warfare not only in North Korea but also in China, and expressed solidarity with the Chinese people in their struggle against germ warfare.Decades later, before his death, he entrusted his son, Stephen Addicott (Chinese name: Wen Zhongzhi), a retired professor of history at York University in Canada, to write a book about the germ warfare conducted by the United States in the Korean War .Stephen Addicott (Wen Zhongzhi) went to the United States and China at his own expense to collect relevant materials and interview the parties involved, and through the relevant Chinese departments, he specially found the author of this book, and held a discussion on the germ warfare of the United States in the Korean War.He told the author of this book that he went to the United States to collect information in this regard. "Although he did not catch the tiger, he caught the tiger's tail." The relevant files have not been declassified.According to his father's entrustment, he completed the book "America and Germ Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and North Korea" based on the collected relevant materials and interviews, which was published by Indiana University Press in November 1998. While protesting, exposing, and prosecuting the crimes of germ warfare in the United States, scientific and effective anti-germ warfare epidemic prevention work was carried out both at home and on the battlefield.According to the instructions of the Central Military Commission, the Anti-Bacterial Warfare Epidemic Prevention Committee was first established in the Volunteer Army and the Northeast Administrative Region to deploy and guide the anti-bacterial warfare epidemic prevention work of the Volunteer Army, and prepare support for the Volunteer Army’s epidemic prevention work in the Northeast. At the end of February and early March, the United States expanded the scope of germ warfare to Northeast China. After the establishment of the Central Epidemic Prevention Committee with Zhou Enlai as the director in mid-March, by the end of March, except for the southwest region, all major administrative regions and coastal provinces and cities in the country In addition to the anti-epidemic teams organized by the Volunteer Army, a total of 129 anti-epidemic brigades with more than 20,000 anti-epidemic personnel were organized in China; three batches of domestic quarantine experts with a total of more than 50 people went to North Korea and Northeast China for on-site quarantine; in Shenyang , Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao and other places have set up bacterial center research institutions; the Soviet Union sent 9 experts in epidemiology, bacteriology, entomology, zoology, etc. to assist in quarantine work in the Northeast; 66 quarantine stations were set up on major traffic routes, and an epidemic prevention headquarters was set up in Shanhaiguan, responsible for the quarantine and disinfection of passing personnel, vehicles, and objects; a total of 15.983 million doses of plague vaccine and 6.51 million doses of quadruple vaccine were provided to the battlefield in China , 2.845 million doses of pentavalent vaccine, 323,000 doses of typhus vaccine, more than 800,000 doses of dysentery vaccine, more than 380,000 kg of DDT and 66 powder; 42,900 kg of other disinfectant powders; all of them have been completed in the volunteer army Injections of plague vaccines were carried out, and the injections were completed among the 4.5 million residents in the areas where the U.S. military spread the bacteria in North Korea and the areas on both sides of the main communication lines. In mid-April, 4.8 million people were vaccinated in Northeast China, and key injections were also carried out in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, East China, Central South, and South China.This large-scale anti-bacterial warfare epidemic prevention work came to an end by the end of November 1952. Combined with anti-bacterial warfare and epidemic prevention work, the country launched a nationwide patriotic health campaign for epidemic prevention, and launched the National Health and Epidemic Prevention Assault Month in May.Carrying out this activity has greatly improved the hygiene and health level of the Chinese people. The above-mentioned decision-making and measures have effectively shattered the United States' attempt to carry out germ warfare against the United States.The U.S. germ warfare not only failed to achieve its military goals, but also suffered a disgraceful political and moral failure. At this point in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, as Mao Zedong said: "The problems that arose on our side were, at first, whether we could fight, then whether we could defend, then whether we could guarantee supplies, and finally whether we could break the germ warfare. These four Problems, one by one, were solved. Our military is getting stronger as it fights."