Chapter 19 Section 3 Scholars of Guanyin Temple and Nunnery

After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in Songhu, a staff member surnamed Chen from the Fu Siniantuo Historical and Philological Institute escorted his mother to Anhui and temporarily stayed at the Chen family. Then he sent his wife Yu Dacai and his youngest son Fu Rengui to seek refuge at his father-in-law’s house in Guling, Lushan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, leaving him alone in danger. Organized and commanded the relocation of the head office of Academia Sinica and various institutes to Chongqing, Changsha and other places. Since the establishment of the Academia Sinica in June 1928, various research institutes have been successively established according to the division of disciplines. Before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, physics, chemistry, engineering, geology, astronomy, meteorology, historical language, psychology, social science and dynamics had been established. Botany and other ten research institutes.The three research institutes of physics, chemistry and engineering are located in Shanghai, and the rest are located in Nanjing, and a head office is set up in the old Legal Affairs Bureau of Chengxian Street, Nanjing (after the completion of the new site of Beiji Pavilion, the office will be moved to the new site), presiding over Handle administrative affairs of the hospital.

When the Institute of History and Philology, the Institute of Social Sciences and other institutions moved to Changsha, Fu Sinian spent the last years staying behind in the head office. On the eve of the fall of Nanjing, he was ordered to evacuate. He and his wife and young children arrived at the temporary residence of the headquarters of Academia Sinica in Chongqing via Hankou by boat. In the early summer of 1938, Cai Yuanpei finally agreed to Zhu Jiahua's resignation as director-general. He originally wanted to ask Fu Sinian to succeed him, but Fu Jian resigned, saying that he was worried about his brothers in Kunming and was eager to go to Kunming to preside over the Institute of History and Philology. Chairman of the Board of Directors of the China Education and Culture Foundation, President of Sichuan University, founder of the Chinese Science Society, and famous scientist Ren Hongjun (zi Shuyong) is the director-general.

Fu and Ren handed over the affairs of the head office, came to Kunming with his wife and children, met colleagues from the Institute of History and Philology at No. 3, Dihua Lane, Kunming, and then moved to Longtou Village, Longquan Town.At this time, although the China Academy of Architecture chaired by Liang Sicheng has resumed, to carry out work, there must be books and materials that can be consulted to assist this work, otherwise the so-called work will be impossible to talk about. After retreating from Changsha, Tsinghua contacted Gu Yuxiu, who was a graduate of the school and was the deputy minister of the Ministry of Education at the time, and transported most of the books to Chongqing, where they were stored in an institute under the Ministry of Economic Affairs, where Gu Yuxiu’s younger brother Gu Yuxiu was in charge. Only a few people brought them to Kunming. part.Unexpectedly, on June 26, 1938, Gu Yuzhen sent an urgent telegram to Mei Yiqi in Kunming from Chongqing, saying:

Yesterday, enemy planes bombarded Beibei like never before. Our house was completely burned down, and the rescue was futile.All the books stored in your school have been reduced to ashes, please refer to the letter for details. Previously, the library of Nankai University was almost completely bombed by Japanese planes in Jinmen, and the books of Peking University were not looted. Now, most of the books of Tsinghua University that were looted out have been turned into ashes, which resulted in almost no books for the three schools that moved to Kunming. capital reference.Thanks to the Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, Fu Sinian managed to send the 130,000 volumes of Chinese and foreign rare books that had been evacuated to Chongqing to the No. 3 station in Kunming's Indigo Flower Lane, and then rented a courtyard house in Zhu'an Lane opposite the Indigo Flower Lane as a library. The library can be regarded as a relief for the relocated researchers from the three universities and other academic institutions.Liang Sicheng, who was helpless, saw a large number of books from the Institute of History and Philology coming to Kunming, and negotiated with Fu Sinian to borrow books and some technical tools to start business.Fu Sinian generously agreed.Since then, the two independent academic groups, the China Constructive Society and the Institute of History and Philology, have formed a "bundled" pattern of the boss and the second, state-run and private-run, and attachment and attachment.

Since the Institute of Architecture and the Institute of History and Philology has become the relationship between the boss and the second child, when the Institute of History and Philology moved, the Institute of Architecture and Philology had to move to the countryside, settling in Maidi Village next to the Institute of History and Philology, and looking for rent. The nunnery serves as a studio. On January 20, 1939, Fu Sinian drew a journey map for Aizi Rengui, and wrote the inscription: "Xiaobao's second birthday was spent at the house of his grandparents in Guling. Dad watched the air raid in Nanjing. He gave birth to three In the past year, I have traveled more than 10,000 miles!" There was a deep sense of sadness and desolation in his words.

Not long after the Institute of History and Language moved to Longtou Village, the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum also moved from Chongqing to Kunming, and temporarily settled in Qifeng Temple, Longquan Town, not far from the Institute of History and Language.According to Zhao Qingfang, a young researcher working in the preparatory office at that time, recalled: This is a small village with only a few dozen households, and the village is backed by the hillside.There is a courtyard in Qifeng nunnery, with a total of more than ten houses. Except for a small part occupied by nuns, most of them are used as offices.There were less than twenty staff members at that time.In the dead of night, the village often heard wolves howling. The voices of the big wolf and the little wolf were clearly distinguishable, which was quite scary for a while.Fortunately, the environment is very quiet during the day, and squirrels can be seen jumping on the trees in front of the office window, which brings a little spiritual comfort to the lonely and poor staff.

Although the living environment was unsatisfactory, after all, another desk was set up amidst the bombs, and the researchers gradually calmed down, and at the same time they became busy in their respective professional fields.In March 1940, there was sudden bad news that Cai Yuanpei died in Hong Kong.All the research institutes of the Academia Sinica, the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum, and colleagues from the Southwest Associated University were shocked and wept.Fu Sinian specially organized several adjacent units to hold a memorial service in the Amitabha Hall next to Longtou Village. As the host, Fu, when he told about Cai Yuanpei's life, especially the experience before and after the fall of Shanghai, he burst into tears, with few idioms .Two years before the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Cai Yuanpei's physical condition was already declining, and his illness began to entangle him endlessly. However, the leader of Chinese academic circles still worked hard for the salvation and revival of the nation.According to his student, Luo Jialun, who served successively as the president of Tsinghua University and Central University, once Cai Yuanpei went to Nanjing, Wang Jingwei, who was then the dean of the Executive Yuan of the Nationalist Government and Minister of Foreign Affairs, hosted a banquet after hearing the news.Before the meeting, Cai Yuanpei sincerely urged Wang Jingwei to change his pro-Japanese stance and behavior, and take a stern attitude in order to promote the national policy of the War of Resistance and national rejuvenation.Luo Jialun and others who were present at the time saw that Cai Yuanpei's tears fell on the soup plate when he said that he was excited and sad, and swallowed it together with the soup.All the people present were moved by the emotion and scene.

In 1931, when the relationship between Cai Yuanpei and Chiang Kai-shek gradually became estranged and cracks occurred, the important party members of the Nanjing government, such as Gui Chongji (southern press: after 1927, successively served as members of the "Qing Party" Committee of the Kuomintang, the head of the Central Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang, and the Central Political University The principal, the vice president of the Examination Institute, the executive member of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang, who fled to Taiwan with Jiang in 1949) and other Chang Si suppressed the Academia Sinica and slandered Cai Yuanpei.When the situation was urgent, Fu Sinian took the train to Wu Zhihui, one of the four veterans of the Kuomintang, and asked him to come forward to Jiang Yuanjiao.Chiang Kai-shek once wanted to appoint Yang Xingfo, the director-general of the Academia Sinica, as the secretary-general of the Jiangxi "suppression of bandits".Regarding this, Yang Xingfo wrote in a letter to Fu Sinian on June 16, 1931: "Going to Jiangxi requires more money. But asking for money is still not an easy task. On July 21 of the same year, Yang Xingfo said in another letter to Fu Sinian rather sadly: "Although I try my best to help others, but asking for money is not as good as someone with strength." The academy and its head, Cai Yuanpei, have turned from hot to cold in Chiang Kai-shek's heart, and the gap and gap between the two sides has invisibly widened.Later, because of the assassination of Yang Xingfo and the intimidation by the spies, Cai Yuanpei and Chiang Kai-shek completely parted ways emotionally.

After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, Cai Yuanpei was in Shanghai.At this time, the three institutes of science, chemistry and engineering of Academia Sinica were still working in the Shanghai Concession.When the Anti-Japanese War broke out in Songhu, Cai strongly supported the sick body and personally organized and directed the retreat of the three offices in Shanghai to the inland.When Shanghai fell, the head office of Academia Sinica was evacuated to Chongqing under the joint organization of Zhu Jiahua and Fu Sinian. Cai Yuanpei, full of grief and sorrow, rushed from Shanghai to Hong Kong alone on a foreign tanker.For this secret operation, there were two explanations. One said that after Cai prepared to arrive in Hong Kong, he transferred to Chongqing to join Fu Sinian and others to support the wartime work of the Academia Sinica headquarters.It is said that Cai was deeply concerned about the assassination of Yang Xingfo by Jiang's secret agents, depressed, lost confidence in Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang government, and was extremely unwilling to deal with Chiang in Chongqing, so he left in anger and avoided living in Hong Kong. To be changed.Due to the bumps and drifts along the way, Cai Yuanpei, who was old and frail, was exhausted after arriving in Hong Kong Island. He was forced to stay for recuperation and recuperation, and temporarily lived in the Chongzheng Hall in Happy Valley.

In February of the following year, the Cai family escaped from occupied Shanghai and arrived in Hong Kong by boat. Cai Yuanpei and his family moved to Austin Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, and lived in seclusion under the pseudonym "Zhou Ziyu". . In February 1938, under the careful planning and organization of Cai Yuanpei, the Academia Sinica held its first academic meeting in Hong Kong since the fall of Shanghai and Nanjing.Zhu Jiahua, Chairman of Zhejiang Province and Director-General of Academia Sinica, and ten directors including Ding Xilin, Li Siguang, Zhu Kezhen, Fu Sinian, Tao Menghe, etc. attended the appointment as scheduled to discuss the plan to resist insults. Get excited.At this meeting, many major strategies and guidelines for survival and development of the wartime academy affairs were determined.As early as the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in Songhu and when Shanghai was in a hurry, the farsighted Cai Yuanpei sent people to Kunming, Yunnan to negotiate with the relevant local government agencies, hoping to move the three research institutes of the Academia Sinica Shanghai to Kunming to continue working.The Yunnan side expressed welcome and was willing to provide travel expenses, but in exchange, the Engineering Institute under the Academia Sinica and other relevant institutions need to help the other party build a modern steel-making factory using electric furnaces in Anning, a suburb of Kunming. This request was approved by Cai Yuanpei. approve. In the spring of 1938, Academia Sinica Engineering Institute and other institutions quietly withdrew from the occupied Shanghai under the iron heel of the Japanese, and rented foreign oil tankers from Hong Kong and Hanoi all the way to Kunming. However, due to the conditions at the time, the steelmaking electric furnace could not be brought out.At that time, Yunnan could only use blast furnaces and converters to produce pig iron. After the arrival of the Academia Sinica Engineering Institute, it began to rent private houses in Shiqiao Auxiliary, Dongsi Street, Kunming for steelmaking experiments. In Qiaotou Village, 22 kilometers from Kunming to Myanmar on the Burmese Highway, a factory covering an area of ​​100 mu has been established. In addition to self-made equipment, it also purchased from the United Kingdom and the United States through Kunming Amway Company.After the factory was completed, the first furnace of steel was smelted in June 1941, and the first batch of steel was rolled in August.Since then, almost all emerging large-scale buildings in Kunming have used this steel. The famous Shengli Hall and Wuhuashan Guangfu Building were all built under such background and conditions.However, when all this came, Cai Yuanpei could no longer see it.

On May 20, 1938, at the invitation of Soong Ching Ling, Cai Yuanpei, together with Hong Kong Governor Sir Luo Fuguo and others, attended the art exhibition held by the "Defense China Alliance" and "Hong Kong National Defense Medical Funding Association" in St. John's Auditorium, and Make a public speech. ——This was Cai Yuanpei’s only public speech during his stay in Hong Kong. It was intended to say goodbye publicly. He left Hong Kong for Kunming or Chongqing. However, due to his frail health, he was unable to make the trip, and eventually died of illness in Hong Kong. In the early spring of 1940, the 73-year-old Cai Yuanpei stepped into the twilight years of his life amidst poverty and illness, and his fire of life was about to be extinguished.But at this time, he suffered a fatal blow from the death of his beloved daughter Cai Weilian in dystocia.The artist who returned from abroad, since his marriage with Lin Wenzheng, has been devoted to the art teaching work of the National Academy of Art, full of talents and ideals, before he had time to display and realize, he passed away.She died miserably, and before she swallowed her last breath, she wrote repeatedly on the wall with her hands, "National disaster, family disaster..." Her heart-piercing appearance moved the world.The white-haired man sends the black-haired man away, and the white-haired man will follow his daughter's back. On the morning of March 3, 1940, Cai Yuanpei just walked to the bathroom after getting up, suddenly vomited blood and fell to the ground, then passed out.Two days later, the treatment was ineffective, and he died suddenly. The superstar fell, and the world was shocked.All of China, regardless of political affiliation, expressed their deep condolences.Cai's body was buried at the Fu Lu Shou Funeral Home on Morrison Hill Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong on the afternoon of the 7th. The funeral was held on the 10th, and all schools and businesses in Hong Kong flew their flags at half-staff.Cai Yuanpei's coffin was first moved to the No. 7 funeral room in Donghua Yizhuang, waiting to be transported back to his hometown, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, for burial.However, due to repeated wars and continuous artillery fire, he could not make the trip, so he was buried in the Hong Kong Chinese Permanent Cemetery.Since then, this "May Fourth Veteran", "Father of China's New Culture Movement", and "Academic Dean".Sleep in Xiangjiang forever. Cai Yuanpei came in the "big snowstorm" of national crisis, and left in the storm of broken mountains and rivers. After his arrival and departure, China is no longer the original China. The great academic career he created and the thought of freedom , the ideas of democracy and science, and the spirit of inclusiveness and compatibility, will become an immortal lighthouse, showing the way of scholars all over the world in the sea of ​​mist and mist, and the vastness of the world. Cai Yuanpei is gone, the dead cannot be brought back to life, and the Academia Sinica cannot be without the president for a long time.In order to prevent the various systems of the hospital from being disconnected or paralyzed in the flames of war due to the death of the founder Cai Yuanpei, the issue of the succession of the president was naturally brought up on the agenda. In mid-March 1940, Weng Wenhao, Secretary of the Academia Sinica Council, communicated with Ren Hongjun, Director-General of Academia Sinica, Zhu Jiahua, Minister of Organization of the Central Committee, and Wang Shijie, Minister of Education. , to elect a new dean. Fu Sinian, Tao Menghe, Li Ji, Li Siguang, Ding Xilin, Wang Jingxi, and Southwest Associated University professors Chen Yinke and Zhou Binglin, who were in Kunming's scientific research and academic institutions, were notified and came to Chongqing to accompany the National Government.At this time, every reviewer is eager for the candidate he is optimistic about to be elected, and begins to compete, either explicitly or secretly. On March 23, the fifth annual meeting of the first council of the Academia Sinica finally opened in the drizzle in Chongqing. The councilors formally voted on the candidates for the dean by secret ballot and elected three candidates.According to statistics, there were a total of 30 people present, and Wang Shijie served as the chairman of the meeting. To avoid suspicion, Wang abstained from voting.The result was: Weng and Zhu were evenly matched, with 24 votes each, Hu Shi 20, Li Siguang 6, Wang Shijie and Ren Hongjun 4 each, and Gu Mengyu only 1.In accordance with the election regulations, the Council submitted the list of Weng, Zhu, and Hu who received the most votes to the National Government for approval.Although there are very high voices among the critics, especially Fu Sinian, Chen Yinke, Li Ji and other heavyweights, and Chen Yinke declared that "if someone who is engaged in the liberal arts is asked to succeed, it should be Hu Shizhi. Hu Shizhi's research on several Chinese novels The articles and textual research are very influential in foreign academic circles", but Hu Shi is serving as the ambassador to the United States, and he has a great responsibility related to the country's national resistance war, and he cannot return to China after all.On this point, Wang Shijie made it very clear in his telegram to Hu Shi: "The government feels that the position of the US envoy is more important than the Academia Sinica, and it has not yet decided to return to China." Since Hu Shi could not return to China, the only choice for the president of Academia Sinica was between Weng Wenhao and Zhu Jiahua.However, Chiang Kai-shek was dissatisfied with both Weng and Zhu, so he wavered from side to side and hesitated. It was not until September 18, more than half a year after Cai Yuanpei's death, that he finally made up his mind to abandon Weng and encircle Zhu. "" to show the balance of various factions, Zhu Jiahua was announced to the world as the acting president of the Academia Sinica. Zhu Jiahua was originally one of the three legal candidates for the dean, but by mistake, he acted as the co-lord of the Confucian scholars in the name of a temporary substitute. He was quite unhappy, and he was powerless to change this embarrassing situation.After some investigations and unannounced visits, he believed that the cause of this situation had a lot to do with Wang Shijie's tricks behind his back.Wang didn't want Hu Shi to resign and return to China at this time, but felt that Hu Shi had sacrificed too much for losing the dean of Academia Sinica. And use this to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to abandon the most competitive Weng Wenhao and let Zhu Jiahua, who has less qualifications, take over temporarily.Chiang Kai-shek thought to himself that since the Weng family had been abandoned, it would be inconvenient for the Zhu family to be the dean alone, so he followed suit and added the word "Dai" in front of Zhu Jiahua's dean to show balance. It can be seen that Chiang Kai-shek took great pains in this move . At this point, Zhu Jiahua had no choice but to give in.But with the passage of time and the evolution of the current situation, Wang Shijie's idea also came to naught. When Hu Shi took over the dean of the Academia Sinica from Zhu Jiahua, it was already 18 years later on the isolated island of Taiwan. With a narrow victory, Zhu Jiahua temporarily took the top spot in the Academia Sinica, and a stone that had been hanging in the hearts of Fu Sinian, Chen Yinke and others fell to the ground with a bang.Although Fu Sinian obviously favored Hu on the issue of electing the president, he did not secretly trip up Zhu Jiahua or stir up trouble behind his back. Generally speaking, he was also supportive. In terms of talent, Zhu Jiahua abandoned Ren Hongjun and asked Fu Sinian to take up the post of director-general when he took office.Poor Ren Hongjun not only failed to run for the dean, but also lost the title of director-general, so he had to look up to the sky and sigh, there was nothing he could do.Fu Sinian was suffering from high blood pressure at this time, and was deeply tired by it. He didn't want to wear the title of "Xiancao"'s director-general, but because Zhu Jiahua sincerely invited him, he was grateful for the kindness Zhu had given him when he was at Sun Yat-sen University. Therefore, "for the sake of the institute and for the sake of my friends, I readily agreed to come down." However, Fu Sinian still had something to say, thinking that since he had already served as the director of the Institute of History and Philology, he could no longer hold a part-time job, but only served as the director-general as a temporary agent.Before officially taking office, Fu Sinian had to go back to Kunming to handle the affairs of the Institute of History and Philology, and then return to Chongqing to take up his post.At this time, the international and domestic situation has further deteriorated.