Chapter 18 day of the second quarter run alert

In April 1939, according to the design of Liang and Lin, the new school building was built in a wilderness. Covered with tin sheets, the student dormitories and various offices are all covered with thatch.Even so, after all, there are classrooms, dormitories, libraries, restaurants and other facilities. In Feng Youlan's words, "with all the courage and courage, with this school building, the United Nations University can be said to have settled in Kunming." Funds are scarce, and the capacity of the classrooms and dormitories built is less than half of the school's needs, which can only be used by the three colleges of liberal arts, science, and law and business.The College of Engineering had to stay in the three guild halls on Tuodong Road where it was originally rented to start classes. The Teachers College established later rented part of the campus of Kunhua Engineering School.Only a few school leaders have offices in the new campus due to their duties, and the houses still need to be rented in the city, and the conditions are also cramped and simple.A few years later, Mei Yiqi described the embarrassment of her living conditions in her diary: "The tiled roof in the house has not been covered with dust. For several days, dust, debris, dry grass, and disordered leaves, every time the wind blows, No matter how many times you wipe the tables, chairs, beds, and basins, they will be covered with another layer, and the soup and rice will fall as you eat. Every meal, I swallowed a lot of dust. "

Under such circumstances, Mei Yiqi's family moved to live on the first floor of a small earthen building in Longyuan Village. Tang Guanfang's family, who worked in the library of the United Nations University at the time, lived upstairs. The small building was also dilapidated due to years of disrepair.Many years later, Tang Guanfang's son still remembered this scene: One day after lunch, his mother cleaned up the tables and chairs and swept the floor as usual.At this moment, the third girl from the Mei family downstairs shouted loudly: "Mrs. Tang, don't sweep the floor, we are eating!" It turned out that dirt and dust flowed down the cracks in the floor along with the broom. , has become the "pepper noodles" of Meijia's meals.

Mei Yiqi, who lives in a tile house, has tasted a lot of dust in Yunnan, and the teachers and students who usually teach and attend classes in the iron house classrooms are also deeply distressed.There is nothing else in the classroom except blackboards, desks, and chairs (there is a wooden board on the right armrest, which is convenient for taking notes).In rainy Yunnan, besides the humidity and sweltering heat, the teachers and students from the north can hardly bear it. Once it encounters wind and rain, the iron sheet will start to shake and shake on the roof as if in heat, accompanied by rattling and tinkling. Shouts.Its voice was so loud and piercing that it had already overwhelmed the lectures of the disheveled professor.Those who seek joy in suffering write this unique scenery as a couplet and post it on the campus, saying that "the sound of wind, rain, and reading are in the ears; family affairs, state affairs, world affairs, and everything is concerned." Encourage the teachers and students of Lianhe to overcome difficulties and take solid steps in accordance with the school motto of "Fortitude and Perseverance" in the new difficult environment.Many years later, Yang Zhenning, who studied here, still has a vivid memory of this special life: "At that time, the classrooms of the Lianda University were houses with iron roofs. When it rained, there was a constant clanging sound. The ground was made of mud. A few years later, it was full of dirt; the windows had no glass, and when the wind blows, something must be used to hold the paper down, otherwise it will be blown off..." This later Nobel Prize winner, together with Li Zhengdao, who won the award with him, etc. First-class scholars grow up in such an environment.

The classroom conditions are so poor, and the student dormitories are even more shabby.Among the 36 hut dormitories built (12 from east to west and 24 from north to south).There are double wooden doors at both ends, and there are several square openings on the earth walls on both sides, and a few wooden sticks are embedded to form windows.There are 20 double-layer wooden beds in each dormitory, and students use sheets or hang up curtains to separate the two adjacent beds to reduce interference and facilitate self-study.Some students joked: "Principal Jiang probably thinks that the accommodation conditions are good, so he can send his children to live in this dormitory." This phrase implies a little-known allusion.When they were in Changsha, the students lived in a dilapidated barracks left over from the Qing Dynasty.One morning, Jiang Menglin, Mei Yiqi, and Zhang Boling, three members of the Standing Committee, were accompanied by the director of the secretary to inspect the dormitory.Jiang saw that the dormitory was dilapidated and precarious, and he was very dissatisfied. He believed that this place would affect the physical and mental health of the students and was not suitable for living.Zhang Boling, who is mature and prudent, thinks that the country is in trouble, and the government can still take care of the studies of young students in extreme difficulties. It is commendable, and students should receive training.Mei Yiqi was Zhang Boling's student when he was in Nankai, and she was naturally reticent, so it is inconvenient to express her attitude at this time.During the dispute, Jiang Menglin suddenly said angrily: "If it's my child, I don't want him to live in this dormitory!" After hearing this, Zhang Boling's face sank, and he counterattacked unwillingly: "If it's my child, I don't want him to live in this dormitory!" He must live here!" Seeing that both of them were sullen, Mei Yiqi had no choice but to smooth things over, saying: "If you have the conditions to live in the building, you will naturally live in it. You don't have to give up the building and live in a dilapidated house; if you don't have the conditions, then you should Adapt to the environment, because a university does not have a building, but a school with masters." Mei's persuasion with a pun made the dispute settle down.Not long after, the school moved, and the matter was settled.

Unexpectedly, a joke made by the students actually became a fact.Not long after arriving in Kunming, Jiang Menglin's son really moved from the mainland to live in the hut dormitory of Lianda University.The allusion of the dispute between Jiang and Zhang and Mei Yiqi's smoothing of the field has been handed down along with the history of Southwest Associated University. No matter whether the three schools were in Changsha or moved to Kunming, some students from the enemy-occupied areas kept coming here. Jiang Menglin himself wrote his autobiography "West China" in the Kunming underground air-raid shelter for this special process that was easily overlooked by wartime cultural historians. It was specifically mentioned in Tide and New Tide.Jiang said that after the three schools arrived in Kunming, in addition to the new students recruited, there were also a large number of students who came from the enemy-occupied areas. They not only crossed a line of fire to reach the free area. Lives were lost before reaching the rear.In this regard, Jiang Menglinte took his son as an example and said: "My son was studying at Shanghai Jiaotong University. After the war, he also rushed to Kunming to live with me. He encountered several accidents on the way. Once , he and a group of friends took a small boat and tried to sneak across a bridge guarded by the enemy in the dark, but were spotted by the enemy and shot. Another time, a group of students walking ahead of them was spotted by the enemy, and one of them was arrested. He also chopped off his head and hung it on a tree for public display."

Not only students from other places and other schools have such encounters, even students from this school also have this case.After the fall of Peking University, many students of Peking University who failed to escape in time were arrested by the Japanese army and locked in the basement of the Red Building of Peking University (the location of the school office and the College of Arts, also known as the first hospital), where they were poured with pepper water, killed by killing sticks and slapped on the face. The 'entertainment'.People in prison are not allowed to speak, and if they are found, they will be beaten severely.Even at night, Japanese gendarmes patrol the corridors on tiptoe, peeping through the fence to see what's going on inside.The imprisoned students heard the sound of whipping and shouting in the middle of the night, which broke their hearts.An old Peking University student who finally escaped after being imprisoned for two years, traveled thousands of miles and arrived in Kunming, sobbing to the principal Jiang Menglin that the basement of the Faculty of Arts where he was imprisoned had become a living hell. To make him faint.When he woke up, a Japanese military policeman named Uemura told him that Peking University should be responsible for the war that caused great damage to Japan, so he deserved to suffer like this.This old student received this special "reception" for three consecutive days, and he was tortured to death every time. He also saw other tortures in that dungeon, and the cruelty was beyond description.The screams of the girls and the groans of the boys have turned China's oldest university into a hell ruled by Satan.Many students were force-fed to death during such "entertainment", or died suddenly under the "killing stick".

With such a harsh environment, Southwest Associated University has continued to grow and develop after it took root in Kunming. When the United Nations University first started classes in May 1938, the total number of students in the four affiliated colleges was about 1,300.In September of the same year, the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Law and Business moved from Mengzi, Yunnan, to Kunming, and the United Nations University expanded from the original four colleges of arts, science, engineering, and law and business to five colleges and 26 departments (including the Teachers College). , the number of students also increased to more than 2000 people. In September 1939, the scale of the college was expanded again, and the number of students reached 3,000, and the number of professors and teaching assistants also increased to about 500.At the same time, Southwest Associated University used its own teachers and graduates to establish the affiliated middle school and affiliated primary school, forming a very considerable education base.The newly-built Teachers College mainly recruits students from Yunnan Province to train talents for the local area. It has become the second comprehensive university after Yunnan University. On the basis of the United Teachers College, the teachers who stayed in Yunnan established the Kunming Teachers College, which was renamed Yunnan Normal University in 1988).

It's a pity that the good times didn't last long. The students of the United Nations University who lived in the thatched huts in Kunming hadn't put their peaceful desks for a long time, when the fierce Japanese army plane came to the door with a belly full of "shiny guys". Beginning in mid-July 1938, the Japanese combat headquarters commanded 250,000 Japanese troops to besiege the southwest region along the banks of the Yangtze River and the foothills of the Dabie Mountains. Battle of Wuhan. On August 21, Chiang Kai-shek met Jin Sheng, an interviewer of the British "Daily Herald" in China, and made a speech, saying that "one of the Yangtze River fronts will soon start a dramatic battle. This battle will be a decisive battle."

In late October, the Japanese army approached the three towns of Wuhan, and the Chinese army and the Japanese army launched an unprecedented bloody battle. This was the largest battle in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War.Casualties on both sides of the war were extremely heavy, the number of casualties of the Japanese army reached more than 100,000, and the casualties of the national army were 400,000.The defense of Wuhan not only effectively prevented the Japanese army from attacking the rear of the Southwest, but more importantly, it transferred more than 3,000 military enterprises, civilian manufacturing industries, and a large number of strategic materials from Shanghai, Nanjing and other places to Wuhan to Sichuan and Guangxi. , Yunnan and other places won time and played an effective role in the national government's strategic plan of exchanging time for space.

On October 25th, when the national army in the dramatic battle was incomplete and there was almost no complete division to supplement, in order to maintain the strength and protracted resistance of the war, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a full retreat, and Wuhan fell. Just as the battle in Wuhan was in full swing, the Japanese military had shifted its attention to strategic and diplomatic actions to cut off and block China's international channels.The Japanese base camp first dispatched naval air force to bomb the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway from Kunming to Vietnam and Myanmar. The genus of Indochina with Vietnamese ties.The Chinese army, which had been compressed to the southwest corner, was about to fall into a desperate situation with no food inside and no reinforcements outside.

On September 28, 1938, the Japanese bombing of Kunming began with the ultimate strategic significance of intercepting and destroying the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and the Yunnan-Burma Highway.An air team composed of nine Japanese planes took off from Qinheng Island (located outside the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong) to the sky over Kunming, launching the first bombing of the Spring City.Most of the residents of Kunming and the countless refugees had never experienced such a situation. They were at a loss for a moment when they saw enemy planes lined up and approaching the border city.And many people who usually watch the excitement realized that another spectacle had emerged, so they stopped their steps and their work, and stood on the ground as in the past, preparing to watch a trick of not buying tickets. The ruthless bombs poured down from the sky like hailstones, and before the crowd could scream, their flesh and blood flew all over the place, and their heads were flying in the air like kites, writhing around and rolling in the air.At that time, a large number of refugees and curious citizens gathered near the Kunhua Normal School in Panjiawan, outside the west gate of Kunming. Japanese planes dropped 28 bombs from the sky, killing 190 people on the spot, seriously injuring 173 and slightly injuring more than 60. At this time, the teachers and students of the Southwestern Union and the staff of the Academia Sinica and other academic institutions had already had the experience of running the alarm when they were in Changsha. When they saw the enemy plane approaching, they immediately fled to the nearby air-raid shelter or the field.Indigo Flower Lane, the residence of Academia Sinica, is only a few tens of meters away from the north gate of Kunming City. When you go out of the north gate, you will see the wilderness in the countryside. When the scholars heard the alarm, they dropped their work and ran outside the north gate. survived.Many years later, Shi Zhangru of the Institute of History and Language still remembers the tragic scene of the Japanese bombing of Kunming City: The air raid siren sounded at 9:00 that day, and Mr. Gao Quexun and I ran together and hid in a dug trench. The shape of the trench was very similar to a pit in the field. We saw enemy planes that were supposed to go from east to west, but circled over the sky. From west to east in a circle, nine enemy planes circled slowly in the sky, and the whole team flew to Kunming City. Soon, we heard the sound of machine guns, anti-aircraft guns, and bombs clearly. We did not dare to move in the trenches. .We saw enemy planes leaving in groups after the bombing, but we saw one of our planes take off in pursuit. We saw smoke from one enemy plane, and our plane slipped away when we saw smoke from the enemy plane.Later I heard that when the air raid warning was issued, fighter jets from the Kunming Aviation School and the airport were ordered to fly away.A student who has not yet graduated from Duhang Aviation School is a blind man who is not afraid of tigers. He took off on his own and pursued him. The Japanese plane was not immune to attack, so one plane was lost.The student, who would have been punished for breaking the rules, was not punished for shooting down an enemy plane and instead received a reward.Although the relationship between the one-eyed Longyun (known as "one-eyed dragon") and the central government is not very good, when Kunming was bombed, he was still standing on the north gate to command Then it crashed into a place called Gaokuma 2 miles outside the Yiliang Goujie Railway Station on the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. We came out of the trenches and went back to the city of Kunming, around two o'clock in the afternoon.Go in the direction of Xiaoximen, the Kunhua Normal School is in that area, it was heavily bombed, and many people are said to have died.The astronomical institute of our research institute also suffered losses. I don't know where the astronomical institute is. I only heard that the researcher of the astronomical institute (probably the director, very famous) Li Mingzhong's wife and daughter were all killed.Mr. Dong (Zuobin) often discussed with Chen Zungui, a researcher at the Institute of Astronomy, when he wrote "Yin Calendar". His mother and younger brother were killed, and his wife and son were injured.This may have something to do with the height of the astronomy and the obviousness of the target. Otherwise, how could so many people have been killed or injured?I didn't know Li Mingzhong, but I knew Chen Zungui, and they were all bombed badly. After the tragedy, Kong Qingrong, a member of the Kunming Civil Affairs Bureau who participated in disaster relief, witnessed the scene at that time: "The bomb exploded on the ground, the smoke filled the air, fragments flew everywhere, the corpses of the dead were scattered all over the field, and the survivors howled and screamed. There was no sound... The worst case was a young woman with a one-year-old child. The woman's head was blown off, the body was blown down, and the blood flowed continuously, and the child was shocked to death beside the mother. Besides, other broken Severed head and feet, flesh and blood..." His miserable state cannot bear to be recalled. At the first test of the blade, the Japanese army saw that the Chinese had almost no ability to fight back, so they let go of their courage and continued to carry out indiscriminate bombing of Kunming on a larger scale.Many people have witnessed such a scene with their own eyes: the planes calmly changed formation in the air, one after another dived and dropped bombs, the whole city was filled with smoke and flames rose, and then the bombs whistled and exploded, sometimes even It was clear how bombs came out of the belly of the silver-white plane and flew towards the city with the sound of "swish" terror.According to He Zhaowu, a student at the United Nations University at the time, observed the Japanese planes, "The Japanese planes that bombed Kunming were arranged in the shape of 'pin', with three planes lined up with a small 'pin' character, nine planes lined up with a medium 'pin' character, and sometimes 27 planes line up a large 'pin', sometimes there are 36 planes, a big 'pin' in the front, and nine planes in the back form a medium 'pin', which can be seen very clearly." As for the bombing situation of the plane, it is even more clearly visible, Jiujiu Do not forget. "When the plane flew over, the bombs were extremely dazzling, like a group of mercury balls falling, dazzlingly bright, and there was a sound of 'creak creak', and then a sound of 'boom--', if you are close , you will feel the ground shake.” Because of the bloody lesson of the "September 28" tragedy, "running the police" has become a common way of life in Kunming, regardless of gender, age or age, rich or poor.Even the local wine sold by the ubiquitous small traders on the black market is also named as "alert brand", in order to express their business spirit and modern consciousness of advancing with the times, pioneering and innovative.Running the alarm has almost become an indispensable daily task and homework for everyone.With the increasing number of air raids, Kunming's air raid warning system has gradually improved.At first, the Kunming Air Defense Command had a bicycle convoy speeding through the urban area holding a red flag to indicate advance warning.When the enemy plane is approaching, the siren will be sounded, and the sound interval will be slightly longer.If the enemy plane is not far from the city sky, then sound the siren again, the sound interval is short and urgent.When the alarm is lifted, in addition to the long sound of the siren, a bicycle team will hold a small green flag to show the urban and rural areas.Later, the air raid siren was changed to hang lanterns on Wuhua Mountain.For advance warning, hang one red lantern, for air raid warning, hang two red lanterns, and sound the siren, for emergency warning, the siren will sound short, and take away the two red lanterns hung at the same time.Once the enemy plane leaves the city, it still hangs two red lanterns. After the enemy plane leaves the country, it changes to hang a green lantern to indicate that the alarm is cleared. At the same time, the siren will stop after a few minutes.Later, the traffic lanterns were changed into long cloth buckets. Wang Zengqi, who was a student at the Southwest Associated University and later became a writer, once wrote a memoir "Running the Alarm" in his memoir article: In the few years when the United Nations University first entered Kunming, there were alarms every three days.Sometimes every day, or even twice a day.At that time, Kunming hardly had an air defense force, and Japanese planes would come whenever they wanted.Sometimes it is even broadcast on the first day: 27 planes will come to Kunming to bomb tomorrow.The Japanese Air Force Command really keeps its promises, and it's accurate!Once there is an alarm, there is no other way, and everyone will run to the suburbs, which is called "running to the alarm". Some people were particularly sensitive and terrified of the three alarms issued by Xingxing at that time, while others were slow to react and didn't care much.At that time, Wang Zengqi once met a person who was particularly sensitive to the alarm and somewhat weird. This person was surnamed Hou. He never forgets his old love for aviation. He once used yellow "banner paper" to post a huge "advertisement" and held an academic report titled "Air Defense Knowledge". He didn't know why he was particularly sensitive to "alerts". He was listening to a class when suddenly I ran out, stood on the north-south passage of the 'new school building', and shouted loudly: "Now there is an advance warning, and there are three red balls hanging on Wuhua Mountain!" Three big red balls were raised. Wuhua Mountain is the commanding height of Kunming, and the red balls are hung out, and can be seen all over the city. We have always wondered: He is in the classroom, listening to lectures, how can he 'feel' that Wuhua Mountain is hung with red balls What about the ball? - Not all the doors and windows of the classroom are facing Mount Wuhua." Until his death, Wang Zengqi did not figure out whether this student surnamed Hou had special abilities, and what kind of special abilities. In order to illustrate the number of alarms in Kunming, Wang Zengqi also cited his unique humor as an example. There is a professor in the History Department of Southwest Associated University—I heard it is Mr. Lei Haizong. Very familiar, no need to prepare before class.After class is over, he doesn't remember where the lecture counts.Every class, you must first ask the students: "Where did I talk last time?"There is a female classmate in the class who remembers the most detailed notes and never misses a word.Mr. Lei once asked her: "What was the last thing I said in the last class?" The female student opened the note folder, looked at it, and said, "Last time you said at the end: 'Now there is an air raid siren, we dismiss the get out of class. '" Frequent alarms made people panic and restless, whether it was scholars or school teachers and students, the good times passed by in vain.In view of this painful and uneasy situation, the Yunnan provincial government began to notify schools, scientific research institutes and institutes stationed in Kunming to evacuate the countryside as much as possible to reduce injuries and free up time for work.Southwest Associated University has a large number of people, and it is extremely difficult to choose a suitable place. They cannot be moved for a while, but some professors still voluntarily live in relatively remote places in the countryside.In order to preserve the unearthed cultural relics and books from damage, the Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica decided to move immediately to a place that is quiet and does not need to run an alarm.Previously, Shi Zhangru had visited Longtou Village, Longquan Town, near Heilongtan, a dozen miles outside the city, to investigate folk crafts, and met Zhao Chongyi, the head of Zongpiying Village, Longquan Town.There was a Yingying Temple in Zongpiying. Shi thought the conditions here were good, so he led Li Ji, Liang Siyong and others to observe it. After Zhao Chongyi discussed with the mayor and obtained permission, the Institute of History and Languages ​​decided to move to this place.When everyone was preparing to move, Fu Sinian came to Kunming.