Chapter 20 The fourth quarter Kyushu sprinkled Li Yuan blood

In May 1940, on the European battlefield, the mechanized troops of the German fascist army detoured through Belgium, plunged obliquely into the abdomen of France at lightning speed, detoured from the left wing of the French Maginot Line, broke through the Dalati Line near Montmedy, and occupied northern France.Immediately after reaching the rear of the Maginot Line of Defense, the so-called "impregnable" Maginot Line of Defense turned into a useless garbage dump. Dozens of divisions of the British and French allied forces deployed here collapsed instantly, and the German army advanced towards Paris like a broken bamboo.At the same time, the Japanese army on the battlefield in the Far East echoed Hitler and immediately sent troops to threaten Vietnam, block the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, and then blockade Hong Kong.Britain, which followed the wind, quickly reached an agreement with Japan, handing over a large amount of silver deposited by the Chinese government in the Bank of England in Tianjin, and promised to cooperate with the Japanese army in blocking the Yunnan-Burma Highway for three months, and jointly find "glorious peace" with Japan.

Just before and after the implementation of the above strategic steps, in order to ensure the three towns of Wuhan captured by the Japanese army, control the water line of communication on the Yangtze River, strangle the throat of the Chinese army, and put the Nationalist government to death, on May 2, the Japanese army mobilized 150,000 elite troops at the Under the command of Sonobu and Ichiro, commanders of the 11th Army, they launched a war in Xiangyang, Zaoyang, and Yichang, known as the "Battle of Zaoyi" in history.Li Zongren, the commander-in-chief of China's fifth theater, commanded six group armies to carry out sniping.Since May 1st, the Japanese army has divided into three groups and successively captured Minggang, Tongbai, Tanghe, Zaoyang and other places, and joined forces on the bank of Tangbai River on the 10th.The troops of the Chinese army transferred to the outer line surrounded the enemy in the Xiangdong Plain, recovered Minggang, Tongbai, and once recovered Zaoyang. On May 14, Zhang Zizhong, commander-in-chief of the 33rd Group Army and commander-in-chief of the right-wing corps of the fifth theater, personally led the 74th Division, the 9th Cavalry Division, and thousands of people from the Headquarters Special Service Battalion to cross the Xianghe River to intercept the enemy. The bloody battle with the Japanese army lasted all day long, and the fierce battle continued all night.The next day, the Japanese army mobilized more than 20 aircraft and more than 20 guns to bombard them in turn.

After the fall of Pingjin, Zhang Zizhong, who presided over the Jicha affairs in Beiping with the courage of a common man, regretted his mistakes and ignorance. He should not have stayed alone. Both political and military are quite wrong maneuvers.When the value of being exploited by the Japanese was gone and his life was threatened by being kicked away by the Japanese, he suddenly repented, disguised himself, sneaked out of Beiping and fled to Tianjin, then fled to Yantai by ship, and secretly transferred to Jinan.Shandong Provincial Government Chairman Han Fuju was ordered to detain Zhang Zizhong.During the period, Zhang saw Xiao Zhenying who came to visit him on a special trip. He was so regretful that he hugged each other and cried loudly. He said something like "I'm sorry for the group, I'm sorry for the big brother". Then he was accompanied by Qin Dechun, the former deputy commander of the 29th Army, and escorted him to Nanjing. See Chiang Kai-shek pleading guilty.Zhang Zizhong proposed in front of Jiang that he would return to "service before the army" and make meritorious service to atone for his crimes.Later, under the repeated lobbying of the former 29th Army generals Song Zheyuan, Xiao Zhenying, Li Zongren, He Yingqin, Cheng Qian, Zhang Zhizhong, Lu Zhonglin, Wei Daopeng, Zheng Yuxiu and other military and political dignitaries, Chiang Kai-shek was finally persuaded. At the critical moment, according to the strategic thinking of "doing meritorious deeds and not letting mistakes", Zhang agreed to return to the original army, and take the original post of commander of the 38th division and the newly promoted commander of the 59th army on behalf of the division.

In January 1938, Zhang Zizhong's 59th Army was transferred to the command of Li Zongren, the fifth theater sequence, and went to Linyi to participate in the Taiwan and Zaoba battle.With mixed feelings of grief and indignation, Zhang Zizhong led his troops to defeat Itagaki Seishiro's 5th Division, known as the Japanese "Steel Army", in the Battle of Linyi, which opened the prelude to the Taierzhuang victory. After the bloody battle at Taierzhuang, the Japanese army increased its troops to surround Xuzhou and cut off the Longhai Railway. Zhang Zizhong was ordered to cover hundreds of thousands of Xuzhou's main force to break through.During the Battle of Wuhan, Zhang Bu was ordered to guard Huangchuan and severely damaged the invading Japanese 10th Division.After the war, Zhang Zizhong was promoted to the head of the 27th Army Corps with his military exploits. Not long after, the Military Commission formed the 33rd Army Group, which had jurisdiction over Cao Fulin's 55th Army, Zhang Zizhong's 59th Army and Feng Zhian's 70th Army. In the Seventh Army, Zhang Zizhong served as the commander-in-chief of the group army, and Feng Zhi'an was the deputy. This unit can be regarded as the remnant of the old team of the original 29th Army.At this time, the Thirty-Third Army had regrouped and had a new look. It was no longer the chaotic state of Song Zheyuan's First Army.Influenced by the two generals Zhang and Feng who "serve the country with all their loyalty" (Zhang Zizhong's words), all the sergeants took the lead bravely. In the famous Battle of Suizao and Battle of Zaoyi, they both played military prestige and prestige, and made illustrious military exploits.It is regrettable that Zhang Zizhong, a famous general of a generation, died in the line of duty on the battlefield.

On the morning of May 16, Zhang Zizhong's troops entered the Guanzikou area in the northeast of Yicheng to start a fierce battle with the Japanese army. Under the bombardment of the enemy's fierce artillery fire, they were forced to retreat to the vicinity of the pumpkin shop.Knowing that the headquarters of the 33rd Army was surrounded, the Japanese army concentrated more than 10,000 people to launch a siege and pincer attack.Due to the disparity in strength, the 74th Division and the Secret Service Battalion suffered almost all casualties. Zhang Zizhong was shot several times and was injured seven times. The nation and the chief can be ashamed, and the conscience is safe.” Xuan drew his sword and committed suicide, martyred for the country, at the age of 51.

The Japanese devils who came from the siege at that time witnessed Zhang Zizhong's loyalty and bravery in order to become benevolent, and they all thought that it was not a person who fell, but a mountain.After confirming that the general killed in battle was Zhang Zizhong, the following Japanese generals solemnly lined up after cheering for a moment, and saluted the martyr who was as tall and strong as the mountain in front of him. ——This is the awe and admiration of the brave soul and noble personality. That night, according to the order of the Supreme Command, the Chinese side sent a division of troops to storm the position that had fallen into the enemy's hands. At the expense of more than 200 soldiers, they occupied the stronghold and took back the body of General Zhang Zizhong, who had fallen into the hands of the Japanese army. At 5 o'clock on May 21, General Li Zhiyuan and Xu Weilie, under the order of Feng Zhian, the deputy commander-in-chief of the 33rd Army, led a pistol team to set off from the headquarters of the Happy Pu Army in six trucks to escort Zhang Zizhong's coffin to Chongqing.

The star fell, and the whole country mourned.The convoy escorting Zhang Zizhong's coffin passed Jingmen, Dangyang and other counties and market towns along the way, and people from all walks of life paid homage to it.At about 3:00 p.m., the car arrived in Yichang County, where it stopped for three days at Dongshan Temple in Yichang. At 4:00 a.m. on the 23rd, the coffin of Zhang Zizhong was transported from the Dongshan Thatched Cottage in Dongshan Park to the ship wharf under the escort of Jiao Yan, Guo Chan, and Wang Luyi. 100,000 people attended the Yichang public road sacrifice, and the road was full of fragrant flowers and firecrackers.The "Minfeng" ship, which Minsheng Company transported the coffin for free, was moored on the river, ready to go.Passing ships on the river blew their whistles to mourn the loss of the party-state in the Anti-Japanese War, the first national hero of the commander-in-chief of the group army and the rank of general.At 6:30 in the morning, the ship carrying Zhang Zizhong's body pulled anchor and set sail. The people on the shore were all mournful. Other ships in the river stopped sailing and waited solemnly.

This touching scene was described by Wang Luyi, who was a member of the Second Military Discipline Inspection Team of the Military Commission at the time and witnessed it in Yichang: General Zhang Zizhong's visit to Yichang, Zhonggu, was not announced by the army but was already heard by the people. Unexpectedly, more than 100,000 people gathered at Dongshan Temple.At nightfall, thousands of fires glow, mourning wild sacrifices, mountain tops and road corners, the sound of lamentation is heard all night.How many old mothers started making pasta at night, saying: I will make northern rice for General Zhang.In the early morning, the boats are moved to the boat, and from Dongshan Temple to the riverside, thousands of families compete to hold sacrifices on the streets.Scent of flowers, wine and fruit, bow your head to worship, look close to the ranks, burn firecrackers in your hands, and focus on the spirit. This national hero is also.There are huge crowds of people along the way, and the solemn and sincere feelings made the sender pass by in tears, unable to look up.At that time, the alarm was wailing, the enemy plane was already in the air, and none of the senders retreated, and no one left.The leading army was full of joy, and the national flag that covered the coffin became more and more brilliant. Hundreds of thousands of people marched in a line, out of natural feelings but not self-sufficient, solemn and resolute, without a command at the beginning, they were extremely clean-up, and looked at the enemy planes circling with contempt.The Linggu boarded the boat, and looked at Xu Zhan plainly, but the people on the shore still wanted to send the general far away across the river.

On May 28, the coffin of General Zhang Zizhong arrived in Chongqing. The whole army mourned and the city mourned.Chiang Kai-shek came to offer sacrifices in person, and published a letter to the soldiers of the army, recounting Zhang Zizhong's achievements in the war of resistance throughout his life: Chasing Wei Chenchen (according to the south: Zhang Zizhong) fought the enemy in the battle of Xifengkou in the 22nd year, and until now in the battle of Henan and Hubei, he has never fought without taking the lead.In the battle of Xifengkou, two regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry were wiped out, which was the beginning of fighting the enemy for Chen Chen.Since the Anti-Japanese War, the first battle was fought in Feishui, the second battle was fought in Linyi, the third battle was fought in Xuzhou, and the fourth battle was fought in Suizao.In the Battle of Linyi, Xi Chen led his troops to the battlefield, covering a hundred and eighty miles a day and night, and fought fiercely with the enemy's Banyuan Division, known as the Iron Army, for seven days and nights. While commending his military exploits, Chiang Kai-shek took the opportunity to comment on Zhang Zizhong's historical merits and demerits before and after the fall of Pingjin:

Those who suppress Zhongzheng's selfishness still have some regrets, and the brave and good at fighting are well known in the world, and their wisdom is profound and brave, but there are still those who are beyond the reach of the world.Since the battle at Xifengkou and before the battle at Lugouqiao, the enemy has densely spread between Pingjin and Tianjin, taking advantage of the gaps, and trying to conspire against us.At that time, there were thousands of times as many resistance fighters as there were today to deal with the difficulties of the enemy.The former supervisor of the government, and the later Changjin City, both used their bodies as acquaintances, endured pain and dirt, and dealt with the enemy. The slander and the masses have nothing to shake, and they have never explained themselves with a single word.Only Zhongzheng knows his difficulties and injustices, so he loves and preserves his integrity, but it is still unforgivable by people all over the country.Since the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, his righteousness has been outstanding, and he has never gone forward. Then he knows his loyalty, which is extraordinary, and his concept of enduring humiliation and killing the enemy to achieve results is known to the world.When a husband sees danger, he is ordered, and the journey of a martyr has occurred in ancient and modern times.As for the difficult meeting, to cut off all hearts, to benefit the country, and not to confuse his concerns with the right and wrong of the world, the intention of this ancient minister to seek the country is beyond the reach of ordinary people, and it is beyond the reach of ordinary people. Also... It is said that Liu Ruming, who was the deputy commander-in-chief of the Second Army and the commander of the Sixty-eighth Army at the time, later recalled: "This article was passed on to the front, and while reading it with the robes of the 29th Army, everyone wept with gratitude."

After Zhang Zizhong's sacrifice, the Thirty-Third Army turned from prosperity to decline.With the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the outbreak of the civil war, the old team of the original 29th Army was hit hard, and finally came to an end and disappeared. Although the soldiers of the national army were loyal, brave and dedicated, they fought hard and died for the country, but the Japanese army's fierce offensive was not stopped because of the huge gap between the equipment and the quality of the soldiers and the enemy.After sweeping the strategic locations around Wuhan, the arrogant Japanese army concentrated their forces to Yichang in the west in an attempt to open the gate of the Three Gorges and besiege the accompanying capital Chongqing, dealing the most fatal blow to the exhausted Kuomintang anti-Japanese forces.The Chinese nation is once again faced with the choice of survival. In July 1940, in order to completely cut off the only remaining international channel in China, the Japanese army directly sent troops to forcibly occupied Vietnam in French Indochina, not only cutting off the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, but also causing planes to bomb the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway and the terminal due to the shortened distance. Station - Kunming more frequently.At the end of August and the beginning of September, Japanese planes bombed Kunming more violently, and the bombing range had expanded to the suburbs of Kunming. The Japanese army began to organize elites to invade Yunnan. The situation became increasingly critical.He Zhaowu, a student at the United Nations University, still has deep memories of the situation during this period: "From the summer of 1940 to the autumn of 1941, during this year and one quarter, Japanese planes bombed almost every day, and very often On time, the alarm must be raised at 90 o'clock in the morning. It is said that when the alarm is raised in Chongqing, everyone will hide in caves, but there are no caves in Kunming. Fortunately, the United Nations University is on the edge of the city. Once the alarm is raised, we will run to the suburbs. It takes about ten minutes. It’s safe to climb over two hills and run into the ravine. However, because Japanese planes dropped bombs everywhere, the ravine was not safe at times. Once, Mr. Hua Luogeng hid with Mr. Pi Mingju, who taught us Western history. The Japanese dropped two bombs in that ravine (remember it was called Huangtupo), and buried them with stones and clods. Mr. Pi climbed out and walked out in a daze. After walking a few steps, he suddenly remembered that Hua Luogeng was still inside, and hurriedly went back Find someone to go back and pull Mr. Hua out again." He Zhaowu said that the place where the siren hides is also called "a line of sky". This is a very narrow valley.Because it was in the narrow valley, the bombs came down and turned over the soil on both sides, so Hua Luogeng was in danger of being buried. The time that impressed He Zhaowu the most was when the enemy planes bombed again shortly after the start of school in the autumn of 1940. Principal Jiang Menglin—he rarely shows up—sat on the ground in front of the library, looking helpless." The specific time of this bombing was October 13, 1940. The day before was the day when the admissions list of the United Nations University was released, and the 13th was a Sunday.As for the bombing situation that day, it can be seen clearly from Wu Mi's diary. On that day, Wu Mi, a professor of the Department of Foreign Languages ​​of the United Nations University, invited many friends to visit Xishan together. At 9:00 a.m., he got on the boat at Zhuantang outside Xiaoximen, and at 10:40 he heard the alarm in Dianchi Lake. "At 2:00 on the way, I saw 27 Japanese planes flying into the city sky, and dropped more than a hundred bombs. The smoke rose, the flames flickered, and the sound shook the valley. It was much more tragic than the last two times." After returning to the city in the evening, "I realized that I was bombed The district is in the area of ​​Wenlin Street. Yunda University and the Lian Master Academy have been completely destroyed, and there is no residence in Wenlin Lane. The gate tower of Daximen is slightly dilapidated, and the city gate is half closed. .Fortunately, all teachers and students escaped, only one or two students were injured, and several school policemen died." In the early morning of the next day, Wu Mi went to visit friends in Xianshengpo and Tianjundian Lane by the green lake, and saw: "The houses are destroyed and the earth is piled up. , there are almost no surviving houses in the whole lane." And "I heard that there were about a hundred people who died." Among the "several school police workers" recorded by Wu Mi, one of them is Master Yin, an old school worker who is responsible for guarding the offices and basements of the Standing Committee of the UN General Assembly.At that time, a small basement was specially dug behind Mei Yiqi's office to store relevant school documents, valuable instruments, and a few rare and rare books brought from Beiping.Usually there are two janitors in charge of the care, and when there is an air raid, they lock the door and everyone "runs the alarm" together. Among the three standing committee members, Mei Yiqi "runs the alarm" the most frequently.According to Chen Daisun, a professor at Southwest Associated University, recalled: At that time, there were often alarms, and "when there was an alarm, we ran to the back of the mountain and went to the graveyard. After the bomb, the plane flew away, and we stood up. At that time, Principal Zhang Boling was in Chongqing, and Jiang Menglin often went to Chongqing, and sometimes also in Kunming, but rarely participated in school affairs. Principal Mei was the principal at that time. He is a member of the Standing Committee. He often works every day, and when the alarm comes, he runs to the back of the mountain like the students, and when the plane comes, he lies beside the students like the students. So at that time, the students seemed very close to President Mei." Due to the frequent arrival of enemy planes and too many alarms, the teachers, students and staff of the United Nations gradually became tired and became slack and lucky, and ignored the "buzzing" roar of the enemy planes.Every time the alarm sounded, several old school workers would open the back door of the Lianda campus to evacuate all the teachers and students to the back mountain, while they would take care of the campus or the office of the Standing Committee.Some students also imitated the practice of the old janitors, squatting or sitting in a place with dense trees on the campus, and continued to study in the classroom after the enemy plane passed. Unexpectedly, this practice led to a disaster. On the afternoon of October 13th, Mei Yiqi was handling official business in the office. When the emergency alarm sounded, Mei still walked out of the office as usual, and followed the teachers and students through the back door of the campus to the back mountain to escape.Before he reached Baini Mountain, which is the closest to the campus, an enemy plane had already flown over the campus, dense bombs fell like hailstones, and suddenly thick smoke rose. The office of the Standing Committee and a nearby dormitory were blown down. Master Yin, the old school worker in the office, several colleagues, and several students who were hiding in the dense forest of the campus, saw that the enemy plane bombing was extremely violent, so they got up and ran to the air-raid shelter.Some just got into the entrance of the cave, and some were still outside the cave. A bomb fell from the sky, and everyone died unfortunately.Thanks to Mei Yiqi running in time, she escaped a catastrophe. Just like the Japanese bombing of Nankai University in the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, the Japanese air raid on Kunming was obviously aimed specifically at educational institutions.Regarding the occurrence of this tragedy, Mei Yiqi wrote in a "Letter to the Alumni of Tsinghua University" afterwards: "The enemy plane attacked Kunming and aimed at the United Nations University and Yunda University, and dived and dropped bombs. The United Nations University suffered some losses. The male dormitory of the Teachers College was completely destroyed, and the office and faculty dormitory of the college were also damaged in many places"; "A lot of bombs fell around the school, so the damage was huge"; "The office of the Tsinghua Office in Xicangpo , two bombs fell one after the other”, the air-raid shelter in the office “all collapsed”, and “the two workers, who were always devoted to their duties, hid in the air-raid shelter one day and died.” The specific situation of the bombing of the UNU campus was reported in detail by the Kunming newspaper the next day: “Yesterday, twenty-seven enemy bombers attacked Kunming and carried out a planned bombing of the National Southwest Associated University, our highest school, in order to achieve Its purpose of destroying my education and cultural undertakings... Xinshe Boys' Dormitory No. 1, 2, 28, 32, etc. were destroyed... Teacher's College Girls' Dormitory No. 2... Boys' Dormitory No. 1 and 2, faculty dormitory were destroyed ...Classrooms 7 and 8 were destroyed. A biological laboratory building in the southern district was completely destroyed, with many instruments inside, and the library was destroyed...The rest, the Standing Committee Office, Cashier Team, Affairs Team, Discipline Office, and General Affairs Office were all destroyed. Razed to the ground." During this bombing, a broken beam in Jiang Menglin's office crashed down, piercing through the top of Jiang's desk. Fortunately, Jiang Menglin had already run out of the office at that time, otherwise the consequences would be disastrous.Student He Zhaowu saw Principal Jiang sitting on the floor in front of the library with a helpless look, which may not be accurate enough. But at that time, Jiang Menglin must have mixed feelings and lingering fears when facing the horrible scene in his office. Of course, some professors and colleagues expressed dissatisfaction with the attitude of the school's senior management, especially the leaders of the Teachers College, for the occurrence of this unfortunate incident. , a lot of bombs fell. Several houses nearby were turned into ruins. In one house, six members of the family were killed. The male dormitory of the United Teachers College was completely destroyed, and the person in charge of the school did not show up. During office hours, no one in the school was working , but the professors still have a part of the class.” Whether this criticism is appropriate is another matter. Perhaps the leaders of the Teachers College were not present for other reasons, or for other reasons.But in any case, the bombing caused great damage to the UNU campus and other materials, and the shadow of war horror it cast on the hearts of teachers and students is difficult to eliminate, and it is still deep in the memory after many years. The day Southwest Associated University was bombed was exactly one month after the Japanese army fully occupied French Indochina. Kunming was less than 600 kilometers away from the Japanese-occupied Hanoi military airport in Vietnam, and less than 400 kilometers away from the vanguard of the Japanese army that had advanced to the estuary.Kunming, Yunnan, located in the frontier, has changed from a rear area into a war-torn vortex. Being bombed by enemy planes is a common occurrence. No matter whether they are high-ranking officials or ordinary people, including intellectuals of all sizes, there is nothing they can do. They can only work while they work. silently endured.According to Zeng Zhaolun’s daily record on October 17: “The Japanese broadcast said that Kunming and its surrounding suburbs would be bombed from the 17th to the 21st. I woke up at about 5 o’clock today and went to school after breakfast. The sky was very cloudy. The class was safe and sound. At 9:30, the air raid siren finally came, and I went out of the city to take refuge in a mountain ditch. I sat on the grass next to the ditch and finished reading a book. At 1:00 p.m., the emergency siren was still sounded. I sat in the ditch facing the sky Looking around, I soon saw three enemy planes, circling back and forth for reconnaissance. Later, I saw twenty-seven heavy bombers in the third team, which were silver-white, flying overhead, and dropped a batch of light bombs over the corner of the city. Smoke rose. Flying from the city to Majiezi, a batch of heavy bombs were dropped, shaking the ground. The alarm was lifted around 5:00. After returning home for dinner, read the test papers of Tsinghua University in the United States, and went to bed at 11:00.”18 The daily diary also recorded: "At 8 o'clock, I went to the dormitory on Beimen Street to pick up the books. After returning home, I drew the diagram of the application of "Advanced Organic". At 9:30, the alarm came again, and I evacuated out of the city. Exam paper." Because of the continuous bombing, many liberal arts professors simply arranged to teach at night. For example, Wu Mi took advantage of the absence of bombing at night to continue his lecture on "Plato" in his "Masterpieces of the History of European Literature" on a moonlit night. On October 16, Wu wrote in his diary: "From 7 to 9 p.m. outside the large library of the school building, sit in a group under the moon, and read "Literature and Ideals of Life". Five or six students will arrive." Just like the principle that "things must be reversed when they are extreme", the number of bombings increases, and some abnormal phenomena appear, or it is called a kind of wartime spirit.As Wang Zengqi said: "There are students in the Lianda University who do not run the alarm. As far as I know, there are two of them. One is a female classmate named Luo. When there is an alarm, she washes her hair. Everyone else left. No one uses the hot water, she can open it to wash, as much water as she wants! The other is a classmate from Guangdong, surnamed Zheng. He loves to eat lotus seeds. Whenever there is an alarm, he uses a large mouthwash tank to reach the boiler burner He went up to cook lotus seeds. The alarm was lifted, and his lotus seeds were rotten. One time, Japanese planes bombed the United Nations University, and both the North and South Campuses of Kunming University were bombed. This old Zheng was not far away listening to the bombs. The place exploded, still stirring his rock candy lotus seeds on the boiler next to the big library of the new school building." These two students disregarded the bombing of enemy planes, and they were not afraid of danger, and their demeanor was different. They really had the demeanor of generals depicted in ancient wars or martial arts novels, and even a little fairy demeanor, which is admirable.It is said that there is a beef noodle restaurant not far from the campus of the United Nations University. The owner has a very personal character. After being bombed, he simply changed a new sign called "Not afraid of fried beef noodle restaurant". Everyone thinks this sign is very interesting and encouraging. Morale, the number of diners who come to eat noodles and soup has increased a lot, and the boss has made a lot of money because of this. Of course, saying "not afraid of bombing" is just a puffed up secret rivalry with the Japanese, or it is called a kind of black humor. Mortal flesh is always no match for steel bombs, and when the alarm sounds, you have to run.Day after day, running endlessly, everyone was exhausted physically and mentally. Even the Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, the China Construction Society, and the Central Museum Preparatory Office led by Li Ji, who lived in Longquan Town on the outskirts of Kunming, worked hard every day. Living in panic amidst the sound of the alarm, one can see his misery from Lin Huiyin's letter to Fei Weimei: The bombing of the Japanese devils or the strafing of fighter planes is like a heavy rain, and you can only grit your teeth to survive it. It doesn't matter whether it is overhead or in the distance, there is a feeling of vomiting. Poor Lao Jin, he has classes in the city every morning, and he often has to leave this village at 5:30 in the morning, and before he can go to class, the air raid starts, and then he has to follow a group of people to another building in another direction. The city gate, another hill, until 5:30 in the afternoon, and then many detours to walk back to this village, no food, no drink, no work, no rest, nothing for a day, this is life. The son of Liang and Lin, Liang Congjie, who was only 8 years old at the time, once burned this picture in his childhood memory: "Once, a Japanese plane flew over Longtou Village, so low that it could almost touch the treetops, and the sound was deafening. My father pinned our siblings firmly to the ground. I clearly saw the Devil pilot wearing goggles in the open cockpit. I was afraid that he would see me and shoot us. I felt the threat of death. " The feelings of the teachers and students of the United Nations, the people of Kunming, and Lin Huiyin's mother and child basically represented the state of mind of the Chinese people at that time: the war was cruel, and the suffering caused by successive defeats made people anxious, palpitations, and uneasy.However, most people did not back down completely because of this, or gave up their determination to resist the war and confidence in victory. To use popular sayings, it is "fight out and fight." Wen Yiduo said, "Professors, like ordinary people, only had the tension and indignation when the war broke out. No one thought whether the war could be won. Since we were forced to fight, we had to fight. People are concerned about defending a certain The time of the stronghold is long, and opinions are somewhat different, but even the most pessimistic ones have not considered the issue of how the war will end." At that time, the Japanese bombed Chongqing far more than Kunming. On June 11, 1939, Chiang Kai-shek’s Chongqing Huangshan official residence was bombed, and the official residence was also shot. Chiang was on the third floor and was in danger of disaster. Beginning in May 1940, Japanese planes often bombed Chongqing with more than 100 sorties. Many innocent houses and citizens were destroyed and killed.On May 29 of this year, after witnessing the Chongqing bombing, Chiang Kai-shek made the following record in his diary that day: It is heartbreaking to see him supporting the old and carrying the young, carrying heavy burdens and traveling long distances. The next generation of citizens should know that the pain of their parents taking refuge in them is unprecedented in history. For the country and family, they should be especially loyal and filial. Worthy of being a descendant of the Republic of China. In August, the bombing of Chongqing by Japanese planes became more intense. The walls and houses in the entire urban area of ​​Chongqing collapsed, devastated everywhere, and suffered heavy casualties.Despite this, the generosity and elegy of the soldiers and civilians has not diminished, and there is a tendency to become more courageous, calmer and unyielding as they explode. On August 19, more than 190 Japanese planes dispatched to bomb Chongqing in turn. The entire urban area was shrouded in thick smoke and flames. Many buildings were burned after being bombed, which lasted for dozens of hours.Facing the tragedy, Chiang Kai-shek made the following record in his diary on August 21: Just relying on enthusiasm and flesh and blood to deal with the high-level explosive bombs and artillery fire of the Japanese pirates in the past three years, if it is not the Chinese nation, who can do it. Between the lines, it reveals the spirit of this wartime military and political leader who refused to admit defeat, was not afraid of ghosts, and did not believe in evil. On August 30, 1941, Chiang Kai-shek's Huangshan official residence in Chongqing was bombed again by Japanese planes, killing six guards and injuring four.Faced with the bloody scene, Chiang Kai-shek was worried but unafraid. He continued to work and hold meetings in the dilapidated mansion, showing a heroic spirit that regarded death as home. Just when the Japanese army captured Vietnam and dispatched warplanes to bomb Chongqing and Kunming, the Ministry of Education of the Nationalist Government ordered Southwest Associated University, Tongji University, Academia Sinica Institute of History and Philology, Institute of Sociology, and the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum, etc. Schools and scientific research institutions stationed in Kunming "should make preparations for any eventuality", that is, prepare for relocation. On July 17, the Standing Committee of the Southwest Associated University held a meeting and decided to make necessary preparations in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Education. On July 26, Mei Yiqi, Dean of the United Nations University Fan Jichang, and Director of the Affairs Group Bi Zhengxuan went to Chengjiang, Yunnan for inspection, but Chengjiang had limited capacity and could only go to one college. On September 9, the Standing Committee of the General Assembly decided not to go to Chengjiang after hearing that Ye Qisun, Zhou Binglin, Yang Shixian, Fan Jichang and others went to Chengjiang to investigate again and contact the local area to establish a branch school. It is appropriate.Known as the Land of Abundance, Shu is not only separated by thousands of mountains and valleys, but also has tributaries such as the Yangtze River or the Minjiang River, Jinsha River, Jialing River and other tributaries connected to Chongqing, the wartime capital of the Nationalist Government. There are large and small dams for farming, food, vegetables, etc. The necessities of life are easy to solve, and it is a natural refuge and a rear base for accumulating strength and waiting for a counterattack.Many dynasties in Chinese history fled to Sichuan when disasters were approaching. During the Anshi Rebellion during the Tianbao period, when Chang’an fell, Tang Xuanzong fled to Jiannan, Sichuan with some civil servants and generals. position.In view of such natural conditions, the Southwest Associated University made the decision to move to Sichuan. At the beginning of October of this year, the Sichuan provincial government called the Southwest Associated University, "extremely welcome" Qianchuan, and said that "the school site seems to be in the Luxian, Yibin, and Xuyong areas." According to the results of the survey, the United Nations General Assembly On November 13, the Standing Committee decided to set up a branch school in Xuyong, south of Luxian County, and hire Yang Zhensheng as the director of the branch school. First grade students and elective class students will be transferred to the school first, and the decision to relocate all of them will be made after the situation changes in the future.Due to the inconvenient transportation during the war, the registration time of more than 600 freshmen was postponed to January 2, 1941, the school started on the 6th, and the class started on the 10th.Since then, a special classroom has been born in the southwestern border of China.Just when the United Nations General Assembly sent people to Sichuan to investigate, Fu Sinian, director of the Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, also ordered Rui Yifu, an associate researcher of the institute, to go to Sichuan with a professor sent by Tongji University to find a place to relocate, and soon in the lower reaches of Yibin 22 Kilometers to find a place to place a desk.Fu Sinian exchanged opinions with Li Ji, Liang Siyong, Dong Zuobin, Li Fanggui and others based on the inspection situation, and believed that if there is no better place, they can only choose this place to settle temporarily.As a result, several research institutes of Academia Sinica in Kunming, together with relevant academic institutions such as the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum and the China Academy of Construction, together with Tongji University in Kunming, started another large-scale migration. A place that can't be found on the map" - Lizhuang, Nanxi, Sichuan.