Chapter 78 Chapter 3 The place of exile is getting denser

There has never been such a brutal exile as the exiled peasants, driving people to the wilderness and blatantly killing them. Such a thing has never happened before, and it will never happen again.However, our country's penal colonies are becoming "dense" every year in other ways and according to its own laws: the number of exiles is increasing, the population density of the penal colonies is increasing, and the exile system is becoming more and more severe. ruthless. It can be roughly divided into the following periods.The exile of the 1920s seems to have been a transitional, or preparatory, period before the establishment of labor camps; very few people in that period ended up in exile, and almost all were later detained in labor camps.

From the end of the 1930s, perhaps due to the large number of exiles, exile, an effective form of restriction and isolation, began to have considerable independence.During the war years and after the war, exile was juxtaposed with labor camps, and its scale was increasing day by day, and its status was increasingly consolidated.Exile has advantages: no need to invest in building sheds and camps, no security expenses, and it can handle large numbers of people at once, especially women and children. (The larger deportation depots had regular mother-and-child cells for women with children, and these cells were never vacant.) Exile would also ensure the reliable and permanent cleansing of any important cell in the metropolitan mainland for a short period of time. area.In this way, the status of the exile system was consolidated; and from 1948 it began to assume a new national role, that is, as a garbage dump and a storage pool: the residues and wastes processed by the Gulag Islands could be thrown away. Come here, so that these things will never land on the mainland of the suzerain country again.In the spring of 1948, an order was issued to the labor camps: after serving their sentence, all criminals who violated Article 58, with a few exceptions, should be "released" to the places of exile.In other words, these people should not be released lightly to the "sovereign country" that does not belong to them, but everyone should be escorted from the watchtower of the labor camp to the security team headquarters in the exile village, and moved from one cage to another. a cage.Since the areas of exile were strictly demarcated, they together seemed to constitute a single (albeit interlaced) state between the Soviet Union (the "suzerain") and the Gulag Archipelago.Rather than saying that the place of exile is a "purgatory" for cleansing sins, it is better to say that it is a filthy pool contaminated with sins. From here, you can only enter the Gulag Islands, but never enter the mainland of the "Suzerain".

In 1944 and 1945, a large number of people were added to the exile area, which was brought from the liberated German-occupied areas.From 1947 to 1949, many people were escorted from several republics in the west.The torrent of these exiles combined (not even including the exiled peasants) far exceeds the figure of half a million, or even dozens of times!It should be noted that the total number of exiled people in Tsarist Russia, once known as the "prison of all nationalities" in the nineteenth century, was about 500,000. So, for what crimes were our citizens exiled (or "forced migration") in the 1930s and 1940s? (The distinction between "exile" and "forced removal" is, if not always observed, at least frequently mentioned, presumably because it affords administrative pleasure to some. M. E. Brodowski was persecuted for his religion and was appalled at his exile without a court order. However, Lieutenant Colonel Ivanov explained to him solemnly: "Precisely because it is not exile, but Forced removal, so no need to go through the courts. We don't consider you a criminal, so we don't take away your right to vote. I" That is, you don't take away the most important of civil liberties!  … )

Some of the most common offenses punishable by exile can be cited: l) belonging to a sinful nation (see next chapter for details); 2) Has served his sentence in a labor camp; 3) Living in a sinful environment (such as; rebellious Leningrad, western Ukraine, areas with active partisan movements such as the Baltic coast, etc.). In addition, some tributary streams of the various streams of people mentioned at the beginning of the book overflowed, not into the labor camps, but into the places of exile.Some of them were continually thrown into exile.Who are they?Generally speaking, it is the family members of prisoners in the labor camp.But not all their family members were exiled, and it was not only their family members who were exiled.If you want to explain the flow of fluid, you must have all kinds of knowledge in fluid mechanics, otherwise you have to give up this idea and simply watch the meaningless turbulent waves.In this matter too: it is impossible for us to thoroughly study and describe the various motives and reasons for sending different kinds of people to labor camps and to exile at different times.We can only observe, and what we see is a colorful picture of immigrants, here from Manchuria; Marriage, which is not allowed by Soviet law, because even if the other party is an exile, he is still a Soviet!); there are Caucasians (but no one remembers meeting a Georgian); there are also people from Central Asia-these Although people were prisoners, they were not sentenced to ten years of labor reform, but only six years of forced relocation; there were even some Siberian prisoners who were sent back to their hometowns. These people can live like free people in their hometown Siberia without having to Report to the police headquarters, they just don't have the right to leave their hometown and go to other places.

It is impossible for us to know all the types and circumstances of the exiles, for our information comes only from occasional conversations or letters.If there is no A? M? Aller.I am afraid that the reader will not know the following story without the letter from her husband.In 1943, a notice was suddenly received in a certain village in the Vyatka region; the farmer of the village, Kozulin, an ordinary infantryman who was fighting at the front, seemed to have been sent to a penal battalion, or Has been shot.So the executioner (the reader already knows this word; it is a nickname for an executioner) immediately came to the residence of Korulin's wife (she had six children, the oldest was ten years old, the youngest was six months. There were two They are all spinsters who are nearly fifty years old.), immediately drove her family out of the house on the 9th, loaded the sled, and only allowed to take a little stuff, and drove them 60 kilometers away in the severe cold. Kirov city of Vyatka province went.Only God knows how these nine people did not freeze to death on the road.They were imprisoned in the deportation prison in Kirov City for one and a half months, and later sent to a kiln near Ukhta.The two elder sisters-in-law could only go to the swill pool to fish for food every day, and then they died on the street due to insanity.The mother, with a few children, managed to survive starvation with the help of the surrounding local people (unideological, unpatriotic, and probably even anti-Soviet).Later, when the children grew up, they all served in the army and became the so-called "excellent soldiers with excellent political thinking and combat training".In 1960, my mother returned to her hometown, but her house had long since disappeared, not even a piece of wood or a brick was found.

What's wrong with weaving such a plot into the wreath of victory in the Great Patriotic War?No, they don't want to.Because it's not typical. Then, in what wreath should the deportation of the crippled in the Great Patriotic War be 7 what kind of deportation should it be?We know almost nothing about this exile (very little indeed).But, readers, please recall how many young and disabled people wandered around our markets, teahouses and trams at the end of the war!Later, without knowing it, these people quickly disappeared.They also formed a torrent, and were also exiled to a small island in the north in a movement, because they should not have made themselves so ugly in war for the honor of their motherland.This is also to make our nation--a nation that has achieved brilliant victories in various track and field games and ball games--look more fit!These unlucky heroes in the war are now living on some unnamed island, and of course, have no right to communicate with the vast outside continent (but after all, there are still very few letters sent, so we know), they themselves Their lives are naturally relatively "simple", because it is impossible for them to be rich with their own labor income.

These people still seem to be spending the rest of their lives there today. This vast filth between the Soviet Union and the Gulag Archipelago, this kingdom in exile.It includes both large and small towns, as well as remote countryside and wilderness.The exiled prisoners try their best to move to the cities. People firmly believe that the cities are better for us, especially because it is easier to find a job, and the life there is more like a human life. The city of Karaganda was arguably the capital of the Kingdom of Exiles, or at least one of its jewels.I saw this city in 1955, before the end of the mass exile. (The Garrison Command approved me, an exile, to go to Karagandaji for a few days, because I was going to get married there, and my fiancée was also exiled.) At that time, it was still a hungry city. Not far from the low train station stands a rather emblematic brick building: its walls are poked with wooden pillars to keep it from collapsing.At that time, the tram did not run to the side of the station (because there were tunnels all over the ground, for fear of collapse.) Large characters were engraved on a stone wall in the center of the new urban area.Guangzhou coal is (industrial) food! "The shops here do sell black bread every day, and exile to the city has this advantage. You can also find work as a hard laborer here, and there are better jobs than being a hard laborer. As for other foods, the shelves are usually Empty. There are also market stalls, but the prices are so high that people dare not buy them. Three-quarters of the city's population, at least two-thirds, are people who have no resident certificates and have registered with the police headquarters. Walking in On the street I often meet ex-camp prisoners who greet me, especially those who came out of the Ekbastuz camp. What about the life of the exiles here? They are oppressed at work and their wages are reduced Yes, because it is not always possible for people to show the level of knowledge, let alone seniority, after the catastrophe of arrest-prison-camp. The same as blacks with equal pay. Are you unhappy? You can quit! The living conditions are very bad: most of the exiles rent the corners of the corridors without partitions, dark small sheds or old warehouses. The rent is very expensive because it is a private house Some middle-aged women with dentures who had been mistreated in labor camps dreamed day and night of having a woolen jacket "to go out with" or a pair of shoes "to go out with".

Karaganda is a large city and people often live far from their workplaces.It takes an hour for the tram to go from the city center to the factory area on the outskirts of the city.Once, I was sitting across from a tired woman in a dirty skirt and torn sandals in a tram, holding a baby in a dirty wrapping.She dozed off incessantly, and the child slipped from her limp hands onto her lap, about to fall.The person next to her subtracted: "The child has fallen!" She hurriedly opened her eyes and grabbed the child, but fell asleep again within a few minutes.She works the night shift at the water pumping station. Today she ran around the city all day and wanted to buy a pair of shoes, but she couldn't find them.

Such was life in exile in Karaganda. As far as I know, Zhambyl is much better than Karaganda. It is located in the fertile south of Kazakhstan, and prices are very cheap.But the smaller the city, the harder it is to find a job. And the city of Yeniseysk.In 1948, G. S. Mitrovic and a group of people were sent here from the deportation station in Krasnoyarsk.The lieutenant in charge of the escort gave a positive answer to the questions raised by the prisoners. "Will there be a job?" "There will be!" "Will there be a place to live?" "There will be!" The escorting soldiers handed over the prisoners to the garrison headquarters, and went back easily by themselves.But the exiles had to sleep under the overturned boats by the river or under the open tents of the market.They cannot buy bread, because bread is allocated according to the household registration card, and newcomers have no housing and cannot be registered; and to find housing, they need to pay rent first.Mitrovic was disabled at this time. He was originally a livestock expert, so he asked the Garrison Command to arrange work for him according to his specialty.The security commander came up with an idea immediately after explaining the situation, and he immediately hung up the phone to the district land administration bureau:

"Hey, send me a bottle of good wine, and I'll assign you a livestock expert!" Here, "Those who sabotage their work shall be punished according to the 14th article of Article 58 and sent back to the labor camp!" This article cannot be a threat to any exile, and no one is afraid of it.One thing happened in Yeniseysk in 1952: when the day for regular registration came, the desperate exiles came to register and unanimously demanded that the police commander re-arrest and send them back to the labor camp.These adults can't support themselves by labor here!The Garrison Commander dispersed them; "The Ministry of Internal Affairs is not your employment agency!"

Tasievo, 250 kilometers from Kansk in the Krasnoyarsk Border Region, is even more desolate.Those who were exiled here were Germans, Chechens, Ingush, and ex-convicts.This is not a newly opened place, nor is it a random place. It is not far from the village of Handala, which was once famous for making shackles.But one thing is new: the whole town is full of mud houses, and the houses are full of land.In 1949, a group of people who were sentenced for the second time were escorted.The train arrived in the evening.After getting off the bus, they were led to a small school.In the evening, a committee came to the school to receive the "work force", in the presence of the head of the divisional bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, representatives of forestry companies, and several collective farm chairmen.However, those who stood before the committee were old, weak, sick and disabled who had been tortured in labor camps for ten years, and most of them were women.Oh, the wise government sent these people from dangerous cities to this harsh area to develop virgin forests!The visitors unanimously refused to accept this kind of "labour".The Ministry of Internal Affairs had to forcibly allocate them.Leave some of the most useless, emaciated people to the saltworks who didn't send a representative to participate in the distribution (in fact, the representative came late).The salt factory is located in the village of Troitsk on the Masolga River (it has been a place of exile since ancient times, and some old believers were exiled here as early as Alexei Mikhailovich's time).By the middle of the 20th century, the level of salt-making technology here was still: horse-drawn water carts lifted brine to iron pans, and then boiled salt.Firewood is taken from the forest.That's what new old women do.A well-known shipbuilding expert was also assigned to this batch, but he was assigned a job close to his specialty: packing salt into boxes. There was a sixty-year-old boatman named Konyazev, a native of Kolomna, who could no longer work and had to beg for his living.When he meets a good man, let him sleep overnight in the house, usually on the street.The shelter for the handicapped won't take him, and the hospital won't keep him either.One winter night he climbed to the steps of the district committee of the party, the party of the working class, and froze to death there. When freed prisoners are transported from labor camps to taiga exile, the prisoners really don't understand what this "release" means.And how was it delivered?It was issued when I was riding an open truck in the severe cold of minus 20 degrees and wearing it!Japanese clothes and worn cloth shoes.The escort soldiers wore short fur coats and felt boots.When I was in the labor camp, there were workers’ sheds to live in, but here I lived in an earthen house for carpenters, and no fire had been raised since the beginning of winter.There were buzzing chainsaws in the labor camps, and here they are, too.Both are the only way to earn your share of sandwiches with this chainsaw. So, in 1953, when Lebovich, the deputy director of the forestry company, came to Kuzeyevo in the Su and Bugim district on the Yenisei River, the new exiles made a mistake.When the healthy, handsome and cleanly dressed deputy manager arrived, the exile looked at his fur coat and his white and fat face, saluted and said: "Hello! Chief Citizen!" But the deputy manager shook his head disapprovingly and said: "No, no! Why call me a citizen? We are all comrades now, you are not prisoners anymore!" The deputy manager summoned the exiles to the only earthen hut, and began to give lectures under the dim light of the small shaking oil lamp.Every word of his words is like a nail in the coffin of people: "Don't hold yourselves here! Take a temporary attitude and make long-term plans. You really have to live here forever. Therefore, you should start working as soon as possible! Those who have family members can bring them in, and those who don't have to find someone among you Get married, don't wait. Arrange your life! Have children! You can also apply for a loan to build a house and buy a cow. Comrades, put in work, start labor! The country needs our timber!" The comrade left in a car. Marriage is allowed here, which can also be said to be a kind of preferential treatment.However, according to Reitz’s recollection, in the remote villages along the Kolyma River, such as in the village of Yagotnoye, although there were women who had not been released to the mainland, the Ministry of Internal Affairs did not allow people to marry, because marriage required payment. They are assigned separate housing. However, it can also sometimes be said that the non-marriage is a kind of favor.Because the garrison commanders in some parts of North Kazakhstan from 1950 to 1952 forced exiles to marry.In order to tie the newcomers, they put forward conditions to the exiles: they are restricted to get married within two weeks, otherwise they will be sent to more remote areas or grasslands! Interestingly, the camp term "general labor" was also used in many places of exile.Because the labor here was no different than labor in a labor camp: equally exhausting, unhealthy, inescapable, and impossible to quit.It is true that the exiles are now free people, and their working hours can be shorter than that of the prisoners in the labor camp. However, it takes two hours to go to the mine or the forest farm, and another two hours to return. . The veteran worker Berezovsky was a leader of the trade union movement in the 1920s. He was sentenced to ten years of exile from 1938, and an additional ten years of labor camp in 1949.I saw with my own eyes how happy and moved he was when he received a ration in the labor camp.At that time, he kissed the bread and said to me: It’s fine if you go to a labor camp, and bread is provided here, but in the place of exile, you go to the shop with money and see the big buns on the shelf, but the salesperson just stares. To you; no bread!At the same time, they gave the bread scales to the locals.The same goes for buying firewood. An old Petersburg worker Ziwelko also talked about a similar situation. (Cold people everywhere!) He said that after his life in exile, he (in 1951) entered the special labor camp and felt like a human being: just do your twelve hours of work here, and you can Go back to the living area.Not so in the place of exile, any free man has the right to command you to work for him for free (Ziverko was an accountant at the time), whether it is evening or Sunday, if you are asked to do something for him personally, you have to do it. go.The exile dared not refuse, otherwise he would lose his job the next day. Even those exiles who became "handymen" did not have an easy life.Mitrovic was later transferred to Kokcherek in Zhambyl Region, where he was assigned to be in charge of animal husbandry in the District Agriculture Section. (His life there began like this: the accommodation assigned to him and another comrade was a donkey shed with no windows and full of donkey manure. They swept away the donkey manure, spread some wormwood, and went to sleep Off.) Mitrovic is determined to work honestly and conscientiously in his new job.But he immediately angered a leader of the Freedmen.One of the district leaders traded two calf for two first-born cows on the collective farm, and asked Mitrovic to register the two-year-olds as four-year-olds.After careful inspection, Mitrovic found that several herds of livestock grazing and raised by the farmer did not belong to the collective farm. It turned out that these herds were the first secretary of the district committee and the chairman of the district executive committee.Treasurer and Police Commissioner private. (This is how Kazakhstan shrewdly entered into socialism!) Mitrovich was told: "You don't have to register!" But he did.Not only that, he also dared to protest against the chairman of the district executive committee for taking a piece of lamb skin without authorization, which showed the rare spirit of an exiled prisoner to maintain the Soviet legal system.However, he was fired for it. (And this is just the beginning of the war between them.) In any case, the central cities cannot be regarded as the worst places of exile.The sufferings of the penal colonies are greatest in those places where there is not even a shadow of a free village, where there is no trace of civilization. This Tsivelko, who had lived since 1937 in the "New Life" farm in western Kazakhstan, spoke about conditions there.Before the arrival of batches of deportees, the Political Department of the Agricultural Machinery Station had already educated the local residents to be vigilant: a group of Trotskyists and counter-revolutionaries would be escorted in the next few days!The local residents were so frightened that they did not even dare to lend any salt to the exiles, for fear of getting involved with the enemies of the people!During the war exiles did not have food supply cards.Tsivelko worked in the blacksmith's workshop of the farm for eight months before earning a pood of millet. The raw grain had to be ground by himself with a mill made of sawed Kazakh steles. It was reported to the organs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Demand: Either put us in prison again, or allow us to go to the center of the district! (Some people will ask: How can the local residents live? They have a way... They are used to it... Besides, they always have only Sheep or a cow, a yurt, some furniture, all of which can be used.) If it was a collective farm, it was the same everywhere: the exiles were not given clothes for the public, and they were not given rations according to the standards of the labor camps.The collective farms were the most terrible places of exile, and they seemed to be engaged in some kind of competition: where was life worse, the labor camps or the collective farms? There have also been cases of sellers.Chemist C.A. Lipschitz was one of those sold at the Krasnoyarsk deportation station.The buyer wanted to buy a carpenter, and the deportation station replied: If it is agreed to match a jurist and a chemist (that is, Lipschitz), we will assign you a carpenter, and we will also take some sick old people. women.It's a deal.Afterwards, they were sent to a remote village with only about 30 households in an open truck in the mildly severe cold of minus 25 degrees.What can jurists and chemists do here?Get your wages in advance; a sack of potatoes, and some onions and flour (that's not bad!), and the cash isn't due until next year, when you can earn it.The task at hand was to get the marijuana out of the snow.There is only some hay in the sleeping place, and you want to find a sack to pack the grass into a mat?No!People are very dissatisfied: "Quit! We are going to leave your farm!" "No, that will not work! We will pay the prison administration 120 rubles for each of you!" (this is from 1952 thing.) Ah, how I wish I could go back to the labor camps again! ... If the reader thinks that the state farms will be much better for the exiles than the collective farms, they are very mistaken.Take the Minjla village in the Su and Bujim districts as an example.The village consists of only a few work sheds (no segregation area with barbed wire, of course), and it resembles an unguarded labor camp.Although it is a state-owned farm, the peasant workers here have never seen cash, and they don't use cash. They just write down some figures: each person earns nine rubles per day (the old currency during Stalin's time).In addition, it is also recorded how much to deduct the person’s food, cotton clothes, and work sheds... After deductions, the final bill: the exile not only has nothing left, but also owes a debt to the state farm!Ya Stotyk remembered that two exiles on this state farm had hanged themselves because they could not see the day of their lives. (The visionary Alexander Stotik had a misfortune while learning English in the Zhezkazgan labor camp. But he did not learn from it. He came to the place of exile, looked at the environment, Suddenly thought of exercising the ... right to education guaranteed to every citizen by the Soviet Constitution! So, he wrote a report to the leader and applied to study in Krasnoyarsk! The director of the state farm (formerly a district Party Secretary) not only rejected this shameless application, which was perhaps unprecedented in the history of the exiled kingdom, but also solemnly declared to him: "No one will allow you to study at any time!" But It so happened that the Krasnoyarsk deportation station came to recruit carpenters among the exiles of the districts. Stotyk, though not a carpenter, applied and was hired. He was in Krasnoyar SK City living with drunks and thieves while preparing for med school in his spare time. He passed the public exam with flying colors! No one cared about his résumé until the political review board meeting. Just before the political review board It was only during the oral interview that Storik told his resume: "I have served in the army, I have been to the front line, and I have had a brain attack... Then I came back from the front line..." Storik felt his throat was thirsty and could not speak. "Back What about the future?" "When I came back... I was... caught... and put in prison..." He finally managed to squeeze out these words. The committee immediately became harsh. But Stodic was still not reconciled: "But I have served I've served my sentence! I've been released! I've done well in my exams!" All in vain. And this is already the year of Beria's downfall!) The farther you go to the remote areas, the worse it gets, and the more remote the areas, the less human rights there are.In the aforementioned memoirs about the Kengil labor camp, Makeyev talked about what happened to "Turgai's slave" Alexander Vladimirovich Polyakov.This man was exiled to the Turgai desert between two labor camps, where all power was in the hands of a Kazakh collective farm chairman, and even the security forces like our own father never sent anyone there been there.Polyakov lived with the sheep in the sheepfold, with hay on the ground.His "job" was to be a slave to the four wives of the chairman of the farm, working for each of them, even emptying the urinal.What about Polyakov?Run from exile to accuse?Not only did he have no conditions to leave this deserted place, but even if he did, it would constitute a crime of escape and he would be sentenced to twenty years of hard labor.There was not even a single Russian on the farm.A few months later, by chance, a Russian tax collector came to collect the tax.The tax collector was shocked by what Polyakov told, and he agreed to forward the written complaint to the district committee on his behalf.Unexpectedly, this written complaint was considered a "malicious slander" against the Soviet regime. "Polyakov was sentenced to a labor camp for the second time for this, so he was able to happily serve his sentence in the Kengil labor camp in the 1950s. He was in the labor camp. The battalion felt as if he had been released... We do not yet know whether the "slaves of Turgai" were among the worst-fated among the exiles. Some people say that compared with labor camps, the advantage of exile lies in the stability of life and family atmosphere. (For better or worse, you can always live here, and stay there, and it won't send you elsewhere at any time.) But that's not always the case.The guards often inexplicably and without explanation order people to move away, although they are not escorted away.Or abruptly announce the closure of a place of exile or an entire region.Exiles from all regions remember such things at various times, especially during wartime. (Be vigilant!) Once, all the exiles in the Taipak area were suddenly ordered to pack up and move to the Jembetin area within twelve hours!So your poor rags, your habitual shelter, must be thrown away, all thrown away!Let's go!Go barefoot bravely!As long as you don't die, you can save up! ... On the surface, life seems to be much easier: there is no need to queue up to go to work, and each can go his own way; there is no need to gather at the dispatch site; no need to take off his hat when meeting people; the door of the room is no longer locked from the outside at night.However, life in exile also had its own institutions.Although the degree of strictness varies from place to place, the existence of some kind of system can be felt everywhere until 1953 when a general relaxation begins. For example, in many places the exiles had no right to bring a civil case before any Soviet body, they could only bring it to the Guard, which decided whether the complaint should be resolved by itself or referred to another body. When called by any officer of the Guard, the exile must drop all work and affairs and report immediately.Therefore, anyone who knows life knows that exiles dare not refuse to perform private tasks assigned by officers (entirely for their own interests). The rights and status of the officers of the garrison were not inferior to those of the officers of the labor camps.On the contrary, these officers have nothing to worry about: there is no fortified isolation area, no patrolling, no arresting fugitives, no daily labor with prisoners, and no need to take care of the food and clothing of this group of people.As long as you register twice a month, "it is enough to write a document for those who commit new crimes according to the law. These officers are powerful, lazy, and well-fed (a second lieutenant in the police headquarters has a monthly salary up to 2,000 rubles), so most of them are very vicious. It is rare to hear of actual escapes from Soviet penal colonies.Because even if the escape is successful, the benefits of civil liberties in exchange are not many: the rights of the free people in the place of exile are almost the same as those of the exiles.Escape from exile in the Tsarist era allowed easy escape abroad, not now.The punishment for running away was severe.Escapes are dealt with by the Special Chamber.Before 1937, the Special Court for Escapers sentenced to a maximum of five years of hard labor, and after 1937 the sentence was extended to ten years.A new law came into force after the war, and it was not published anywhere, but it was well known.And it has been implemented, that is: "The escapees from the exile are sentenced to twenty years of hard labor: "Incomparably harsh! As for what counts as running away?What doesn't count? -- This is freely interpreted by the various garrison commands in the area.It also draws the line beyond which the exile has no right to go, and it dictates how far he may go to chop wood or fetch mushrooms.For example, the mining village of Ordzhonikidze in the Khakass Autonomous Prefecture stipulates that if you leave the village and go up (towards the mountain), it is considered a "violation of the system" and you will only be sentenced to five years of labor reform. It is counted as "escaping" and will be sentenced to 20 years of hard labor.On one occasion, a group of Armenian exiles, fed up with the arrogance of the mine leader, went to the center of the district to sue him; of course, they left the village without the consent of the guard.For this "escape", each of them was only sentenced to six years of labor reform. Another situation is that some elderly people cannot understand and adapt to our system of cannibalism, and often make decisions based on their own pure thoughts and leave the designated place.And this is seen as "escape". There was a Greek woman in her eighties who was exiled from the city of Simferopol to the Ural Mountains at the end of the war.After the war, she heard that her son had returned to Simferopol, so she naturally ran back to Simferopol to live with him secretly.In 1949, when she was already eighty-seven (!) years old, the authorities found her, took her away, sentenced her to 20 years of hard labor (87+20=?), and sent her to the special labor camp in Autier up.People also know about another old Greek woman in Zhambyl Oblast.When the forcible removal of Greeks from the Kuban region began, the elderly woman was exiled together with her two daughters.She also has a young daughter who was able to stay in Cuban because her husband is Russian.After staying in exile for many years, the old woman wanted to go back to Cuban to meet her little daughter and live there for a while before she died. "Run away"!As a result, she was sentenced to another 20 years of hard labor!In our Kokcherek there was a physiologist named Alexey Ivanovich Bogoslovsky.The so-called "Adenauer" amnesty was applied to him in 1955, but not all of them, and he was still to be exiled.In fact, he should not have been exiled.He complained everywhere.However, the problem has not been resolved for a long time.During this time his old mother, who lived in Perm, was nearly blind.The mother hadn't seen her son for fourteen years because of the war and his capture, and wanted to see him before she lost her eyesight completely.Therefore, Bogoslowski decided to visit his mother at the risk of hard labor, planning to spend a week back and forth.He thought of a way: he took a train bound for Novosibirsk under the pretext of going on a business trip to a grazing area in the desert.People in his place of residence did not notice his absence, but taxi drivers in Novosibirsk were "very vigilant". Seeing that he was suspicious, they informed the police.The operatives came over to check his papers, and he didn't have them, so he had to confess.当然又把他押回了科克切列克的监狱土屋，开始对他进一步立案侦讯。这时突然接到有关单位发来的公函：证明他本来是不该流放的。刚一释放，他立即奔回去看母亲。However, it was too late. 在这里，假如我们忽略了不眠不休的契卡行动处在每个流放地点的高度警惕性，不谈谈他们经常把流放者找去谈话、收买他们中间某些人、收集告密材料、利用这些材料给人们重新判刑等等，那么，我们就不能充分地描绘出苏维埃流放地的景象，就会使它减色。是的，到一定时间总要重新判刑的，因为流放者的单调、呆板、僵化的生活到时候总要改变成劳改营的有生气的、熙熙攘攘的生活呀。第二次麻烦，审判和新的刑期，这是许多流放者生活的自然结局。 像彼得?维克斯涅那样作是否对呢？他在一九二二年从当时的拉脱维亚的反动资产阶级军队开了小差，跑到自由的苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟来，在这里，一九三四年，他由于还同留在拉脱维亚的亲属保持通信而被流放到哈萨克斯坦（他的亲属在拉脱维亚却并未受到任何迫害）。但是，维克斯涅没有气馁。他这个流放的火车司机在阿亚古兹机务段不知疲倦地工作，成了斯达汉诺夫工作者，甚至一九三七年十二月三日机务段里还挂出了"向维克斯涅同志学习！"的横幅标语，可是第二天，一九三七年十二月四日，维克斯涅"同志"就第二次被抓入劳改营，而且命运注定他再也没能从那里出来。 流放地也同劳改营一样，判处第二次刑期是家常便饭。这也是为了向上级证明契卡行动人员是经常保持着警惕性的。流放地也和其它地方一样采取了加强措施，以帮助囚犯们尽快认识自己的命运和地位，更好地服从管制。（一九三七年，齐维尔科在乌拉尔斯克总共蹲了三十二天禁闭室，就被打掉了六颗牙！）但是，也有过一些特殊时期。例如，一九四八年就向各流放地普遍撒开了很密的拉网，把所有流放犯一网打尽，又统统抛进劳改营。（沃尔库塔地区就是一例，因为"沃尔库塔将成为一个工业生产中心，斯大林同志指示要清理这个地方"。）有些地区则只把男流放者送进劳改营。 即使有人未被第二次判刑，"流放的结束"也是遥遥无期的。例如，在科雷马河沿岸一带，"释放"本来就只意味着离开劳改营的岗楼监视转入地方警备队的监督。流放实际上没有尽头，因为反正无法离开这个地区。假如真的允许谁短期离开科雷马来到"大陆"上，那他也会埋怨自己命苦的：因为他在"大陆"上呆不多久就会带着新刑期回到古拉格群岛去。 流放地的天空本来就昏暗无光，而契卡行动处的努力使它变得更加阴森了。契卡行动人员锐利的目光、暗探们的小汇报、为了给孩子们挣得一块面包而不得不担负的、毫无乐趣的沉重劳动，这一切使得流放者经常生活在提心吊胆、战战兢兢的孤独中，他们完全被分割开了。在这里，人们之间不可能有监狱和劳改营里还可以进行的那种长时间的谈心，也听不到人们关于既往生活的回忆。 因此，要搜集有关流放生活的材料是十分困难的。 我国的流放地也没有留下多少照片。流放地即便有照像师，也只拍文件上用的照片，供给干部科和特别科用。给一群流放者拍照？几个人合拍？这是想干什么？what happened?必须立即报告保安部门：看，反苏维埃的地下黑组织！可以按照片一个个全抓起来。 他们倒是有一回很谦恭地照了一张像（甚至出现在西方的出版物上）：身体瑟缩在苏维埃的破衣烂衫里，暗淡无神，垂头丧气，曾几何时，都是一些桀骜不驯的人物--大名鼎鼎的玛丽亚?斯皮里多诺娃，伊兹梅洛维奇，马约罗夫，卡霍夫斯卡娅--他们往昔的桀骜不驯到哪里去了？为什么他们不秘密地奔往首都了？不刺杀人民的压迫者了？不扔炸弹了？ 我国的流放地可没有给我们留下那样的集体照片。读者还记得吧，不是有一张几个人合拍的、表情相当愉快的照片吗？那上面左起第三人是乌里扬诺夫（列宁），右起第二人是克尔日扎诺夫斯基。他们都吃得饱饱的，穿得干干净净，不知道贫困，不从事劳动，有胡子的还把胡子修得整整齐齐，戴皮帽的戴的是上等毛皮帽。 孩子们，看！那时候可真是暗无天日呀！ ...