Chapter 77 Chapter 2 Agricultural Plague

This chapter discusses a small matter.Talk about the fifteen million serfs, talk about the lives of fifteen million people. Of course, these are uneducated people.Can't play the violin.Not knowing who Meyerhold was or how interesting it is to study atomic physics. During the entire First World War, the number of dead and missing people in our country was less than two million.The figure for the whole of the Second World War was 20 million (this is according to Khrushchev, according to Stalin it was only 7 million. Did Joseph not take good care of his capital?).How many carols have been written!How many obelisks were erected, how many shots were fired in mourning for the victims!How many novels and poems! --Isn't this pool of blood soaked in Soviet literature for a quarter of a century?

But there is no book about that silent, renegade plague that gnawed away fifteen million peasants in our country--and that's at least one hundred and ninety-three. Every two years! --not next to each other.Instead, we only pick the best, the backbone of the Russian people.And about the six million people who starved to death in the ensuing man-made Bolshevik famine, neither our Fatherland nor our bordering Europe said a word.In the fertile Poltava plain, uncollected corpses lay everywhere in villages, roads, and crop fields.The grove next to the station was impenetrable--the stench of rotting corpses, including babies.Those who crawled to the door of the hospital died, the cause of death was written as "protein deficiency edema".Cuban's situation may be even more frightening.In Belarus, the collection of corpses in many places depends on foreign teams, and there are no local people who can do this.

It was done without anyone's knowledge, and afterward it was shaved so cleanly that any whispers were suppressed.So today, although there are still many people who offer to me about the situation in the labor camps, I have to refuse them, "Brothers, I don't need it. I already have a lot of this material, and I can't fit it in the book." !" However, no one sent any information about the situation of the exiled peasants.I wish someone, somewhere, could tell us about these things! Yes, I'm sure it takes more than a chapter of this book, or a book by an individual author, to describe the subject.However, I couldn't even gather the materials to write a chapter.

Nevertheless, I was determined to write this chapter.I regard this chapter as a mark, a sign, as the first few small stones, let it mark this place for the time being.I hope that one day in the future, a new temple of Jesus the Savior will be rebuilt here. Where did all this come from?Is it from the dogma that the peasantry is a petty bourgeoisie? (However, according to those people, who is not a "petty bourgeoisie"? According to their surprisingly precise formula, except industrial workers--skilled workers cannot be included here--and big men who manage enterprises Apart from this, everyone else, in fact the entire population, whether peasants, clerks, actors, pilots, professors, students, doctors, can all be described as "petty bourgeois".) Or because of the bandit-like behavior at the top What about wishful thinking (robbing some, frightening others)?

We can see from Korolenko's last letters to Gorky in 1921 (before Korolenko's death, before Gorky emigrated) that this bandit-like raid on the peasants was at that time It has begun, and it is proceeding in almost exactly the same way as in 1930. (There are more and more materials in this area that are now made public.) But they were too courageous and powerless at that time, so they had to stop.They backed off temporarily. However, they did not give up the idea.They have been using this trump card throughout the twenties, using every opportunity to insult and condemn: "Kulak! Kulak! Kulak!" " are irreconcilable:

According to our judgment, preparations for this extinct peasant plague began in November 1928, when the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) decided to ban wealthy peasants from ("kulaks") into collective farms - thus dividing them up and preparing them for extermination.The decision was formally ratified in July 1929—by which time the kill list had been compiled and confiscation and eviction had begun.At the beginning of 1930, in the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China on January 5, the resolution on accelerating the realization of collectivization made a public announcement of what was already going on (had been rehearsed and arranged) (the party had "full grounds able to pass in practice from a policy of restricting the exploitative tendencies of the kulaks to a policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class").

Following the resolution of the Party Central Committee, the Central Executive Committee and the People's Commissar of the Soviet Union, which had always had the ability to obey orders, did not dare to delay, and immediately turned the will of the Party into law in the form of legislation on February 1, 1930.They empowered the regional and district executive committees to "take all necessary measures to carry out the struggle against the kulaks up to (and only by) the complete confiscation of their property and their removal from individual districts and border districts." When it came to the last sentence, the butcher felt a little embarrassed.It only said where to move out from, but didn't say where to move to.Foolish people may understand it as—moving to a place thirty versts away, next to each other...

In addition, "Advanced Theory" does not seem to mention the term "echo of rich peasants" ("two rich peasants").However, judging from the width of the working face of the mowing machine, it is impossible not to bring the Errich peasants into it.We have already analyzed the meaning and cost of the term "second rich peasant".Now that it has been announced that "packaging materials will be collected", the Young Pioneers are collecting farmers' sacks from door to door and handing them over to extremely poor countries, but you are unwilling to hand them over, and feel sorry for your little good things, (which cannot be bought in stores. Come on!) Then, aren’t you a second-rich peasant? !Then you should be exiled!

As a result, the title of "Second Rich Peasant" became popular throughout Soviet Russia, which had not yet calmed down from the bloody turmoil of the Civil War!The man said only a few words without any explanation, but the meaning seemed to be very clear.So, everything is simplified, and there is no need to think about it at all.And so a barbarous law of the Civil War was reinstated: let ten of them pay for the life of one of us!Let a hundred of them pay for one of us! (As far as I know, this is not Russian law; has there ever been such a thing in Russian history?) As long as there is an activist (probably a bastard, a bad mouth; all people can recall immediately, take the lead in confiscating Kulakura property (thieves and drunkards) killed while the peasants were on the defensive would have wiped out hundreds of the most industrious, best-lived, most dexterous peasants, those who had maintained the stability of the Russian nation.

"What are you talking about? No words!" I heard someone yelling at us. "Where are those skinners? What about those who oppress the folks? What they do is: I lend you money, and you skin me back! Isn't that what they do?" right.That's right.A small percentage of those killed were flayers (all of them?).Here, we also have to ask: Are skinned ghosts hereditary?Was it their mercenary nature, or the corrosive nature of all wealth (and all power!)?what!If it is really possible to "purify" human beings, or "purify" classes in such a simple way, how wonderful it would be!However, since you have purified those heartless "skinners" from the peasantry with fine-toothed iron grates, and even killed 15 million people for this, then, may I ask, today's rural areas have The collective farms have become, but where do those vicious, well-fed, fat-bellied, and overbearing people who manage the countryside (and the district committees) come from?Where do these merciless oppressors of lonely old people and all weaklings come from?Why did you forget to pull out the root of greed of these people when you "deprived the rich peasants"?Think about it again, didn't these people all climb up from the activists at that time? ...

The man who had grown up robbing banks couldn't possibly see the peasants either as brothers or as masters.All he could say was a bandit's whistling.And following this roaring order, millions of hardworking people will be forcibly pulled into the primeval forest and tundra, but they are all calloused peasants, it is they who helped establish the Soviet regime in order to obtain land of.They quickly became rich on their own land after acquiring U land ("the tiller has his land"!). Since you "sweeped" the entire Cossack villages and towns in the Kuban area (such as Urupin Town) and drove away men, women, old and children (some demobilized soldiers were moved in), how can you still be shy? What skinner are you talking about?From this we can see what your so-called "class principle" is.right? (Here, by the way, it was the Kubans who gave almost no support to the White Army during the civil war; they were the ones who first destroyed Denikin's rear and actively tried to reach an agreement with the Red Army. But how did it suddenly happen What about "Kuban's sabotage"?) How did Daolinka Village, a well-known and prosperous agricultural center in the Gulag Archipelago, come into being?The original residents (Germans) there were all expelled in 1929 after being confiscated by the "Kulaks". Who in that village exploited whom? What is the principle of "deprivation of the rich peasants"? It will be clearer to investigate what happened to the children.Take for example Shulka Dmitriev from the village of Masreno (Sharishin immigration camp near Volkhov).He was thirteen years old when his father Fyodor died in 1925. He was the only boy in the family, the others were girls.Who will be "head of the house" after the death of the father?He, the only boy, took the responsibility, and the girls and moms obeyed him.Since then he has been out dealing with other adults as a man with a family business.He maintained his father's business well, and by 1929 his granary was full.Look, he also became a rich peasant!The whole family has to be driven away! ... Adamova-Sliozberg once met a little girl named Morja.According to her, Mo Jia's experience is also very touching.Moja was imprisoned in 1936 on the charge of "unauthorized escape" because she fled privately from her exile in the Ural region back to her hometown of Svetlovodovo near Tarusa.She walked two thousand kilometers!Sports medals should be awarded for this!Mo Jia was exiled with her parents when she was studying in elementary school in 1909, and she lost the opportunity to study forever since then.When I was at school before being exiled, the teacher affectionately called Mo Jia "Little Edison", because this girl not only got A in all subjects, but also had some inventive minds. She installed a small generator on the small river for the school, and There are some other inventions.After seven years in exile, she longed, if only for a glimpse, to return to her elusive alma mater.So she fled home on foot.For this reason, "Little Edison" was caught in prison and sent to a labor camp. Were there any children in the nineteenth century who had this kind of experience?Ask the reader to cite at least one example! Anyone who runs a mill in the countryside has not escaped the fate of being "deprived".But aren't those who run the mill and the smithy the best technicians in the Russian countryside?Take Prokop Ivanovich Laktyukin from Benkov, Ryazan Region as an example.Not long after he was "deprived", the villagers caused a fire because of excessive use of the mill, and burned the whole mill.Lak Qiujin was pardoned after the war and returned to his hometown.He was very sorry to see that the village had not had a mill till this time.After he asked the government for approval, he cast the millstone himself, and built a mill on the spot (must be on the spot!).He did not do it for himself at all, but for the kolkhoz, or rather, to enrich and adorn his hometown. Let's take another example of a rural blacksmith and see what kind of rich peasant he is.We can even start with his father like the people in the cadre section.His father, Gordey Vasilyevich, had served in the Warsaw Fortress for twenty-five years during his lifetime. "However, the result was very little money. This veteran who served for 25 years did not get any land in his hometown. He married a soldier's daughter during his service. After retiring, he went to his wife's hometown in Krasnensk. Barsuka Village in the county went to settle down. The people in the countryside made him confused. He took out half of his own money to help the whole village pay off the arrears of taxes, and rented the other half to the landlord. Soon he lost all the remaining money. Later, he grazed cattle or worked as a watchman for a living. He had six daughters, all married to poor peasants, and his only son Trifon (their surname was Tvardowski). He sent his son to a small grocery store as an apprentice, but Trifon escaped from there and went back to the village of Barsuka to drive to Morchanov. I went to learn blacksmithing in a blacksmith's workshop," stating that the condition was: I would work for no wages for the first year, and then I would be an apprentice for another four years.After Mantu became a teacher, Trifon built a small house in Hegoliye Village and became a family.They had seven children (of whom Alexander later became a poet).Of course you can't make a fortune by blacksmithing.His eldest son, Constantine, helped his father with his work. They worked hard from morning to night to smelt and forge, and they could hit five excellent clamped steel axes every day.But the blacksmiths at Roselaver, with their presses and hired hands, drove down the price of their axes.They were just a country smithy until 1929, with a horse, and sometimes a cow and a calf, and sometimes they sold both.There are eight apple trees planted in front of the house.In this way he became a "skinner".When the Peasants' Land Bank began to sell mortgaged properties on installment payments, Trifon Tvardowski bought eleven dessiatines of wasteland full of weeds and bushes.He worked hard to cultivate Yi himself; until the year when the plague broke out, only five dessiatines were cultivated, and the rest have been left unused.When the rich peasants were expropriated, Trifon was also on the list. (The whole village stipulates that there must be fifteen households of rich peasants, and this number must be made up!) He exaggerated his income from the blacksmith workshop and asked him to pay a large amount of taxes.He failed to hand it in on time, so: pack up and go, you bloody rich peasant! Yes, if your house is a brick house among the wooden houses all over the street, or if your house is two-story among a row of bungalows, of course you are a rich peasant.You scoundrel, pack up your things quickly and get out in sixty minutes 2 There should be no brick houses in the Russian countryside!There should not be two floors!Should go back to the cave!There should be no chimneys for cooking and fire!This is our grand transformation plan, which has never been seen in history. However, the main secret is not here.There are people who live better than this, but due to joining the kolkhoz in time.Also still!Sun stayed in his own home and was not exiled.And those poor peasants who insisted on not writing an application to join the collective farm were exiled. Very important, this is the most important!The point is not to expropriate the rich peasants, but to force them into collective farms.Unless the peasants are frightened to death, it is impossible to take back the land given to the peasants by the revolution, and it is impossible to bind these people as serfs on this land. The food in the countryside has been searched many times, and the vicious armed activists are here again.They stabbed the ground with bayonets in the yard, and beat the walls with hammers in the house.Sometimes tear down the wall -- and there's wheat coming out of it.They cut the pillow with a knife; it's more to scare people.The homeowner's girl pokes a hole in a pocket that is about to be snatched, letting it leak a bit of wheat -- "Thief girl!" -- and the female activist yells at her, kicks her away with her boots, The wheat in the skirt of the girl's skirt spilled out.She was not allowed to pick them up one by one. This is the second civil war, a war against the peasants.This is indeed a "great turning point", but it is not clear what is the turning point?It turned the spine of Russia! No, it is not fair enough for us to treat socialist realism literary works in this way.Socialist realist writers did describe the expropriation of the kulaks.It's just that it is described very smoothly and smoothly, and I have placed great sympathy and affection on it, as if it is hunting a group of man-eating wolves. "However, there are some scenes that are not described. For example, the long rural streets, the doors and windows beside the road are all smashed to death. When you walk through the street, you can see: the mother puts the baby on her lap, and the mother and child are both dead. On the steps in front of the door, or at the base of the board wall, there is an old man squatting, begging you for a piece of bread, you pass by, but when you come back, he has fallen dead there. Nor can you see such a scene in the works of socialist realism: the chairman of the village Soviet leads a female teacher (as a witness to the search) into a farmhouse where an old couple is lying on a wooden bed. (This old man used to run a tea house, so it goes without saying, what is it if he is not a bully? Who would want to drink hot tea on the way!) The chairman of the village Soviet raised the dry pistol and shouted: "Get down quickly! You Domboff wolf!" The old woman cried in fright, and the chairman, to add to the horror, fired a shot into the ceiling (the sound was deafening in the farmhouse).The two old men were driven away and all died on the road. Of course, they couldn't even see the following method of expropriating the rich peasants: in the Cossack village on the Don River, all the men were suddenly ordered to go to a "meeting", and the meeting place was already surrounded by machine guns.Arrest all the "meeting" people and force them to go elsewhere!It would be no trouble at all to remove the women after taking away the men. What was described for us, and even filmed for us, was the whole barn of grain hidden by the skinners.But we don't see how people force the weeping woman to leave behind the little things she has worked hard to accumulate, her lifeblood-livestock, house and pots and pans. (If someone in your family can "preserve himself", and he has supernatural powers, he will be able to win over to Moscow to "restore" the middle peasant status for his family. However, when he returned to the countryside, he could no longer find his The property of the "middle peasant" has already been stolen by the activists and their wives.) Nor does it let us see the little baggage that people carry with them.You must know that when the expelled people set off on the road, each family was only allowed to take a small baggage in the official carriage.On the day when the Tvardowski family suffered a catastrophe, there was neither oil nor baked bread in the house, and they were saved by a neighbor who brought some food on the road, but this neighbor Kuzma had many children and was not rich. ah! -- all this will not let us know. Those who had time to escape ran to the city to escape the plague, and some even rode a horse away.But to whom were the horses sold in those years: since the Peasants' Plague began.The rural horse had become a reliable symbol of the rich peasants.Therefore, the horse owner had no choice but to tie the horse to a post in the horse market, finally patted it reluctantly, and left quickly and quietly before being noticed. It is generally believed that the plague occurred in 1929-1930.But the stench of corpses it caused has long hung over the Russian countryside.In 1932, in the rural areas of the Kuban region, all grains that had just been threshed were handed over to the state directly from the threshing machine, without leaving any grains.Farmers had to reap, thresh, and eat.The threshing work is over, and the grain is gone.There is not even a grain of grain that can be distributed by a working day.In this case, how to stop those crying women?Who is left here who has not been completely deprived of the pseudo-rich peasants?Who else can be forced to relocate? (If the reader wants to know the situation of the early collective farms after the "kulaks" were cleared, you can look at the proof provided by Skripnikova: In 1930, she saw several rural women from the Solovets Prison Send black rusks to people back home in small postal packets!!). Look again at the experience of Timofey Pavlovich Ovchinnikov.Born in 1886 in the village of Kishkino in Mikhnevsk Township (not far from the village of Leningork, just along the road), he participated in the First World War and the Civil War .After the war, he returned to the land allocated to him by the government and made a family.He is intelligent, educated, experienced, and has a pair of skillful hands.He has mastered some veterinary knowledge through self-study, and is very enthusiastic about the affairs of the nearby villages.As a result of several years of hard work, he built a nice house, planted a small garden, and raised a pony into a tall horse.Unexpectedly, the New Economic Policy made him dizzy, so he shouldn't have believed in the New Economic Policy like he believed in the land.He partnered with another farmer to open a workshop to make cheap sausages. (We haven’t seen sausages in our village for forty years. Nowadays, people will scratch their heads and say: Actually, what’s wrong with opening a sausage workshop in the village?!) The two of them work by themselves , not a single worker was hired, and the sausages made were distributed by the cooperative.They worked for two years (from 1925 to 1927) before the government began to strangle them with heavy taxes and vastly inflated estimates of their income (revenues were estimated by financial auditors, Add to that those pink-eyed slobs who can't do anything but be activists, who have blown a lot of wind in the Treasury, so give them a high estimate), and the partners were forced to close their workshops.In 1929, Timofey was the first group to join the collective farm on his own initiative, and handed over a cow, a good horse and all the farm tools to the farm.He worked hard on the collective farm land and raised two cows for the farmer.The farm was in ruins, and many people were fleeing from the farm, but where did Timofey go, who now had five children?But in the eyes of people in the Finance Bureau, he is still a rich man ("Doesn't he also earn income for helping others treat livestock diseases!").Therefore, even after joining the farm, he kept demanding high taxes from him.Unable to pay, he took things from his home.His family has three sheep.Once, his eleven-year-old son drove the sheep out and escaped from the property, but the sheep was still taken away soon.Later, I came to register the property again, and the poor family really had nothing, but those shameless people from the Finance Bureau even registered the three small rubber trees planted in wooden barrels.At this moment Timofey couldn't bear it any longer, so he split three rubber trees with an ax in front of them.What is this for? !First, he destroyed property that no longer belonged to him but to the state; second, he swung an ax to instigate opposition to the Soviet regime; third, his actions denigrated the collective farm system! The collective peasants in Kishkino village were already on the verge of collapse at this time, no one wanted to work anymore, no one believed in it anymore, and nearly half of them had already fled.Therefore, this is the time when it is necessary to make an example.So: this vicious and unrepentant "Nepman" Timofe Ovchinnikov, he got into the collective farm in order to bring it down!Now according to the decision of the chairman of the village Soviet, Shoklov.Confiscate all property of his family!This was 1932, when mass forced relocations had ended, so instead of deporting his wife and six children (including a nursing baby), his family's house was confiscated and the family was thrown into the streets . (His wife went through untold hardships with six children, and came to Arkhangelsk a year later to find her natal father. The Ovchinnikov family lived to be about eighty years old, and only Ji Mo Fei died alone at the age of fifty-three under the torture of this kind of life.) Even in 1935 there were similar things.On Easter, the drunken kibbutz chairman prowled the stripped rural streets, begging the self-employed for money for booze.do not give? "We're going to dispossess you!" "Exile you!" And we'll exile you!You are self-employed!This is the "great twist". Socialist realist writers never describe the journey of exile full of misery, nor describe how the peasants walked on the road.It seems that when they are loaded into the car and sent away, the story ends here, and three "Mixing" can be drawn to end this chapter. The exiles were very lucky if they were able to ride in a cart in the warm weather.Often they take babies, children in their teens and teens on a sled in the snowy season.In February 1931, people in the village of Kochnevo in the Novosibirsk region once saw a large convoy escorted by armed soldiers passing through the village continuously—from the snowy wasteland to the snowy wasteland gone.Those people can enter the farmhouse to warm up for a few minutes only with the approval of the escort, and they must catch up with the convoy after they come out, so as not to delay the convoy's journey. (These GPU escorts are still alive and receiving pensions! They must remember all this! Maybe they have forgotten...) After these convoys entered the Narem swamp, they all stayed in the This bottomless pit is like a man-eating area.Of course, the little ones froze to death long before they reached the swamp. That's what the original intention was - to have these farmers' seeds go extinct along with the adults.Since the disappearance of the legendary ogre king, only the "advanced theory" can tell us how to wipe out all men, women, old and children at once.What is Hitler!Hitler was no more than his schoolboy in this respect.Fortunately for Hitler by this time he had invented the suffocation car, so he became famous.However, no one seems to be interested in our country's killing methods. Farmers know what fate awaits them.So if they were lucky enough to get on an immigrant train, and the train was lucky enough to pass by inhabited places, they carried the young, but already crawling, children out of the window and on the station platform: children, Go to the world to find a way out by yourself!Go begging!lest you die with your parents! (During the starvation period of 1932-1933, the Archangel district provided free elementary school breakfasts to the children of the poor, and issued them clothing ration tickets. However, these things were never given to those Poor children of special (forced) immigrants.) There was an emigration train from the Don region, full of Cossack women and children (the men were all taken away during a "meeting"). A woman in the car was in labor.However, they are only given a glass of cold water and three hundred grams of bread every day, which is not guaranteed every day.Midwife?Don't even think about it!Naturally the mother would have no milk, and the baby would starve to death.Where is it buried?Two escort soldiers walked into their carriage, opened the door and threw the little body out while the train was running. (The train came to the magnificent Magnitogorsk construction site. Their men were also brought. To live? Dig your own houses! From Magnitogorsk, our Praise poets began to care about it, and it began to be reflected in their works.) The Tvardovskys traveled only as far as Yernia in a cart.Fortunately, it is already April weather.In Yernia they were loaded into a freight train, the compartments locked.There wasn't even a toilet bucket in the compartment, and there wasn't a single hole in the floor.Therefore, Konstantin Trifonovich Tvardowski had to risk being punished or sentenced for escape.Taking advantage of the roar of the train, he dug a small hole in the floor with a kitchen knife.The food supply along the way was: only once in the first three days were buckets of vegetable soup brought in at a large station.True, they had only been on the road for ten days (to Laryali station in the northern Urals), but it was still winter here in April.The train was greeted by hundreds of sledges. People took sledges down the frozen river into the forest.Ask for a work shed for 20 discharge workers.But there were more than 500 people transported that night.Guard captain Sorokin from Perm, a member of the Communist Youth League, ordered people to drive stakes into the ground while walking in the snow: "Live here! We need to build streets 2 and build houses here!" This is how the foundation is laid. It is unbelievable how cruel it is to say to people in the virgin forest on a severe winter night, "Live here!"Is this what people do?Deliver them during the day, but arrange for them to arrive at their destination at night!However, hundreds of thousands of people, including old people, women and children, were sent to be abandoned in this forest area in this way.On the Kola Peninsula (Apachena), people spent the entire dark arctic winter in snow-covered shanties.Then again, the Germans along the Volga River were transported by train to the arid and waterless Karaganda grasslands. summer!) Ask them to dig and build there, and give them a little water to drink according to their rations every day.How much more benevolent is this approach than the one mentioned above?And Karaganda will also have winter. (By the spring of 1932, all the children and old people had died of dysentery and malnutrition.) In Karaganda, as in Magnitogorsk, many vegetable cellar-like, The long, narrow and low earth houses allow people to live in groups.At the White Sea Canal site, people were housed in vacated labor camp huts.When the exiles arrived at the construction site of the Volga Canal not far from Goshimki, the hydrogeological survey work had just been completed, and there was no labor camp. They just threw people on the ground and asked them to dig the ground with pickaxes and transport soil with carts. . (The newspaper reported: "Sent machine to canal site.").There is no bread.The mud houses they live in must be built separately after work ends. (Now there are yachts taking tourists from Moscow there. You know how many bones are buried under the water, in the ground, in the concrete!) In 1929, before the "plague", all churches in Arkhangelsk were closed.The church had been planned to be closed for a long time, and at this time there was a practical need: to house a "rich peasant" who had been exiled.A huge torrent of exiles passed through Arkhangelsk, and for a moment the city seemed to be completely transformed into a large transfer station.There were bunks set up in the church, but there was nothing for warmth.The convict wagons unloaded the exiles on the platform one by one, and the shabby and sad-faced countrymen walked to the wooden bunks in the church amidst the barking of dogs by the roadside. (A sexual child remembers a farmer with a horse collar around his neck. It was because the man, when forcing him to leave the house, couldn't think of what he needed most, put it on and left. Another man was holding a gramophone with a horn. Cinematographers [you should have taken these shots! . . . Eight slats were erected in a church. Since the slabs were not fixed to the walls, It collapsed during the night, killing many families, and the wailing and screaming alarmed the guards. This is how people spent this plague winter.Can't take a shower.The skin festers.Epidemic of typhus.Many people died.However, the residents of Arkhangelsk received strict orders; they were absolutely not allowed to help "special immigrants" (these exiled farmers were called "special immigrants" at the time)!A dying farmer wanders the streets, and no one dares to let him into the house, give him something to eat, or bring him a bowl of tea from home: anyone who wants to help will be arrested by the local police and lose money. citizenship certificate.The hungry man staggered down the street, tripped over something, fell down, and people went to see: dead.However, even so, people are not allowed to collect corpses. (There are spies on the street, watching out for those who show kindness to these people.) At the same time, entire villages in the outskirts of Arkhangelsk that grow vegetables and raise livestock are being exiled, (can’t help but ask again; Since the whole village was exiled, who in these villages exploited whom?) Therefore, the people in the city were also frightened, lest it was their turn.People didn't even dare to stop and look at the dead body. (One was lying next to the gate of the Gebiema organ, and no one collected the body.) Burial work is organized by city utilities.Of course there was no coffin to speak of, but a large hole was dug in the field next to the cemetery at the end of Vologda Street and thrown into it.Of course no sign was put up. This is the treatment of those who produce wheat, and are in the middle of exile.Beyond the village of Taraki there was a larger concentration camp for peasants.那里有一些人被挑选出来装运木材。不料其中竟有一个人狡猾地在运往国外的原木上刻写了一封致外国人的信（看，让农民识字有什么好处！）。此事被发现后，就不再让这些人装运木材了。他们被赶到更远的地方去，赶到奥涅加湖，皮涅加河，德维纳河的上游去了。 我们在劳改营里常常开玩笑说："反正不会流放到比太阳更远的地方去。"可是，那些农民确实被流放到十分遥远的地方去了，那里很久之后才出现第一间点着松明的房子。 流放农民与俄国历史上的流放和苏维埃政权建立后的一切流放不同之处，是不把农民流放到某个遥远的，但有人居住的居民点去，而是赶到野兽出没的地方，使他们回到原始人状态。不，比原始人的处境还要坏：我们的祖先在原始时期也是选择靠近水源的地方居住的。人类自古一直是这样选择居住地的。可是，契卡人员替特种移民选择（被流放的农民自己当然无权选择！）、的地点则是满是石头的山坡（例如，在皮涅加河旁比河面高一百米的山坡上。那里根本挖不出水来，地上什么也不长）。相距三、四公里处就有一块适于耕作的河湾宜地，可是，不行，命令规定：不许在河湾居住！他们得到几十公里外的地方去刈草，干草要用船运回来……有时甚至禁止种粮食作物。（农业经营的内容也要由契卡人员规定！）我们这些城里人往往本大理解牲畜对农民生活的重要性。农民没有牲畜简直无法过活。可是，这些流放来的人却注定今后许多年再也听不到马的嘶叫、牛的哞鸣和绵羊的咩咩声了，再也别想备鞍、挤奶和饲养牲畜。 西伯利亚楚雷姆河畔有一个库班哥萨克人的特种移民村，这个村子被铁丝网围住，四周修起了岗楼，像集中营一样。我们已经写到过，许多地方就是这样把流放村变成了劳改营。 为了使这些可恶的劳动者尽快死光，使我们的国家里不再有他们，也不再有粮食，看来是尽了一切可能的。许多这类村庄确实死光了、如今只有偶然的过路人走过这些村庄的遗址时一点点地把遗留下来的棚房拆掉，引火取暖，一边踢开落在脚下的骷髅。 无论什么样的成吉思汗也没有像"党"领导下的我国那光荣的"机关"那样消灭过这么多农民。 让我们再来看看瓦修甘惨案吧。一九三0年冬天，约有一万户人家（按那时期的每户平均人口计算，该有六、七万人）步行经过托木斯克被继续向前驱赶：先是顺托米河而下，又向鄂毕河下游走，然后又奔向瓦修甘河上游，走的全是只有冬季才能通行的路。（这支队伍走过之后，沿路的村民们曾被动员出来收拾遗弃的成年人和小孩的尸体。）然后这些移民被遗弃在瓦修甘河和塔拉河的上游的鬃岗（即沼泽地带中比较坚实而高出的地方）上，从此便无人过问了。既没有给他们留下粮食，也没有留下劳动工具。天气转暖，冻土融化，这里就成了孤岛。只有两条用原木在沼地里铺出的小路通向外界：一条通向托博尔斯克，一条通向鄂毕河。而两条路上都有机枪岗哨严阵以待，不放一个人走出这座地狱。大批的人死亡。人们在绝望之中跑到岗哨前，苦苦哀求，可是他们立即被机枪打死。后来，冰消河开之后，托木斯克的综合合作组织（手工业供销合作社）才派了船队载着面粉和盐去，但是这些船未能到达瓦修甘。（船队的领队，综合合作组织的代表姓斯丹尼斯拉沃夫，这个情况就是他说的。） 这批人全死光了。 据说，后来确实追查过这一事件的责任者，甚至还枪毙了一个人。我个人是不相信这种说法的。但是，即使确实枪毙了一个人，这个比例不也是可以接受的吗S这是我国内战时期熟悉的比例：杀我们一个人，要你们一千人抵命！而这次则是：杀你们六万人，我们一个人抵命！ 不这样就建立不起新社会！ 不管怎么样，被流放的人中间还是有人活下来了。按他们所处的条件看，简直叫人无法相信，然而。他们活下来了。 帕尔察村农民的一天的生活是由科米的泽梁族人工长们的棍棒开始的。这些庄稼人生来就是自己开始每天的生活的，但如今却被别人用棒子赶去伐木或放木排。常常几个月不给人们晒晒衣服和鞋袜的时间，克扣他们的面粉定量，提高生产定额，还规定只有在完成定额后才能在晚上盖自己的住房。衣服全破了，人们用麻袋当裙子或者把它改成裤子。 是的，如果移民们全已死光，那就不会有许多今天的城市了，即便是伊加尔卡。伊加尔卡是一九二九年开始建设的。谁建设起来的？难道是北极林业托拉斯吗？不是被剥夺了财产的农民吗？人们在零下五十度的严寒中住在帐篷里，可是在一九三0年就已经向国家提供了第一批出口木材！ 被剥夺财产的农民住在自己的特种移民村，就像囚犯住在加强管制的劳改营一样。虽然村子周围没有划定不准靠近的禁区，但是每个村里通常都驻有一名步兵，他在这里掌握着生杀大权：他有权独自无条件地处死任何敢于违抗命令的人。 他们属于很强壮的人种，竟然有人能从那种村庄里逃出来。库边斯克附近的加丽娜?奥西波夫娜?里亚博孔从沃洛格达州这样一座移民村里带出了一小股庄稼人（她走在前面，唱着歌，好像是去摘单薄）。她来到在哈尔科夫市给人当女仆的表姐那里。她的主人问一个大首长要不要一个好保姆。那家给她办了证件，要下了，而且对她很满意，她日子过得很开心。但是一九三七年那家人家被捕了，加丽娜忍不住要穿着铬鞣皮靴戴着丝绸头巾回到自己村子里去显摆显摆。她当然被抓起来，第二次流放。但她竟第二次逃跑了。 这些特种移民村所处的社会地位以及它们同古拉格群岛的血肉关系，很容易利用连通器的法则来解释：每当沃尔库塔劳改营感到劳动力不足时，就从移民村调来些特种移民（甚至无须重新判刑或改换名称！）到劳改营劳动。而他们也就在劳改营里老老实实地生活，到营区去劳动，吃囚犯们吃的烂菜汤。只是他们吃饭要从自己的工资中付款。（除买饭票外，还要付工棚费、保卫捐。）可是这些移民却没有一点想不通的表现。 这些与家属失去联系的特种农民就这样从一个村庄被转送到另一村庄，像囚犯从一个劳改点被转押到另一劳改点一样。 我国的立法常发生一些莫名其妙的摇摆。一九三一年七月三日苏联中央执行委员会颁布了一项决议，准许在五年之后可以给那些"一直从事（当然是在管制的移民区里！）社会有益劳动并对苏维埃政权表现出忠顺态度（当然是指曾对村里的士兵、警备队长和行动人员有所帮助）的被剥夺的富农恢复公民权。"但是，这个十分荒唐的决议显然是一时心血来潮的产物。而且，这五年期满时正是古拉格群岛越来越变得严酷无情的时候。 何况这些年代也不允许这个制度稍有削弱：基洛夫刚刚被暗杀，接着是一九三七-一九三八年，一九三九年欧洲又开始战争，一九四一年苏联本国进入战争状态。倒是应该办另外一件事，这事也确实是办了：从一九三七年起又根据刑法第五十八条对许多倒霉的"富农分子"及其子女判了罪，把他们从特种移民村押进了劳改营。 不错，战争年代，当前线缺少勇猛的俄罗斯人力时，又想起了这些富农分子：他们作为俄罗斯人的良心应该高于其富农本性嘛！于是到处向这些人提出建议，要他们从特种移民村和劳改营直接奔赴前线，保卫神圣的祖国。 人们也真的奔去了…… 也不是全愿意去。例如H?赫- 夫就没有去。我的《伊万?杰尼索维奇的一天》中的丘林就是以这个人前半生经历为原型的，但我当时却没有勇气采用他后半生的经历。劳改营内许多托洛茨基分子和共产党员那时争先恐后地报名去"保卫祖国"，都遭到拒绝，可是劳改营当局却主动要这个赫-夫去。不料赫-夫对劳改营登记分配处断然地说："是你们的祖国，就请你们去保卫吧！无产者是没有祖国的！！" 这话似乎完全符合马克思的理论，况且劳改营里的囚犯确实比无产者还要贫苦、低微和无权呀！可是劳改营管理处根本没有这样去理解他，而是宣布：判处H?赫-夫枪决！H?赫-夫作为死因在岗楼下面赔了两个星期，根本没想请求赦免，因为他恨透了这些人。后来还是管理处自己给他改判为……你判十年劳改。 有时发生过这样的情况，把被剥夺的富农们带进了冻土地带或者泰加森林，放开以后就把他们忘在那儿了：带到那儿去本来就是要他们死的，干嘛要记住？那地方又荒凉又偏远，所以连一个当兵的也不留给他们。这个被英明领导撒手不管了的，没有马，没有犁，没有渔具，没有猎枪的勤劳而顽强的部族，也许只靠几把斧头，几把铁锹，在比石器时代略好的条件下，为了生存而开始了毫无希望的斗争。但与社会主义的经济规律背道而驰，这些村落不但活下来了，而且巩固了，富了。 布罗夫就是在这样一个村子里长大的。这个村庄位于鄂毕河的一条不能通航的小支流上游，布罗夫是小时候跟随大人来到这里的。他说，还在战争之前就曾有一艘小艇经过他们村子附近，发现了他们这个村子。原来那是区首长坐的小艇。他向明了这些人从何处来，是些什么人，什么时候来的。区首长对于这里人们的富裕和美好生活感到惊奇，这是同他那个区的集体农庄不能相比的。首长回去了。过了几天便有内务人民委员部的特派员带着冲锋枪手来了。于是又像闹"瘟疫"那年一样，命令他们在一小时内扔掉积攒起来的一切，扔掉温暖的乡村，只带一个小小的包袱上路。他们又被押送到更遥远的冻土带去。 通过这个故事难道还不理解"富农"和"剥夺富农财产"的实质吗？ 假如能让这样的人民自由地生活、自由地发展，谁又能奈何得了他们呢！ ! ! 是旧教徒，是永远受迫害、被流放的旧教徒们早在三十年前就已经看清了"首长们"的凶恶实质。一九五O年，有一架飞机在波德卡缅纳亚一通古斯卡上空练习飞行。第二次世界大战后我国的空军学校的训练大大完善了，因此这位尽心尽力的飞行员从飞机上看到了二十年来没有人看到过的东西：在泰加原始森林中间似乎有一个小小的居民点。他拍了照片，报告了上级。尽管十分偏僻遥远，但对于内务部来说没有办不到的事，半年之后他们进入了这个地方。原来这里住着一些从雅鲁耶沃迁来的旧教徒。当人们盼望已久的那个伟大瘟疫--农业集体化到来时，这些人便全村一起逃离了这种"幸福"，逃到原始森林里来了。人们住在这里，从不出去，只是偶尔让村长一人到雅鲁耶沃去购买盐、渔具、猎具上的金属部件和工具上的铁片，其余物品一概自给自足。他们没有钱，村长可能是带着贵重毛皮之类进城的。办完事情之后，他就像一个受到通缉的犯人一样躲躲闪闪地离开市场。雅鲁耶沃的旧教徒们就是这样赢得了二十年的生活--二十年与野兽为伍的、但却是自由的人间生活，避免了集体农庄的二十年的沮丧苦闷。他nl全穿上布衣服，自制皮靴，一个个身体显得特别强壮。 现在他们作为农业集体化战线上的可恶逃兵全被逮捕了，而且"依法"判了刑。您猜猜是依据哪一条法律条文？和世界资产阶级有联系？破坏活动？不，根据第五十八条第10分条的"反苏鼓动"（！？！？）和第五十八条第11分条的"反苏组织"。（其中许多人后来被押解到斯捷普拉格的杰兹卡兹甘分部，因此这个消息才透露出来。） 一九四六年还曾把另一批旧教徒放在木排上沿叶尼塞河流放走。这些人是那些英勇的苏军战士们从某个偏僻的寺院里赶出来的。（这时已经使用上迫击炮，已经有了第二次世界大战的经验。）但是，那些坚强不屈的俘虏们在斯大林时代，也和在彼得大帝时代一样，从木筏上跳进汹涌的叶尼塞河的洪流，而我们的冲锋枪手则随即把他们枪杀在水里。 苏军战士们！可要不断地加强战斗准备呀！ 不，这个注定要灭亡的人种并没有死绝！在流放地他们又有孩子降生并且世袭地依附于自己的特种移民村。（您可记得"儿子不为父亲负责"那句话？）外面的姑娘嫁给特种移民，就算加入了农奴阶层，就失去了公民权。外面人娶这类人做媳妇，自己就变成了流放者。女儿从外面来看爸爸，就被写进特种移民名册，以纠正以前漏划的错误。因转入劳改营而造成的人口损失，靠这些来源得到补充。 卡拉干达一带的特种移民是非常显眼的，人数很多。他们的先人曾被永远固定在乌拉尔和阿尔泰的工厂，现在他们是被永远固定在卡拉干达矿井里。他们该劳动多长时间，该付给他们多少钱，矿井的主人在这些问题上根本无须客气。据说这些特种移民反而很羡慕从事农业劳动的劳改犯。 五十年代之前，有些地方则是直到斯大林死之前，不发给特种移民身份证。在伊加尔地区只是从战争开始之后才实行北极地区的工资补贴办法。 现在，这些经过二十年瘟疫般的流放生活后从警备队监督下解放出来的、取得了"值得自豪的"我国身份证的人们，是怎样的人呢？他们的内心和外表是怎样的呢？look!都是我国的标准公民？Yes.他们也同那些在工人村、在工会会议上、在苏军部队中培养出来的标准公民完全一样！他们也同样把没有用完的体力和勇气全部倾注在摔打多米诺骨牌上（当然不是旧教徒），同样朝着电视屏上闪过的每一个镜头频频点头称赞，而在必要时也以同样的愤怒谴责南非共和国，或者同样为了帮助古巴而把自己仅有的几文小钱捐献出来。 所以，我们怎能不在那位"伟大的屠夫"面前低垂下自己惭愧的头呢？ !怎能不为他没下的智力谜语所折服、对他钦佩得五体投地呢！ ?既然如此，他不是作对了吗？他这个深知人心的人搅起了这一场可怕的血腥的大旋涡，并且年复一年地不停地翻动它，结果不是表明他作对了吗？ ! 他作对了，道义上他是正确的：并没有人责怪他嘛！老百姓说，他在世时"比赫鲁晓夫的时候"要好一些，因为每逢四月一日"愚人节"时香烟总要减价一戈比，小百货不是还减价十戈比吗？直到他死前，对他的颂诗和赞歌不绝于耳，而且直到今天也还不允许我们揭穿他呀：你想揭穿？那么不仅是任何一个书刊检查员会使你立即停笔，而且站在商店里或坐在火车里的任何一个人都会急急忙忙堵住你这张胡言乱语的嘴。 是的，因为我们一向习惯于尊重那些大恶棍，我们一向就崇拜那些大刽子手嘛！ 他做对了，尤其是从国家角度看，他是正确的：是他用这鲜血焊接成了驯服柔顺的集体农庄。至于说四分之一世纪之后农村会贫困到一无所有，而人民群众会在道德上蜕化堕落，那又有什么了不起呢？要知道，我们的火箭可将要飞向宇宙空间，进步的、文化高度发达的西方可将要在我们这强大的国家面前俯首听命啊！