Chapter 79 Chapter IV Exile of People of All Nationalities

Historians may correct us, but indeed, as far as our average memory can go, we cannot recall a single instance of the mass forced removal of an entire people in the nineteenth, eighteenth, or seventeenth centuries.There have indeed been conquests of colonies in history, and the fact that victors conquered indigenous peoples and took control of political power occurred on islands in the ocean, Africa, Asia, and Gaoga.However, the simple minds of the ancient colonists did not think that the indigenous peoples should be expelled from the land where they had lived for generations, so that they would leave their ancestral homeland.Perhaps there is only a slight resemblance to this with the transportation of black slaves to American plantations, which can be regarded as a precedent?However, that was not carried out by the government of a certain country after careful consideration: it was only done by individual Christians-slave traders: because they suddenly found a profit, their hearts were ablaze with greed, and they rushed to the Africa, each capturing, deceiving, buying single or dozens of Negroes for themselves to transport away.

Only when the twentieth century, the hope of civilized mankind, comes, and only when the national question is developed to the highest degree on the basis of "the only correct theory", can the most authoritative expert on the national question be chartered and It is possible to thoroughly and cleanly describe the method of forcibly relocating the entire nation one by one within forty-eight hours, within twenty-four hours, or even within one and a half hours. Naturally, he himself was not immediately aware of this in his mind.Therefore, he once even blurted out the words: "In the Soviet Union, there was no such thing as an object of persecution because of his ethnicity." In the twenties, all The languages ​​of these peoples were encouraged when the Crimeans were constantly nagged: Crimea belongs to the Tatars, to you Tatars!At that time, even the Arabic alphabet could be used, and the signs and inscriptions on the street were all written in Tatar.

But, suddenly, it all turned out to be... all wrong! ... It did not immediately occur to the "Great Helmsman" that even after the great campaign of forced relocation of the peasants, this method could be easily applied to the national sphere.His brother, Hitler, had some experience in eradicating the Jews and Gypsies, but that was later, after the Second World War began, and Father Stalin had thought about it long before he did. In addition to the plague, until the forced relocation of the entire nation, although our Soviet country’s exile cause had hundreds of thousands of people, it cannot be compared with the labor camp after all. It is not so glorious and majestic. So as to leave their own footprints in history.In the past, there were immigrant exiled prisoners (judged by the court) and administrative exiled prisoners (who were not sentenced by the court), but both were limited to a limited number of individuals, each with their own name, date of birth, The legal provisions and crimes committed; the materials are accompanied by half-length front and side photos.Only wise and patient institutions capable of meticulously doing all kinds of dirty work can thread grains of sand into strings and form whole exile areas from those destroyed families.

However, since the forced relocation of special immigrants, the exile in our country has developed and improved rapidly!The first two terms are left over from the tsarist era, and the term special immigration can be regarded as our own birth to the Soviet regime.Don't we have many of our favorite and beloved words that begin with the word "special" (special department, special mission, special relationship, special supply, special care? In the year of the "great turning point", special The term "immigration" is used to indicate "expropriated rich peasants", because this term is more appropriate and flexible, so we cannot fault it; at that time, not all the "expropriated" were rich peasants, so the term "special immigrants" was used to describe The summary is impeccable!

So the "great and loving father" issued an order: use this word also for peoples who are forced to relocate! He didn't discover this all at once.He was quite cautious when conducting the first experiment: in 1937, he quietly and swiftly removed tens of thousands of suspicious North Koreans (from elderly people who were dying to babbling children) from The Far East was forcibly relocated to Kazakhstan. (In the face of Japanese imperialism and the Halexin River, how can you feel at ease with these yellow-skinned, narrow-eyed North Koreans!) The migration was so hasty that these North Koreans had to live in a windowless (where to get so many at once) Glass!) for the first winter in adobe huts; the migration was so secret that no one except the Kazakhs in the neighborhood knew about these immigrants, no one in the country ever spoke about them, not a single foreign correspondent Wrote a one-word report on this. (Look, it is better to control the press and propaganda agencies in the hands of the proletariat!)

He is very satisfied!He remembered.This method was adopted again in 1940 in the cradle of the revolution - the outskirts of Leningrad.But this time it was not at night, nor with bayonet-toting soldiers to drive out the forced relocations, but a so-called "grand farewell" to the Republic of Karelia, Finland (which was just won by our country).At noon, the red flags were fluttering and the drums were playing together. This was a grand farewell to the Finns and Estonians in the suburbs of Leningrad to develop their new homeland.That changed when trains brought people into remote areas. (Wi A. M. has spoken of the fate of a group of six hundred forcibly relocated.) Here, identity cards were confiscated from everyone, and armed soldiers surrounded people and packed them into so-called Red Bullock Cart".It was later loaded onto barges.After arriving at the destination - the pier in the interior of Karelia, they were sent to "strengthen the strength of the collective farm".These completely free citizens who were "grandly welcomed" had to obey their assignments.Only twenty-six people, including the person who provided me with this material, refused to go to the farm, and they firmly refused to hand over their ID cards!At this time, the Soviet regime - a representative of the People's Committee of the Karelian Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic came, and he warned: "If this continues, people will die!" People asked him: "Do you still want to shoot with a few machine guns?" People are really ignorant.Why use a few sticks? !To deal with the twenty-six people in the encirclement, one push is enough. (No one will write poetry about these twenty-six Finns!) But an incomprehensible cowardice, slowness and indecision prevented the representatives of the regime from taking this reasonable step.He tried to separate twenty-six people.The operatives wanted to ask people to talk one by one, but twenty-six people went together.Their irrational bravery finally prevailed: the authorities kept their ID cards and the siege was lifted.At least these twenty-six did not come down to the status of farmhands or exiles.However, this was accidental, an exception, and a large number of people obediently handed over their ID cards.

It's all still experimental.It was only in July 1941 that there was an opportunity to apply this method on a large scale: the self-governing and, of course, rebellious republic of the Volga Germans, with its capitals Engels and Marxstadt, had to be completely To eradicate it and throw it far to the east, and this work must be completed within a few days and nights.It was then for the first time that the pure, vigorous method of forced removal of entire peoples was employed.This method seems to be simple and effective. It only needs to meet one criterion—belonging to the "ethnic group". There is no need for the previous set of cumbersome procedures.To arrest Germanic people in other parts of the Soviet Union (all of them must be arrested), then there is no need for local internal affairs personnel to have a high level of education to figure out who is the enemy and who is not.As long as the surname is Germanic, it is right to arrest.

The system has been tested and adjusted.From now on, it can ruthlessly capture any designated, prescribed, and destined rebel nation, and it does it more and more neatly: Chechens, Ingush, Karachaya, Balkars , Kalmyks, Kurds, Mortgages of Crimea, and finally the Greeks living in the Caucasus, none were spared.What makes this system especially alive is that the decisions of the "Father of the Peoples" are announced to the people not by cumbersome court decisions, but by the combat operations of modern motorized infantry; Enter the residential areas of the designated ethnic groups and occupy various important places.The criminal nation wakes up in the morning to find its villages surrounded by machine guns and submachine guns.They heard the order: 12 hours only, and everyone can only bring what they can carry with their own two hands! (However, twelve hours is still too much, and the motorcycles of the motorized troops have to stop and wait. Therefore, in Crimea, only two hours are stipulated, or even shortened to one and a half hours.) Everyone was immediately imprisoned like prisoners. Load the truck and sit on your knees in the van. (Old ladies, women with babies, sit down! This is an order!) The trucks, escorted by soldiers, drove to the railway station, where they packed people into cattle trains and drove them to their destinations.Perhaps in the middle of the journey, people have to pull the raft upstream with a rope like a tracker, and walk 150 to 200 kilometers until they enter the primeval forest upstream of Kologreve.Only some elderly people who are unable to move can lie on the raft.

Maybe it looks like a very majestic picture from the air and from the mountains: the sound of motorcycles ringing all over the Crimea peninsula (the newly liberated Crimea peninsula, April 1944) at the same time There were so many sounds, hundreds of snake-like trucks were crawling on the winding road.This is the season when fruit trees are blooming, and it is the season when Tatar women take out onion seedlings from the greenhouse and transplant them in the vegetable garden, and they have just started planting tobacco (let’s end here! It is destined that there will be no more people in Crimea for many years to come. growing tobacco.) The convoy of trucks transporting people did not drive directly into the village surrounded by special forces, but only drove to the entrance of the village, where people came to get on the truck.The order from the superior was to give one and a half hours to pack things up, but the executive officer shortened the time to 40 minutes, so as to complete the task faster, ensure that all the staff arrived at the assembly point in advance, and at the same time allow the special forces to stay in the warehouse after they withdrew. The aftermath team in the village has more fruitful results.Some very poor villages, such as Ozimbasa near Lake Bijok, had to be set on fire.A convoy of trucks transported the Tatars to the railway station.In the prisoner train, people have to wait for days and nights before driving, and the ears are full of screams and sad farewell songs.

The superiority of the exile of a whole nation and a whole nation lies in its uniformity of form!No need to take care of any "individual circumstances"!No exceptions!No personal protests accepted!Everyone walked away tamely, because you, me, and him were all the same.Everyone has to go.Not only men, women, and children were exiled, but unborn children were also exiled, since the order of forced removal also included fetuses.Those who were not embryos were also exiled, because they were destined to be born under the command of this order.This is fundamentally different from the trite and annoying Article 35 of the Criminal Law. (It was also stipulated that "exile does not apply to people under the age of sixteen"!) Now, from the day these people are born, as long as they stick their heads out in the world, they become special immigrants and have been exiled for life up.When they reach the age of sixteen, the sign that they have become adults is that they also have to register with the police headquarters.

Everything that people have left behind—houses with open doors that still retain the heat of human body, boxes and cabinets that have been messed up, and all the furniture accumulated by ten or even twenty generations—are all in order now. It falls into the hands of the operatives of the punitive agency: some things go to the state, some are divided among the neighbors who belong to the lucky nation, and it is impossible for anyone to protest that his cows, furniture, utensils, etc. are taken away. . What makes this uniformity all the more solemn and noble is that the relevant secret orders do not condone the Communists among these vile nationalities.In other words, there is no need to check the party card, which saves another layer of trouble!Moreover, the Communist Party members were also tasked with redoubled efforts when they arrived in their new places of exile.That's it! The only fly in the ointment in the uniformity is the interracial marriage family. (No wonder our socialist country has always opposed interracial marriage!) When the forced relocation of the Germans and later the forced relocation of the Greeks did not drive out the mixed couples.But this approach was troublesome and left some lesions in places that seemed to have been cleaned and disinfected. (Aren't some old Greek women sneaking back to their daughters to die?!) Where will these ethnic groups be forcibly relocated?There are many areas that can be exiled.For example, in Kazakhstan, the number of nationalities exiled here plus the general exiled prisoners is more than half of the total population of the republic, so this republic can be called "Kazakhstan".The authorities allocating special immigrants also did not forget about Central Asia, Siberia (many Kalmyks died in the Yenisei valley), the northern Urals and the northern regions of the European part of the USSR. Does the forcible removal of the peoples of the Baltic coast constitute the exile of an entire nation?On the surface, it does not meet the requirements, because it does not mean that men, women, old and children all move away, it seems that as a nation they still stay in their homeland. (Because it is too close to Europe, otherwise you can have no scruples!) It seems to have stayed, but it has been "thinned" to the point where it can no longer be thinned. In fact, the work of decontaminating the Baltic coast has already begun.In 1940, our troops had just entered the area, and before the jubilant local people had time to vote to join the Soviet Union, the purification had already begun.Purification begins with the officers first.It must be recognized how important to these young nations their first (and last two) generation of officers of the nation represented the seriousness, responsibility, and energy of the nation.When they were middle school students, they had learned how to defend the motherland, which was not yet strong, with their not yet strong chests under the city of Narva.Now with a wave of the sickle, their concentrated experience and vigorous energy were cut off.This is one of the most important preparations for the referendum.Yes, this is a "spiritual" "recipe". Didn't the same approach be tried in the alliance itself?It is to eliminate all those who may lead the rebellion in the future, and those who may arouse people's rebellion with their ideological speeches and writings, all quietly and as soon as possible.In this way, on the surface, the nation is still living in the original place, but in fact the nation no longer exists.A dead tooth initially looks like a good tooth in appearance. But in 1940 there was no forced removal in the Baltic region, concentration camps were used, and some were shot in the courtyards of stone prisons.During the retreat in 1941, as many rich and influential people as possible were taken away like precious trophies, and then dumped like dung on the rigid land of the Gulag Islands. (They were all captured at night, and each family was allowed to carry only 100 kg of luggage. The head of the family was separated from the whole family when they got into the car, and then wiped out in prison.) Our country has been (through Leningrad) throughout the war radio broadcasts) threatened the Baltic states with merciless reprisals against them.When the Soviet army returned here in 1944, these threats were fulfilled: large numbers of people were taken to prison.However, this is not, after all, the exile of an entire nation. The massive forcible deportation of the peoples of the Baltic coast started in 1948 (first with the hard-boiled Lithuanians), deported all three peoples together in 1949, and went further in 1951. exile the Lithuanians.Western Ukrainians were also forcibly emigrated during these years, the last forcible emigration also being in 1951. Was the "Generalissimo" planning to deport anyone else in 1953?Is it Jewish?What other peoples are there besides the Jews?We will never know what he imagined.However, according to my personal guess, Stalin was eager to exile the entire population of Finland to the desert area close to China, but he failed in 1940 and 1947 (due to the failure of Renault's coup d'état). Make this wish come true.He may also have chosen places east of the Urals to forcibly remove Serbs or Peloponnesian Greeks. If this "fourth pillar of advanced theory" lived for another ten years, the ethnic distribution map of Eurasia would become unrecognizable, and a great migration of ethnic groups in the opposite direction would take place. As many peoples have been exiled, so many epics will be written in the future, which will describe the sorrow of people who are separated from their homeland, and will also speak of the mass extermination in Siberia.What these peoples have experienced can only be written by them themselves, and I have no intention of overreaching here, let alone going too far. However, in order to make the reader aware that the place to which these peoples were driven was the exiled kingdom which the reader visited, the filthy land of the same Gulag archipelago, let us look at some of the circumstances of the forcible removal of the peoples of the Baltic coast. Bar. On the issue of deporting the people along the Baltic Sea, not only did they not rape public opinion, but they completely carried out the "supreme will of the people".The councils of ministers of the three republics each adopted free resolutions (Estonia on November 25, 1948) calling for the forcible removal of certain types of compatriots to the distant land of Siberia.And it's a permanent migration.They are never allowed to return to their homeland (this clearly shows how independent the governments of the Baltic states are, and how much they are irritated by unworthy and useless compatriots of their own countries).What types of families were to be exiled? 1.Family members of criminals (it is not enough to send parents to concentration camps to exhaustion, all seeds of these families must be eradicated) 2.Wealthy peasants (a measure that greatly accelerated the ripening collectivization of agriculture on the Baltic coast) and their entire families (students at the University of Riga were taken from their dormitories the same night their parents were taken from the countryside of); 3.4. For some reason, those who escaped the iron grate in 1940, 1941 and 1944, and those who slipped through the net; 4.Generally hostile to the regime and unable to flee to Scandinavia in time, or families with personal feuds with local activists. In order not to damage the reputation of our great common motherland, and to prevent the enemies of the West from taking advantage of it, this resolution was not published in the newspapers or in the republics, nor was it sent to the Announced by the migrated.It was announced to them in the Siberian garrison only after reaching their destination. The organizational efficiency of the exile has been greatly improved during this period compared with the previous exile of Koreans and Crimean Tatars. Valuable experience has been summed up and mastered. At this time, it is no longer necessary to calculate by day or even by hour Instead, it can be calculated by points.Practical experience shows that from the first knock on the door at night to the last heel of the whole family stepping out of the threshold of the house, stepping into the dark night and boarding the truck, only 20 to 30 minutes are enough .During these tens of minutes, the awakened family can do: get dressed, understand that they are going to be exiled forever, sign the document giving up all property requirements, and call the elderly and children together , packed a few small bundles, and then walked out of the house according to the order. (There is no need to worry about the confusion of the remaining property. As soon as the escorts leave, the representative of the Finance Bureau will immediately come to count the materials and fill in the list of confiscated items. All properties will be sold by the entrusted store according to the list, and the sales will be turned over to the treasury. We have no right to criticize When they took stock of their belongings they put something in their pockets or carried something off the "path". Actually, they need not have done this, because any member of the popular power can pay for a trivial amount by asking for another receipt at the consignment shop. A little money to "legally" take home whatever he needs.) What can one think of during those twenty to thirty minutes?How to choose and decide what is most needed?A lieutenant was ordered to forcibly relocate a family (there was a seventy-five-year-old grandmother, a fifty-year-old mother, an eighteen-year-old girl and a twenty-year-old son).He suggested to the family: "Be sure to bring the sewing machine!" Who would have thought that the family would survive on this sewing machine later. Still, this rapid forced relocation can sometimes work in the victim's favor: It's like a whirlwind, and then it's gone.Even the best broom will miss something.Some women happened not to stay at home during those few nights, but returned to their villages after the whirlwind passed.She went to the Finance Bureau to ask to open the seal on the door of the house, and the Finance Bureau actually opened it for her: You can live as you like, and we will talk about it when the order is issued again! The train carriages for transporting livestock are not large. When transporting horses, the quota is eight horses; when transporting soldiers, the quota is 32;The necessary modification of the carriage was not carried out in a hurry. People asked to make a hole in the floor of the carriage for toilet use, but this was not approved in time.Just put an ordinary bucket as a toilet.It fills up quickly, overflowing and soiling people's carry-ons.From the first minute in a car, these bipedal mammals are forced to forget the difference between men and women.For the first day and a half, they were locked in the carriage without water or food, and the baby starved to death. (We have already seen all this in this book, two chapters ago, right? It was so twenty years ago...it is still so...) The train stopped for a long time at Eurymist station, and there was constant traffic outside the carriage. Some people ran, knocked on the car boards, called their names, and tried to deliver some food or other items to acquaintances in the car.However, these people were immediately dispersed.People locked in cars are starving.What awaits these thinly clad people is the snow and ice of Siberia. The distribution of bread began only halfway through.Vegetable soup was given on several stations.All trains go to distant places: Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai.Fifty-two Estonians were transported from Balabinsk alone.It took fourteen days and nights to reach Achinsk. What supported these people to survive on this desperate journey?It's not faith, it's hope fueled by hatred: "These guys are screwed! There's going to be a war this year. We'll be back home in the fall." It is impossible for anyone who lives a peaceful life, whether in the Western world or the Eastern world, to sympathize with, understand, and perhaps forgive such thoughts of these people in iron cages.As I mentioned earlier, we also believed and hoped for this in 1949 and 1950.The injustice of the system in those days, the twenty-five-year prison sentence and the fate of returning to the Gulag Archipelago had brought patience to its highest point, a point of imminent explosiveness and the impotence of armed guards. (Generally speaking, if an institution is immoral, then its subjects are free from any obligations to it.) How badly people's lives need to be made to make cells, prison wagons, and cattle Are the millions of people in the car praying for catastrophic atomic war as the only way out? ! ... However, no one cried.No one cried.Hatred can dry a man's tears. On the way, the Estonians were also thinking about something else: How would the Siberians greet them?In the 1940s, the Siberians plundered the exiled Baltic people—blackmailing them, and only giving half a bucket of potatoes for a piece of leather. (Ragged people in our country really regarded people from the Baltic countries as bourgeois at that time...) This time, in 1949, the Siberians were advertised in advance: they were all kulakers who were rotten!However, the "rich peasants" who got off the train were all in shabby clothes and were tortured in a bad way.During the physical examination, the Russian nurses unexpectedly found that these women were very shriveled and thin, and the children they held did not even have a clean diaper.Estonians were assigned to sparsely populated collective farms, and a local Siberian farm woman brought the only things they had to these special immigrants: half a liter of milk, a piece of vegetable cake or a piece of black flour bread. At this time, the women of Estonia shed tears. However, in addition to the peasant women, of course, there are also active members of the Communist Youth League.They really believe that what they are transporting is the remnants of fascism, and these scoundrels are not willing to work, unwilling to do something for the country that liberated them from the slavery of the bourgeoisie, how ungrateful! ("You should all be drowned!" the activists shouted at the exiles.) The activists also became the guards of these people, supervising their labor.The activists had already been ordered in advance: to organize a roundup of these people as soon as they heard the gunshots. An interesting "mistake" occurred at the Achinsk station.In order to increase manpower for several peasants along the Churem River in this area, the leaders of the Belilius area bribed the escorts, bought ten wagons of special immigrants, a total of 500 people, and quickly transported these people to a distance from A The Churym region, one hundred and fifty kilometers away from Chinsk.However, according to the plan, these people were to be transported to the Saralinsk Mining Bureau of the Khakass Autonomous Region.The Mines Bureau was waiting for a replacement, but the people had already been unloaded in the collective farms.The average income of these farms per working day in the previous year was only 200 grams of grain.Since the beginning of spring, all the grain and potatoes here have been eaten up, and the villages are filled with the sound of Russian cows, and the cows rush towards the half-rotten hay like bison.Therefore, the farm can only advance one kilogram of flour to each newcomer as food for a week.This is not discrimination and deduction against exiles, this advance is already very reasonable, it is almost equal to the entire salary of the next week!The Estonians who had just left their hometown couldn’t help but be amazed... (Yes, there are several large granaries in the village of Polinoye near the farm. It is not the property of the farm. The surrounding peasants are starving to death, but they refuse to take some grain from the granary to share with everyone, because it belongs to the state. The chairman of the farm, Bashkov, took it upon himself to give it to those commune members who have not starved to death from the warehouse Each person was given five kilograms of grain, for which he was sentenced to a labor camp. The grain belongs to the state, and the lack of grain is only a matter of this collective farm! So there is no need to discuss this matter in this book.) The Estonians who had been forced to migrate struggled for about three months in the Chulym farm, learning to master a new rule of life with a bewildered mood: either steal or starve to death!They thought they would stay here forever.Suddenly, by order, they were all called together and rushed to the Saralinsk district of Khakass (the owner of the Mining Bureau finally found his own supplementary personnel).There are very few local people in Khakass, and almost all the villages are exiled people, and each village has a security department.Gold mines everywhere, drilling everywhere, silicosis spreading. (This vast area is more appropriately called the Khakassia Gold Mine Bureau or the Yenisei Engineering Bureau than the Khakassia Autonomous Oblast or the Krasnoyarsk Border Region; , or rather under the jurisdiction of the army general of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The secretaries of the district committees also have to obey the district police commander.) But those sent to the gold mines were not the most miserable.Those who are really miserable are those who are forcibly incorporated into the "Gold Rush Labor Cooperation Team".Gold diggers!How tempting it sounds!It seems to be shining with golden light and exuding gold powder.However, any concept of today's world can easily be distorted once it reaches our country.The authorities know that these special immigrants dare not resist, so they are driven into this kind of "cooperative group" and let them mine the mines that the government has abandoned because they are not profitable.There is no safety equipment anymore, and there is often water flowing like rain. The labor is hard and the earning is very little.It is only because the country is reluctant to give up this little bit of gold that these people who are struggling on the verge of death are asked to lick it clean. The "Labor Cooperation Group" is under the leadership of the "Gold Panning Section" of the Mining Bureau.The Bureau of Mining Affairs only knows to issue plan indicators and require completion of the plan, without even thinking about its other responsibilities.People in these "cooperative groups" do have "freedom", but that is not freedom from state constraints, but freedom not guaranteed by state law: they have no paid holidays, and they don't necessarily have a rest day (like prisoners) ), perhaps a "Stakhanov Movement Month" will be declared, and there will be no more Sundays.The favor I get from the state is: if I don't work, I will be sentenced.The people's court sent a circuit court every two months, and every time they sentenced many people to 25 percent forced labor.Reasons can always be found.These "gold diggers" can earn three or four "golden rubles" every month (equivalent to 150 to 200 rubles during the Stalin period, which is only a quarter of the minimum living expenses). The exiles working in the gold mines near Kopyevo received not cash wages, but internal circulation certificates.Isn't it, what's the use of banknotes that are common throughout the Soviet Union?Anyway, these people can't go elsewhere. You can buy (slow-moving) things at the small shop of the mine with internal circulation coupons! Convicts and serfs have been compared exhaustively in this book.It can be recalled that the worst situation in Russian history was not serfs, but workers belonging to factories.These in-house coupons, which can only be used at the mine's commissary, recall the gold placer mines and factories of the Altai region during the tsarist era.In the 18th and 19th centuries, people there often committed crimes deliberately in order to leave the mines they belonged to and go to hard labor to live a more relaxed life.Until the end of the nineteenth century "workers in the Altai gold mines had no right to refuse Sunday labor"!If you refuse, you will be fined (compare it with forced labor!), and the canteens run by factories and mines monopolize low-quality goods, raising prices and deducting portions. "It is these small shops, not the poorly managed gold mines, that constitute the main source of income for gold mine owners." (Semyonov-Tianshansky, "Russia", Volume 16.) The "gold mines" here The word "lord" could well be read today as "gold mine trust". How did it happen?How can everything on the Gulag Islands be so uniform and featureless? ... One day in 1952, Hess, a frail woman, did not go to work.Because it was too cold and she didn't have felt boots.For this reason, the leader of the wood processing cooperative sent her to work as a lumberjack for three months without felt boots!It was the same woman who begged for a little light labor while she was pregnant, and that she should not be asked to carry lumber.The answer to her was: "If you don't want to do it, you can resign!" The crappy doctor miscalculated her due date by one month, and only let her rest two or three days before the due date.There, in the taiga, where the Ministry of Internal Affairs rules everything, with whom to reason? But this does not mean that life is really hopeless.Those special immigrants who were sent to the collective farms were the ones who really tasted the desperation of life.Now some people argue (not out of the ordinary): "Generally speaking, collective farms are better than labor camps, right?" Is it?" In fact, the situation of special immigrants is a combination of the two.What characterizes the farm is that they do not receive fixed rations here, but only receive 700 grams of bread during the sowing period. The wheat is moldy, and the baked bread is khaki-yellow and tastes gritty (probably not long ago Sweeping the bottom of the barn for wheat).The feature of the labor camp is that people can also be locked up in the detention room here: the production team leader complains to the management office, and the management office calls the security team, and the person is locked up.As for the wages these people receive, it is really pitiful: Maria Sumberg received an average of 20 grams of grain per working day in the first year of labor on the farm (the grain that a bird pecked at the roadside More than that too!) and fifteen Stalinist kopecks (equivalent to one and a half kopecks under Khrushchev).She used her annual income to buy... a small aluminum pot. So what do these people do to survive?A postal package from the Baltic coast.Because after all, the entire ethnic group was not forced to migrate here. So who sent the Kalmyks mail packages?Who sent it to the Tatars who came from the Crimea? 请您到这些人的坟上去问问他们自己吧！ 不知道是根据他们的故乡波罗的海沿岸国家部长会议的同一项决议，还是根据西伯利亚的原则性，总之，在一九五三年，"我们的慈父"去世之前，对波罗的海沿岸来的特种移民还有一条特别规定；除了使用十字镐、铁锹和锯的重体力劳动之外，不许安排他们作任何其他工作！"你们必须在这里学会做人！"如果用人单位把谁的工作安排得稍高了一点，警备队便会出面干涉，并且亲自把那个人拉下来当一般工人。矿务局的疗养院旁边有个果园，连果园的地都不允许特种移民去翻耕，否则就会是"对在那里休养的斯达汉诺夫工作者的侮辱"。警备队长甚至不准玛丽亚?苏姆贝格担任饲养牛犊的工作："把你强制迁移到这里不是让你来休养的！割草去！"农庄主席费了很大力气才把她留下来。（她为农庄救活了好几头患波状热的牛犊。她很喜欢西伯利亚的牲口，觉得出爱沙尼亚的牲口更驯良，而这里的从未受过抚爱的奶牛则亲热地舔她的手。） 有一次（在楚雷姆河）需要紧急往驳船上装粮食。于是就让特种移民连续劳动三十六小时，不给任何报酬和鼓励。在这一昼夜半的时间里只有两次给二十分钟吃饭的时间和一次三小时的休息。"你们不干，就把你们赶到北边更远的地方去！"一个老工人被麻袋压倒了，共青团员监工用脚踢他起来。 每星期要到警备队报到一次。距离队有好几公里远？老太太八十岁了？那就弄匹马把她驮来吧！每次报到时都要警告每个人：要逃跑就判你二十年苦役！ 行动特派员的办公室就在附近。有时也会把你叫去问得。也许用较好的工作诱惑你，也许就威胁--把你的独生女儿单独流放到北极圈以北去！ 他们什么事情作不出呢？ ……他们的手什么时候在什么事情上受过良心的制止呢？ ... 他们会给你派任务：监视某人，或者收集可以把某人关进监狱的材料。 警备队的任何一个中立一走进特种移民的家门，移民全家，包括老年妇女，都必须立即起立，未经允许不得坐下。 这么看来，读者会不会认为这些特种移民都是被剥夺了公民权的？ ... 不，那可不是，不是！他们享有完全的公民权！也并没有收回他们的身份证。他们完全有权参加普遍、平等、秘密、直接的选举。每逢这崇高而激动人心的时刻，他们有权勾掉选票上除自己要选的人之外的几个候选人名字，他们享有这一神圣权利。也并不禁止他们签名购买公债，（可以回想一下共产党员季亚科夫在劳改营中的苦恼！）自由的集体农庄庄员们骂骂咧咧地勉强签名购买五十卢布公债，而爱沙尼亚人则被勒索到四百卢布；"你们都有钱啊！谁不签名买公债，我们今后就不替他收转邮包！还要把他流放到更北的地方去！" 而且，真会流放去的，为什么不流放呢？ ... 啊，真烦死人！老是这些同样的事：可真是的，我们开始写这第六部的时候原是打算要讲某些新东西的呀！不是要讲劳改营，而是要讲流放。而且这一章我们也是要讲点新东西的呀：不是讲行政流放，而是讲特种移民。 可是，讲来讲会，结果还是讲了些同样的事。 现在还需要不需要一而再、再而三地讲述许多别处的、另一类型的流放地区见？另外一些地方的？另外一些年代的？另外一些民族的？do you need? 那么谈哪些呢？ ... 不同民族的移民村互相交错着，人们可以隔村遥遥相望。但是，不同的民族仍然表现出了各自的特点、生活方式、兴趣和倾向。 所有被强制迁移的民族中，日耳曼人表现了突出的勤劳。他们比谁都更彻底地抛弃了过去的故乡生活。（其实，他们在伏尔加河或马内奇河沿岸的故乡算个什么吗？）像当年在沙皇叶卡捷琳娜赏赐的肥沃多产的份地上劳动一样，他们今天要在斯大林赐予的这严峻的、贫瘠不毛的土地上扎根。他们全力以赴开发这流放区，把它看作自己最后居住的地方。他们安排生活时毫不指望第一次大赦，也没指望沙皇的恩典，而是一开始就作了永久打算。一九四一年流放来的时候，日耳曼人名副其实一无所有，但是这些勤奋而不知疲倦的人并没有灰心丧气，他们在流放地同样开始了讲求方式方法的合理劳动。地球上有哪个荒原是日耳曼人所不能变成繁荣兴旺地区的呢？难怪俄国人从前有句老话："日耳曼人就像柳树，随便插在哪里，就在哪里把根扎住。"不论是矿山、农业机械站，还是国营农场，领导者都对日耳曼人赞不绝口，他们再找不到更好的工人了。到五十年代初期日耳曼人在所有被强制迁移者中间，甚至同当地居民相比，已经成为最殷实的人家了。他们的住宅最宽敞洁净，他们养的猪最肥，奶牛产奶最多。他们的女孩子都是最受人爱慕的，这不仅因为她们父母富有，而且因为在劳改营地区横遭败坏的习俗中她们都守身如玉，品行端庄。 希腊人也十分热情地投入了新的劳动。不错，他们并未放弃有朝一口迁回库班去的幻想，但在流放地也没有吝惜自己的汗水。他们的住宅不像日耳曼人那么宽绰，但在种菜和养牛方面迅速赶上了后者。哈萨克斯坦集市上希腊人卖的奶渣、黄油、蔬菜都是上等的。 朝鲜人在哈萨克斯坦取得了更大的成就。当然，他们迁来的时间也早。到五十年代初期他们已经得到相当程度的解放：不必按期到警备队去报到，可以自由地从这个州去另一个州，只是不能越出哈萨克共和国的范围。他们的成就不在住房和小院方面（在这些方面他们的生活无才说是不很舒适的，甚至是原始的，后来的年轻人才开始转向欧洲生活方式）。朝鲜人善于学习，他们很快就填满了哈萨克斯坦的各所学校（从战争年代开始就不在这方面歧视他们了），他们已成为哈萨克共和国知识阶层的中坚。 其他民族则各自隐瞒着退回故土的幻想，在生活上和思想上各有不同的发展。但总的说来都已屈服于这个制度，并未给大权在握的警备队制造多少麻烦。 加尔梅克人没有站住脚，渐渐地在悲伤中死绝了。（我没有看到他们。） 但是，有一个民族却丝毫未受到奴性心理的影响，况且不是个别人，不是几个反叛分子，而是整个民族都没有驯服。这就是车臣人。 前面我们已经看到车臣人是怎样对待从劳改营逃跑出来的囚犯的。看到了整个杰兹卡兹甘的流放居民中只有车臣人曾勇敢地企图支持肯吉尔营的起义。 但是，依我看，在所有特种移民中，唯有车臣人在心理上表明了自己是囚犯。自从人们背信弃义地把他们赶出故乡那一天起，他们就对一切都再也不相信了。他们盖起一些叫"萨克利亚"的平顶小房，低矮、黑暗、破破烂烂，像是一脚就可以踢倒似的。他们的"家当"也如此；只考虑当天、当月、当年，什么都不积蓄，不贮备，没有任何长远打算。他们只知道吃、喝。年轻人稍微讲究一点衣着。一年年过去了，他们还是和刚迁来时同样一无所有。任何一个车臣人都没有在任何地方企图向领导讨好过，他们在领导面前总是骄傲的，甚至是公开抱有敌意的。他们鄙视普及教育的法律和国家学校所教的知识，更不让女孩子去上学，怕在那里被败坏。男孩子也不是全上学的。他们不让妇女到集体农庄去干活，自己也不愿意在农庄土地上出力。他们大多数人设法当汽车司机：保养机器不丢脸，况且他们那种高级骑手的性格和爱好也可以在汽车的奔驰中得到某种满足。当司机还可以满足他们偷窃的愿望。不过，他们也采取直接行动满足这最后一种愿望。是车臣人把"被偷了""被偷光了"这类概念带给了和平的、朴实的、沉睡的哈萨克斯坦的。他们会把成群的家畜赶走，把全家的东西渝光，有时则干脆强抢。当地居民和那些轻易在领导面前屈服的特种移民们，在车臣人眼里是和领导人属于同一类的。车臣人只尊重敢于反抗的人。 说也奇怪，大家都惧怕车臣人。谁也不能妨碍他们这样生活。甚至控制这个国家已经三十年之久的苏维埃政权也奈何不了他们，无法强迫他们尊重苏维埃国家的法律。 How could this be?这里有一个故事也许能说明其原因所在。我在科克切列克中学任教的时候，九年级有个叫阿布杜尔?胡达耶夫的车臣男孩子。他毫不给人好感，他也不企图给人好感，好像怕自己堕落到使人高兴的样子似的。他总是有意地表现得冷漠、十分骄傲和残酷。但谁也不能不承认他头脑清晰、思路有条理。上数学和物理课时他从来不停留在同班同学的水平上，总是深入思考，不断探讨真理，提出一些很深刻的问题来。他也和其他特种移民孩子一样，在学校免不了要承担一些所谓"社会工作"--最初是少先队组织找他，然后是共青团和学生会：办墙报、交流学习经验、座谈会。总之，他要付出车臣人十分不愿付出的精神学费。 阿布杜尔和老母亲一起生活。家族中只剩下一个哥哥，其他人全没有活下来。阿布杜尔的哥哥是个到处闯荡的刑事犯，已经不止一次为偷窃和杀人蹲过劳改营，但他几次都赶上大赦或折算刑期而被提前释放出来。有一次，阿布杜尔的哥哥来到科克切列克，接连两天饮酒作乐，饮酒时和一个当地的车臣人口角起来，那人逃走，他报出刀子就追。恰巧路上有个不相干的车臣老太太看见了。她想劝阻他，张开两臂挡住了他的去路。如果他遵守车臣人的规矩，他这时就该在老妇人面前放下刀，不再去追。但与其说他是个车臣人，不如说已经是个十足的强盗了--只见他手起刀落，砍死了老妇人。这时他那醉醋酸的头脑才忽然想到：按车臣人的规矩他将会有何下场。于是他立即跑到民警机关去自首了。民警机关当然是很高兴地把他关进了监狱。 他倒是躲到监狱去了。但他还有母亲、弟弟、和另一个同宗的车臣人老头胡达耶夫，论辈数该是阿布杜尔的叔父。杀人的事很快传遍了科克切列克的车臣人居住区。这时胡达耶夫家族剩下来的这三个人立即聚集到阿布杜尔家里，准备了一些食物和水，把门窗全部订死，像躲进堡垒一样躲藏起来。按习俗，被害的老妇人那一家族的车臣人必须杀死胡达耶夫家族中的一个人以报仇；胡达耶夫家族中的人鲜血不流，受害者家族中的人就没有资格在世上作人。 阿布杜尔?胡达耶夫一家被团团围住了。阿布杜尔当然不能上学去。全校、全市都知道了这件事。都知道我们学校有个高年级学生，共青团员，优秀生阿布杜尔现在每一分钟都有被刀捅死的危险；也许就是现在，当同学们听到铃声在教室就座的时候，或许就在文学课老师讲解社会主义人道主义的时候，明晃晃的刀子正捅进他的胸膛。大家都知道这件事，都惦念着他，课间休息时都在谈论他，但是，最后，大家都低着头往下看。不论是学校的党组织，共青团，还是教务处长、校长、区教育局，谁都没有去拯救阿布杜尔?胡达耶夫，甚至谁都没敢走近像惊扰的蜂房般乱哄哄的车臣人居住区里的胡达耶夫家。是啊，假如仅仅是这些人没有去，那还情有可原！问题是：从前在我们眼里一直显得那么威严可怖的党的区委会、区苏维埃执委会、同警备司令部和民警机关一起隐藏在土墙里边的内务部派出机关等等，也都在血的复仇者的急促的呼吸面前望而却步了。原来，古老的、野蛮人的法律刚刚呼出了一口气，一切苏维埃政权就在这科克切列克荡然无存了。It seems.这个政权的手也并没有从州中心江布尔市伸出多远，因为整整三天中既没有看见从江布尔市有一架飞机载着军队来，也没有接到任何态度坚定的指示；只是下令以现有力量加强监狱的警卫工作。 这样，车臣人和我们所有的人便都看清楚了。在这个地球上什么才是真正的力量？什么是幻影？ 还是车臣族的几位老人表现出了真正的明智！他们到内务部机关去了一次，请求把胡达耶夫家的大儿子交给他们惩处。内务部机关小心地婉言拒绝了。老头们第二次到内务部机关去，请求举行公审并当场处决胡达耶夫的大儿子。如能作到这一点，他们答应给胡达耶夫一家解围；不对他家的其他人进行血的复仇。不可能想出比这更合情合理的妥协方案了。但是，公审？How can this work? !事先答应当众处决？How can this work? !胡达耶夫又不是政治犯，他是一个盗贼，他是社会亲近分子呀！对触犯第五十八条的囚犯的权利可以践踏，但不能践踏一个多次杀人犯的权利！请示了州领导，上面果然拒绝了。 "那么，一小时之后胡达耶夫的弟弟就会被杀死！"车臣族的老人们解释说。对此，内务部的官员们只是耸耸肩膀：这与我们没有关系！是啊，还没有犯下的罪行，他们是不能去审理的！ 不过，二十世纪的气息总算起到了一点作用。但不是对内务部人员，而是对那些已变得冷酷无情的车臣族老人起了作用。他们还是没有命令复仇者下手！他们往阿拉木图发了一封紧急电报。又有几位在整个民族中最受尊重的老年人从阿拉木图匆匆赶来了。召开了元老会议。对胡达耶夫的大儿子进行了诅咒并且宣判了他的死刑，决定：不论在地球上任何地方，只要他遇到车臣人的刀子，那把刀就应该把他处死。然后，把胡达耶夫家族的三个人叫出来，对他们宣布说："你们可以随便走动，没有人会触动你们了。" 于是，阿布杜尔拿起书本上学来了。学校的党组织委员和团组织委员带着伪善的微笑欢迎他。在随后的座谈会上和课堂上，人们继续向他歌颂共产主义觉悟，似乎那令人难堪的事件根本没有发生过。阿布杜尔那消瘦的、变黑了的脸上毫无表情。他又一次深深地懂得了世界上什么是最强的力量：那就是血族复仇。 我们欧洲人只知道在书本上读，在学校里讲一些崇高的话语，以表明自己蔑视这条野蛮的法律，蔑视这毫无意义的残酷屠杀。但是，看来这类屠杀并不是毫无意义的：它不会使这些山地民族根绝，反而会使这些民族坚强。并不需要很多人为这条血的复仇的法律而牺牲，但这条法律却可以对周围的一切人产生威慑力量！记住这条法律的山地民族中会有哪一个人敢于随随便便地侮辱另一个人呢，就像我们常常由于酒醉，由于道德败坏，或者简直就是为了好玩而随便彼此互相侮辱那样？还有哪一个非车臣人敢于同车臣人纠缠，敢于说他是盗贼，说他粗野，或者敢于指摘他买东西不排队就往前钻呢？要知道，对你这些话的回答可能不是一句话，不是一句骂，而是拥向你肋下的一把刀子！就算你自己也拿出刀来（可是你身边不会带着刀子，文明人嘛！），你也不会还他一刀：否则你的全家就可能死于刀下！车臣人在哈萨克斯坦的大地上可以大摇大摆地走路，他们傲视一切，不论是"国家的主人"还是非主人，都得恭恭敬敬地给他们让开路。血的复仇发出的光芒形成一个恐怖"场"，它也就用这种"场"力维护并加强着这个小小的山地民族。 "要使别人骇怕，就要狠打自己人！"山民的祖先在那久远的古代不可能想出比这更好的约束人的规范了。 可是，社会主义国家难道向他们提出了什么更好的建议吗？