Chapter 56 Chapter 2 Or Corruption? -1

But people tell me to stop: you're talking about the wrong topic!You're abducted to prison again!I want you to talk about labor camps! I think I also talked about labor camps?Well, I'll keep my mouth shut in order to leave room for a contrary opinion.Many of my friends in the labor camps will object to me that this is nonsense, that they have never seen any "up" in the soul, and that corruption abounds. Shalamov's objection was stronger and more important than anyone else's (since he wrote it all): "In the camp environment, people can never remain human. That's what the camps were built for."

"All human affections--love, friendship, jealousy, benevolence, kindness, good name, honesty--are eaten away from us along with the muscles... We have no pride and self-respect, and even jealousy and lust seem to be Concepts on Mars... the only thing left is resentment - the most enduring feeling of man." "We finally understand that truth and falsehood are sisters." "Friendship cannot be born in poverty and disaster. If friendship is born between people - it means that the environment is not so difficult. If poverty and disaster bring people together - it means that they have not reached extremes. If pain is still It can be shared with friends because it is not intense and deep enough."

This is the only distinction Shalamov agrees to make: the upward, deepening, sublimation of humanity is possible in prison.but: "...the labor camps are a downright negative school. Nothing good or useful is learned by anyone from them. What the prisoners learn there is flattery, lying, indecentness, small or large... when When he returns home, he will see that instead of growing up in the camps, his tastes have become poorer and coarser." Shalamov also identified "years of living under the will of others and the ideas of others" as a characteristic of the camp's oppressive and corrosive nature.But I put this feature in quotation marks: First, because the same thing can be said about many free men (except for the leeway in some trivial matters, which even prisoners enjoy).The second is that because of the ignorance of fate and the inability to influence it, the forced resignation character developed in the archipelago, or rather, ennobled him and saved him from unnecessary fuss. .

E. Ginzburg agrees with this distinction: "Prison ennobling, labor camps corrupting." How to refute these? In prison (whether single or not), one is alone with one's own pain.Even if pain is a mountain, he must swallow it, get used to it, digest it, be digested by it.This is the highest form of moral cultivation.It always ennobles everyone.The one-handed struggle against the years and the walls is a moral exercise, an upward path (if you climb).If you had spent these years with one partner, you would never have gotten into a situation where one had to die for the other's life.What exists before you is not a path to conflict, but a path to mutual support and mutual enrichment.

But in the labor camps, this path does not seem to exist.The bread is not cut into equal pieces and distributed to everyone, but is dumped in a heap for you to grab!Push down those around you!Take it from them!The amount of bread distributed was only sufficient for, on average, one or two people must starve to death for every person alive.The bread is hanging on the pine tree, go and cut it down!Bread is buried in the mine, climb in and mine it!Can you still think about your own pain?Think about the past and the future?Think about man and God?Your mind is occupied by petty plans.They seem as big as one day today and worthless tomorrow.You hate labor -- it is your arch enemy.You hate those around you - they are your life and death competitors.Nervous jealousy and panic wear you down, always worrying that somewhere behind you someone else is dividing up the loaf of bread that might have fallen into your hand, and somewhere next door someone else is pulling out of the cauldron that might have fallen into it. Potatoes in your bowl.

The arrangement of camp life is such that envy pecks at your soul from all directions, even the most resistant.Jealousy extends even to prison terms as well as to release.In 1945 we "Fifty-eight" people watched a group of ordinary criminals walk out of the gate (as a result of Stalin's amnesty).What feelings do we have for them?Is it because they are happy to go home?No, it's jealousy!It's not fair to keep us locked up for releasing them.Another example is B? Vlasov, who was sentenced to twenty years, spent the first ten years quietly in prison-because who is not ten years?But in 1947-148 many people began to be released. He was jealous, anxious, and distressed: How did he get twenty years?How uncomfortable it is to squat for the second decade. (I haven't asked him, but I guess, when those people came back one by one as "Second Entry Palace", he must have settled down, right?) But in 1955-156, "Article 58" "They were released in large numbers, while ordinary prisoners remained in the camps.How are they feeling at this time?Is it reasonable to pardon the suffering prisoners belonging to this article who have been persecuted for forty years in a row?No, ordinary envy (I received many letters of this kind in 1963): those "enemies a hundred times worse than our criminals" are set free, while we remain in prison.Why is that? ...

Besides, you are forever gripped by the fear of losing even the pitiful level on which you are currently living; .If you are weaker than everyone else, you get beaten.In other words, if someone is weaker than you, you beat him.Isn't this the corruption of the spirit?The old reform-through-labor prisoner A. Rubayiluo called this rapid decay of people under external pressure "mange of the soul". What time, what grounds, do you have to lift yourself up after getting caught up in these wicked feelings and tense petty calculations? Chekhov observed Lao on Sakhalin long before our labor camps existed and pointed out this spiritual corruption.He rightly wrote that the evil of the prisoners arose from their unfreedom, servitude, fear, and constant hunger.These evils are: liar, cunning, cowardice, cowardice, gossip, stealing.Experience tells convicts that deception is the surest means in the struggle for survival.

Isn't all this ten times what it was then with us? ... Now is not the time to deny and defend some imaginary "ennoblement" in the labor camps, but to describe hundreds, thousands of instances of real depravity.Some examples should be given to show that no one can resist the labor camp philosophy that Yashka, a worker sent by Jezkazgan, put it plainly: "The more harmful you are, the more people respect you." People should be told that not long ago Soldiers at the front (Kraslag, 1942) just take a breath of thieves' air, and then they get thieves--robbing the Lithuanians, taking his nJ's food and clothing to improve their lives: you young children die It deserves it!Some Vlasovites pretended to be thieves because they were sure that was the only way to survive in the labor camps.A certain associate professor of literature has become a thief.In the case of Churpenev, one should be surprised at how infectious the camp ideology was.Chulpenev persisted for seven years in general labor on the lumberyard and became a well-known carpenter.He had been hospitalized with a broken leg, and he was later made a dispatch worker.He didn't need this position, and he could get by as a lumberjack for the remaining two and a half years, because the chief thought highly of him.But how could he resist this temptation?You must know that the philosophy of the labor camp is "If you give it - you take it!" So Chulpenev was appointed as a dispatcher, and he worked for a total of six months. Six months of fear. (Today, when the prison term has long passed, when he talked about the tall pine forest, a simple smile appeared on his face. But when he thought of the two-meter-tall Latvian who was driven to death by him, an ocean-going ship that traveled all over the world Long, it's like a stone is pressing on my heart--and it's not just this one?)

Deliberately instigating prisoners to punish prisoners can lead to such terrible "mange of the soul" among prisoners in the labor camp.In Unzhrag in 1950, a female prisoner, Moyshevayde, who was already insane (but was sent to work as usual), ignored any cordon and ran to "find her mother".She was caught and tied to a post next to the porter's house.At the same time, it was publicly announced that the next Sunday of the whole battalion was canceled "due to the escape incident" (the usual tactic).So every homework class would spit on the tied up women when they came back from work.Someone even picked her up: "Because of you, beast, there is no rest B!" Moisewaidai just smiled silly.

How many souls have been corrupted by the democratic and progressive "self-guarding" (in convict parlance it became "self-guarding"), introduced as far back as 1918?You know, the incorporation of prisoners into self-guards is one of the main channels through which the labor camps corrupt hearts.You are down.You are punished.You've been raptured out of life - but aren't you willing to drop to the bottom?Do you still want to tower over someone with a rifle in your hand?Do you still want to stand above your brothers?Here you go!take it!If anyone escapes, shoot!We'll still call you comrade.We will issue you rations for Red Army soldiers.

So he was very proud.So he squeezed the handle like a slave.So he shoots.So he became even tougher than the real Liberty Guardsmen. (Which explanation is right? Is the idea born of a blind faith in social initiative? Or a cold, contemptuous calculation based on the lowest human feelings?) And there is more than one self-defense: there is also self-regulation, and there is also self-oppression--in the 1930s, the length of the solitary labor point was all appointed from among the prisoners.And the transport director.And the production director. (What else to do? There are only 37 Cheka personnel out of 100,000 prisoners on the Baibo Canal construction site.) Even the special commissioner was appointed from among the prisoners. The "initiative spirit" has reached its peak: even the interrogation is carried out by myself!Even the eyeliner is arranged by myself! Well said.But it is not my intention here to examine these innumerable and corrupting facts.These are well known.It has been described in the past and will be described in the future.It is enough to admit that such things have happened.This is the general trend, this is the law. What's the point of counting the houses that cool down in freezing climates.Wouldn't it be more amazing to point out the houses that are kept warm in severe cold climates? Shalamov said that all those who went through the labor camps became mentally impoverished.But I only need to recall or meet a former prisoner to discover a real person. Shalamov himself wrote elsewhere: After all, I will not tell other people's secrets!After all, I will not be the homework monitor to force others to work. What's the reason for this, Varlam Tikhonovich? Since no one can escape this corrupt slope in the labor camp, why don't you suddenly become an eyeliner or an assignment leader?Isn't it said that truth and falsehood are a pair of direct sisters?Which branch does this mean you must have grabbed?You must have stepped on some rock - that's why you didn't keep sliding down?Maybe resentment isn't the most durable emotion after all!Aren't you currently negating your own point of view with your own personality and poetry? How did the truly religious (we have already mentioned them more than once) preserve themselves in the labor camps?In this book we have already mentioned their confident march through the archipelago, as if in a religious procession with invisible candles.Under the fire of machine guns, the front fell, and the rear followed, and continued to march.A steadfastness unseen in the twentieth century!There is no posturing here, no impassioned words.Take Aunt Duxia V. Chimir as an example.A round face, serene personality, - an illiterate old woman.The escort team yelled at her: "Chimir! Report terms!" She replied softly: "Old man, why do you ask me? Isn't it all written there, I can't remember all of them." (A lot of the fifty-eight articles were placed on her head.) "The deadline!" Aunt Du Xia sighed and gave a wrong answer.She wasn't trying to make trouble for the escort team, she was thinking about this issue with all her heart.the term?Is the deadline known to the world? ... "What a time limit! I'll sit until God forgives my sins." "Stupid woman, you silly woman!" The soldier in the escort team smiled: "I gave you fifteen years. You have to sit through all of them, and maybe add some more." But she only served a total of two and a half years in prison.Although she had never written a request to anyone, suddenly an official document came down: Release! How can you not be envious of such a person?Could it be that the environment is more favorable to them?not necessarily!Everyone knows that the "nuns" are all locked up with prostitutes and female thieves in the punishment solitary labor point.But which believer is corrupted?They're probably dead, but not corrupt, are they? Some weak people converted to religion in the labor camps, gained strength from it, and lived to the end of their sentences without being corrupted. How can this be explained? There are also many scattered and unnoticed people who have also taken their destined turns without choosing the wrong direction.There are also some people who have finally noticed that it is not only their part of the people who have suffered badly, but there are people who have suffered worse and more difficult situations beside them. And those who refuse to serve as eyeliners despite the threat of disciplinary quarantine and re-sentencing? How do you explain the situation of the soil scientist Grigory Ivanovich Grigoriev in general?Scientist who volunteered in the militia in 1941.Everyone is familiar with the subsequent situation - captured under the city of Vyazma.The years after captivity were spent in German concentration camps.It goes without saying that the situation in the future is clear -- it's in our hands.ten years.I made my acquaintance with him one winter while doing general labor in Ekbastuz.His big serene eyes were shining with honesty, the kind of honesty that would never go around the corner.This is a man who never bows down spiritually to anyone.Although only two years of the ten years in the labor camp were in his own job, he never groveled to anyone.During the entire sentence, he almost never received a package from home.He was indoctrinated with the philosophy of the labor camp and influenced by the corruption of the labor camp in all directions, but he just couldn't accept it.In the Kemerov labor camp (Anjibes), the special commissioner bought him out of his life as an eyeliner.Grigoriev replied very frankly: "I hate talking to you. There are many people who want to do it, so why pin me." "Beast, you will come to us on the ground!" "I I would rather hang myself from a random tree." So he was sent to a punishment camp.I suffered there for half a year.Not to mention that, he made an even more unforgivable mistake: the higher authorities sent him to the labor camp and asked him (as a soil scientist) to be the class monitor.He quit!Instead, he worked hard to mow the ground and mow the grass.And something even more foolish: he refused to be a statistician at the quarry at Ekbastuz.The only reason is that if you do this job, you have to falsely report the output for the hard workers. Once it is found out, the freelance boss who is drunk all day long will be punished for this (will it?).So he went off to hew stone!His monstrous, unearthly honesty reached such a level that when he went with the vegetable team to process potatoes, he did not steal them, although everyone else stole them.Put him in a privileged machine shop shift, watch gauges at the pumping station.But he lost the position just because he refused to wash the socks of the director of the free labor field, the bachelor Hant Levesh. (People in the homework class persuaded him: You don’t care, what’s the difference? No, it’s not the same for him!) Just in order not to do anything wrong, he has chosen the worst and hardest job many times. fate!And he really didn't do anything wrong, I can testify.Not only that; Grigory Ivanovich, who is not in his prime (approaching fifty), had a wonderful effect on his body (no one believes it at all, no one understands it now). Qi's body became stronger and stronger in the labor camp: the original rheumatoid arthritis completely disappeared, and after recovering from typhoid fever he became extremely healthy: wearing a cloth with holes dug in the head and arms in winter Pockets for walking outside without a cold! So is it more correct to say that no labor camp can corrupt a person with a strong inner core.He doesn't accept the pitiful ideology of "man is born for happiness", which can be destroyed by sending workers with a single stick. People who have not received any moral concepts and spiritual education before entering the labor camp will definitely be corrupted in the camp. (This is by no means a theoretical conjecture. We have produced millions of such people in our glorious fifty years.) Those who are corrupted in the labor camps are those who have been corrupted outside or who have prepared the conditions for corruption.Because outsiders are still corrupting, and sometimes they are stronger than prisoners of labor reform. Wasn't the officer of the convoy who ordered Moisevajdai to be tied to a post to be insulted worse than the prisoner who spat on her? BTW: Did everyone in the various classes spit on her?Maybe only one or two people in each class did this kind of thing?I guess 80% would be like this. Tatiana Falik wrote: "Observation of people convinced me of one thing: if a person is not a vile person, he cannot become such a person in a labor camp." If a man suddenly becomes mean in a labor camp, it may not be that he is changing, but that the meanness within him is coming out that was not necessary before. M? A? Wojchenko thinks this way: "In the labor camp, existence does not determine consciousness. On the contrary, whether you become a beast or continue to be a human being. It all depends on your consciousness and your firm belief in humanity. ." It was an emphatic statement...but he wasn't alone in thinking so.The artist Ivashesh-Musatov enthusiastically made the same argument. Yes, corruption in the labor camps is a massive phenomenon.But the reason for this is not only the horror of the labor camps, but also because we Soviets set foot on the archipelago lands mentally disarmed - the conditions were already prepared for corruption, we were already infected by it from outside, that is, I have often listened to the experience of old reform-through-labor prisoners on "how to live in the labor camp" with pricked ears. But even without the labor camps, we would have had to know how to live (and how to die). Perhaps, Varlam Tikhonovich, friendship can generally arise between human beings in distress and adversity, even in extreme adversity!But not among us dry and humble people that have been bred in recent decades? If it is really necessary to be corrupted, then why didn't Olga Lvovna Sliosberg abandon the female victim who was about to freeze on the road in the forest, but stayed with her to face the inevitable death And revived her?Could it be that such tribulations have not yet reached their extreme? Where did such a man as Vasily Mefodievich Yakovenko come from, if corruption must be a must?He had just served two prison terms, had just been released, had settled in Vorkuta as a freelance employee, had just been able to move around unescorted and started running his first small nest.In 1949, Vorkuta began to recapture released prisoners and resentence them.An Arrest Mania has occurred!Freelancers are panicking.What I think about is how to keep myself, how to be less conspicuous.However, Grozinski, Yakovenko's friend in the Vorkuta labor camp, was re-arrested and tortured to the brink of death during interrogation. No one went to the prison to bring him food.So Yakovenko had the audacity to send him prison meals.If you want to catch the bastard, just drag me in too! Why is this one not corrupted? Don't all the survivors remember the one or two people who reached out to him in the camp and rescued him in the most critical moment? Yes, labor camps were designed and aimed at corruption.But that doesn't mean they can crush everyone. Just as there is no process of oxidation without reduction in nature (the oxidation of the carcass while the animal is reducing), so in the labor camps (and everywhere in life) there is not only corruption without improvement.The two coexist. In the next part of this book, I also want to introduce that in other labor camps, that is, in special camps, a distinctive "field" has gradually formed from a certain time: the process of corruption is effectively restrained there, and the upward process became attractive to the egoists in the battalion. Yes.But what about remodeling?What is the status of the transformation? ("Reform"--this is a concept belonging to society and the country, and has nothing to do with "upward".) All countries in the world, not just ours, the judicial system dreams of making criminals do more than simply serve their sentences And they need to rehabilitate, that is to say, they hope that they will not be seen in the dock again, especially not to be tried again for violating the same law. However, the Chinese authorities have never expected to "reform" - that is, not to arrest "Article 58" again.We have already quoted penologists who candidly say on this point. "Fifty-eight Articles", they want to eliminate them through labor.We survived, this is already our spontaneous action. Dostoevsky exclaimed: "Has hard labor ever influenced anyone?" The ideal of transformation was also contained in the post-reform legislation of the Russian peasantry (the whole of Chekhov's "Sakhalin" is based on this ideal).But has it been successfully implemented? Jakubovich thought a lot about this question, writing that the horrific system of hard labor prisons can only "reform" those who were not corrupted, but who would not reoffend without the system.For a corrupt person, this system will only make him more corrupt, forcing him to be more cunning and hypocritical, leaving as little trace of crime as possible behind him. What can be said about our labor camps?Prisonology (Gefangniskunde) theorists have always believed that imprisonment should not lead the prisoner to complete despair, but should leave him with hope and a way out.And the reader has seen that our labor camps are devoted to and precisely driven to the point of utter despair. Chekhov was right: "Introspection—that's what is really needed for rehabilitation." But it is introspection that the camp organizers of our country fear most.The task of collective sheds, work teams, and labor collectives is precisely to dispel and disrupt this dangerous self-reflection. What reforms can there be in our labor camps!There is only destruction: instilling the morality of thieves, instilling the brutal customs of the labor camps, making it the general rule of life (in the language of prisonologists, it is "the scene of crime", that is, the school of crime). Pisarev wrote at the end of his lengthy sentence (1963): "It is especially sad that you leave here an incurable mentally handicapped, with your health marred by malnutrition and Instigation of every moment is irreparably ruined. People are utterly corrupt here. Suppose the man was suave before the court, he must be rebellious now. If a man is called a pig seven years in a row, he must at last Humming like a pig... Only the first year in prison is punishment for crime; It is mainly the family members of the prisoner, not the criminal himself." Here is another letter: "Haven't seen anything, haven't done anything, leaving life, and there's probably no one else in the world except your mother, who's been looking forward to your return all day and night, still worrying about you like you did when you were a child." People caring about you, it's painful, it's scary." The following is a passage written in 1963 by Alexander Kuzmich, who has done a lot of thinking: "They commuted my death sentence to twenty years of hard labor, but to be honest, I don't think it's a favor to me... I have experienced with my flesh and bones what is now fashionable to call wrong--they No less than Meydanik and Auschwitz".How do you want people to distinguish between filth and truth?Murderer and educator?Legal and Illegal?Executioners and Patriots? --If he's on the rise, from lieutenant to lieutenant colonel, this mess, how do you want me, who just got out of prison for eighteen years, to figure it out? . . . I envy you smart, learned people.You don't have to think long and hard about how to act, how to adapt, which I, frankly, are not interested in at all. " Well said! "I'm not interested in".Can it be said that those who come out of prison with such a mood are corrupt?But on the other hand, is he "reformed" according to the meaning of the country?of course not.This man is ruined for the country. The kind of "reform" that the state expected(?) could never be achieved in the labor camps.The "graduates" of the labor camps learned only hypocrisy - pretending to be reformed.I also learned to sneer at the call of the country, the laws of the country, and the promise of the country. What if a person has nothing to reform?What if he wasn't a criminal at all?If he was arrested for praying to God, or expressing independent opinions, or being a prisoner of war, or being implicated by Lao Tzu, or just for apportionment, what can the labor camp give him in this case ? The inspector of the Sakhalin prison said to Chekhov: "If fifteen to twenty decent people can come out of a hundred convicts, we should be grateful not so much for the correction measures we have adopted, but rather for the Russian courts. , because they send so many good and reliable elements to hard labor." If we raise the number of innocent prisoners to eighty per cent of the total, this can also be said of the archipelago.But at the same time, don't forget that in our labor camps, the coefficient of people becoming bad is also greatly increased. If we are not talking about a meat grinder for millions of dissatisfied people, a cesspit into which our own people are ruthlessly thrown, but serious reform of the system, then here comes the most complicated question: how can How about imposing uniform and identical punishments in accordance with a unified criminal code?Because the seemingly equal punishment is actually a completely unequal punishment for different people, that is, the more moral and the more corrupt, the more delicate and the more rough, the educated and the uneducated (cf. Evsky's Notes from the House of the Dead). English thought understood this, and they are now talking (don't know how much actually done) that the punishment should be adapted not only to the crime, but also to the personality of each criminal. For example, a total loss of external freedom is more bearable for a man with a rich inner world than for an immature man who lives primarily in the physical realm.The latter "needed more impressions from the outside world, and his instincts more strongly urged him to fight for his release" (Jakubovich).For the former, even solitary confinement feels lighter, especially if there are books to read. (Ah, how some of us yearn for such confinement instead of a labor camp! The body is confined, but what a realm it opens to the mind and the soul! Nikolai Morozov showed nothing special before his imprisonment. The most surprising thing is that he did not show any special talents after he was released from prison, but his meditation in prison made it possible for him to imagine the planetary structure of atoms, nuclei and electrons with different charges. Thurford was ten years earlier! But no one gave us pens and paper and books, and they confiscated what little I had.) On the contrary, the latter may not stand even a year in solitary confinement.He'd literally melt in it like a candle, he'd be dying.He needs companions, anyone.For the former, unpleasant associations are worse than loneliness.On the other hand, the labor camps (albeit poorly fed) were much easier for the latter than for the former.In a work shed with four hundred people, everyone is yelling, messing around, playing poker, playing dominoes, laughing wildly, and snoring. scream. (Several labor camps I stayed in did not install loudspeakers, which was their punishment!--We were saved because of this!) So it is said that the prisoners are forced to engage in excessive physical labor, and the prisoners are forced to huddle in humiliating and noisy camps all day long. The labor camp system in the crowd is a more effective way to eliminate the intellectual class than prisons.It is the intelligentsia that are the fastest and most thorough to be tortured by this system. Even if all major aspects of the Gulag Archipelago were written, read, and understood, would anyone have insight into the true nature of our freedom?Do people know what this country that has had an archipelago in its stomach for decades is like? I once had a tumor in my body the size of a man's fist.It lifts and distorts my stomach, prevents me from eating and sleeping, and I feel it all the time (even though it's less than a half-percent of my size, and the archipelago is 100 percent of the country!).But its horror is not that it compresses nearby internal organs and displaces them, the most terrifying thing is that it secretes toxins and infects the entire body. So it is with our country, the poison of the archipelago is gradually infecting its whole body.God knows when it will be able to get rid of these toxins. Can we, dare we refuse to describe all the despicableness in our past (in fact, not far from today) living environment?What is written must be a lie if this filth is not thoroughly exposed.Based on this, I think that there was no literature in our country in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.Because there is no literature without all the truth.Today, people are resorting to fashionable techniques - allusion, interjection, filler, insinuation - to reveal this vileness, and the result is a lie. Although this is not the task of this book, let us try to briefly enumerate some of the characteristics of free life below.These characteristics are all formed because of being adjacent to the archipelago, or are consistent with its style. 1.Eternal fear.Readers have noticed that the years of large population expansion in the archipelago did not stop at 1935, 1937, and 1949.The arrests were going on, just as there was never a minute when people were not dying and children were not being born, there was never a minute when people were not being arrested.Sometimes it is close to someone, and sometimes it is farther away.Sometimes a man deceives himself that he is not in danger, and sometimes he mitigates the danger by offering himself to be the executioner.But any adult citizen of this country, from a collective farmer to a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, always knows that a careless word or action will lead him into an abyss from which he will never return. Just as there is an abyss (and hell) of ordinary labor under the feet of every handyman in the archipelago, so there is an abyss (and hell) of the archipelago under the feet of every inhabitant of our country.On the surface, our country appears much larger than its archipelago, but the whole nation, with its inhabitants, hangs like a phantom over the maw of the archipelago. Fear -- not always fear of arrest.There are also intermediate stages: cleaning, censorship, filling out forms (both regular and special), dismissal, cancellation, expulsion, or exile. I am a "bad boy", and worry about the approaching deadline for filling out forms all the time.Once you make up a fake autobiography, try not to confuse yourself in the future.But danger can still strike suddenly.Igor, the son of Vlasov of Kader Town, has always filled in his father's death.He used this method to enter the military school.One day he was called in and asked to hand over his father's death certificate within three days.Let's see how you pay! All kinds of fears combined make people rightly realize their own smallness and powerlessness!In November 1938, Natasha Anichkova heard that her lover (unregistered husband) had been arrested and imprisoned in Orel.She hastened there.The large square in front of the prison was crowded with carriages.In the car sat a rural woman wearing birch leather shoes and a big padded jacket, carrying in her hand the prison food that the prison authorities refused to hand over.Anichkova poked her head toward the small window cut in the gloomy prison wall. "What are you doing here?" the man inside asked sternly.After listening to her explain the whole story, the people inside said to her: "Comrade from Moscow, I advise you to leave here today, because people will come to you at night!" Such things are incomprehensible to foreigners: Cheka人员为什么不就事论事地回答问题，反而给了这么一个人家并没有征求的忠告？他有什么权力要求一个自由的公民立即离开本地？究竟是什么人会来找她？ ?为什么事？ --但是哪一个苏联公民能假装说他不懂这个意思或者说这不像真事？听了这句劝告以后，你反正不敢在一个陌生的城市里留下来！ 曼德尔施塔姆说得很好，她指出我们的生活被监狱渗透得这样深，以至于像"抓"、"关"、"蹲"、"放"这一些多意的单词即使没有上下文我们也只会按一方面的含意去理解！ 无忧无虑的感觉与我国公民向来是无线的！ 2.依附性。如果改换居住地点、离开变得对自己危险的地方以便摆脱恐惧和使自己松一口气都很容易做到的话，人们的行为可能会比较大胆，甚至可能敢于冒点风险。但是在漫长的几十年内我们一直被下面这些规定卡得死死的：任何一个有工作的人不能按自己的意愿离职。还有，人人都被户籍制度栓在一定的地点。还有，你也被住房挂着，这房子既不能卖，也不能交换，也不能租赁。由于这些原因，你在自己的居住地点或工作单位进行抗议，那就是一种发疯的大胆妄为。 3.隐秘性和互不信任。这两种习性取代了我国旧时的（二十年代还没有消失殆尽的）开诚相见与殷勤好客。这两种习性是每个家庭、每个个人的天然保护伞。特别是因为谁也不能自己另找工作，离开本地，因为每件细小的事情都在被人偷看、偷听。苏联人的隐秘习性并不是多余的，而是必不可少的，尽管外国人有时会觉得是超人的。前沙皇军官K?Y全仗着结婚时没有把自己的历史告诉妻子才保住了性命，连一次也没有被抓过。他的兄弟11?y被捕了，被捕者的妻子利用逮捕时她没有和丈夫住在一个城市这个条件，向她自己的父亲和姐妹隐瞒了丈夫被捕的事，以免他们说出去。她宁愿对他们以及所有的人说（并且长期装成）是她丈夫抛弃了她！这是三十年后的今天才说破的一个家庭秘密。而哪一个城市居民的家庭没有秘密？ 一九四九年大学生B?H的中学女同学的父亲被捕。在这种情况下所有的人都赶紧躲得远远的，这被认为是很自然的，可是B?H偏偏没有躲开，他公开对这女孩子表示同情并尽力帮助她。这姑娘被他这种异乎寻常的举动惊呆了，她拒绝了B?H的帮助和关心，她撒谎说她不相信她父亲的诚实，说她父亲一定是一辈子向全家隐瞒着自己的罪行。（只是到了赫鲁晓夫时代才谈开：这女孩子当时断定B?H或者是告密者，或者是专门搜罗不满分子的某个反苏组织的成员。） 这种普遍的互不信任把奴役制度的万人坑挖得越来越深。谁一开口大胆而公开地说点什么--大家忙不迭地躲得老远："这准是故意挑动！"这样一来，任何一声冲口而出的真诚的抗议都注定会遭到孤立和疏远的对待。 4.普遍的闭塞。我们互相隐瞒，互不相信，从而自己促成绝对的封闭性、绝对的情报虚假性在我们当中生根。这是以往发生的一切事情--包括成百万人的逮捕以及对这些逮捕的群众性支持--的最根本的原因。我们彼此间互不通消息，既不叫苦，又不呻吟，从别人嘴里什么也打听不出来，只好完全听从报纸和官方演说家们的摆布。他们每天都要塞给我们一点什么刺激情绪的东西，如像五千公里之外的某处发生的火车翻车事故（暗害分子造成的）的照片之类。可是我们应当知道的事，例如我们的楼道里今天发生了什么事，我们却没处去打听清楚。 如果你对周围的生活一无所知，你怎么可能成为一个公民？只有当你自己掉进陷阱之后才会知道真相，可是晚了。 5.告密制度。它发达到了使人无法理解的程度。几十万名行动人员在他们公开的办公室里，在机关大楼的普通房间里，在供秘密接头用的民宅里，不惜纸张和他们无用的时间，孜孜不倦地收买眼线，召他们来汇报。眼线的数量远远超过收集情报的需要。连明知没用的、不适合的、肯定不会同意干的--如死于劳改营的浸礼会长老尼基金之妻这样的女教徒---他们也要去收买，照样叫她站在他们面前受好几小时的审问。一时把她抓进监狱，一时通知厂子里派她干最吃亏的活儿。收买面撒得这样宽的目的之一很明显的是：要使每一个黎民百姓都能亲自闻到告密渠道的气息；要做到在每一群人里、每一个办公室里、每一所住宅里都有一名眼线或者使所有人都担心身旁有眼线。 我可以提出一个自己的粗浅的估计。每四、五名城市居民中必定有一个人一生中至少曾有一次接到过当情报员的建议。也可能超过这个比率。最近期间，我曾在几批前囚犯以及在几批从未坐过监牢的人们当中进行过抽查：我问他们之中有谁、在什么时候、怎么样被收买过？结果发现同我围在一张桌子边的人全都接到过这样的建议。 曼德尔施塔姆找到了一个正确的结论：除了削弱人们之间的联系这个目的之外，另外还有一个目的。凡是被收买过的人由于害怕被社会揭露，必定非常关心现政权的持续稳定。 隐秘性向全体人民伸出了冰冷的触须。它潜入到同事之间，老朋友之间，同学之间，士兵之间，邻居之间，正在成长的少年之间--甚至潜入到内务人民委员部接待室里的送牢饭的妻子们之间。 6.背叛成为生存方式。由于多年不断地为自己和自己的家属担惊受怕，人们开始向恐惧纳贡称臣了。人们发现风险最小的生存方式就是经常地背叛。 最轻微然而也是最普遍的背叛行为就是不直接做任何坏事，但是：对在你身旁遭灭顶之灾的人视而不见，不予帮助，扭开脸，缩成一团。你的邻居、同事甚至你的密友被捕，你一声不吭，装做连看也没有看见的样子（你决不能失去你今天的工作啊！）。在全体大会上宣布了昨天消失的那个人是人民不共戴天的敌人。你虽然跟他在同一张办公桌上趴了二十年，现在却必须以自己高尚的沉默（有时候还得用谴责性的发言！）表明你与他的罪行是多么水火不相容。（为了你心爱的家庭，为了你亲近的人们，你必须做出这个牺牲！你有什么权利不考虑他们！）但是被抓走的人还留下了妻子、母亲、孩子。或许至少该给他们一点帮助吧？不能，不能，太危险：这可是敌人的妻子、敌人的母亲、敌人的孩子（而你自己的孩子还得上好几年学呢）啊！ 帕尔钦斯基工程师被捕后，他的妻子尼娜在写给克鲁泡特金的信里说："我现在已经身无分文。谁也不肯帮忙，所有的人都避开，都害怕。我现在总算看到了朋友是怎么回事。只有很少几个例外。" 窝藏敌人的人同样是敌人！帮助敌人的人同样是敌人！与敌人保持友谊的人也是敌人。这家凶毛里的电话变成了哑巴。他们再也收不到信。人家在街上不认识他们，不伸手，不点头。更不用说邀请他们去做客。也没人借钱给他们。生活在一座热热闹闹的大城市里，他们感到是生活在沙漠上。 而这正是斯大林所需要的！他，这个小鞋匠，正在胡子下面窃笑呢？ 谢尔盖?瓦维洛夫院士在自己伟大的哥哥被镇压以后当上了科学院的奴才院长。（这也是那位胡子诙谐家为戏弄他而想出来的点子，同时也是对人心的检验。）苏维埃伯爵A?H?托尔斯泰不但避免去看望他被捕的兄弟的家属，而且连钱也不敢给他们。列昂尼德?列昂诺夫禁止他的妻子萨巴什尼科娃去看望她被捕的娘家兄弟C?M?萨巴什尼科夫的家属。 被法西斯法庭开释的波波夫和塔涅夫在苏联国土上以"企图谋害季米特洛夫同志"的罪名被各判十五年徒刑（并在克拉斯拉格服刑）的时候，传奇般的季米特洛夫，这位莱比锡法庭上的吼狮，竟置这两个老朋友于不顾，没有营救，甚至还出卖了他们。 被捕者家属的处境是大家熟知的。卡卢加市的B?H?卡维尚回忆说：父亲被捕后，所有的人见了我们就跑开，好像躲避麻风病人一样。我不得不退学--因为同学们都做得路（新一代的背叛者在成长！新一代的刽子手在成长！）。妈妈被工作单位解雇了。我们只好靠乞讨生活。 民警把一位领着几个小孩子的母亲带到火车站以便把他们送去流放。他们是一九三七年被捕的某人的家属。经过候车室的时候，其中一个小男孩（八岁左右）忽然不见了。民警想尽办法也没有找到。于是就把这个缺了一个小男孩的人家送去流放了。原来这孩子钻进裹着红布的支着斯大林半身塑像的高高的支架里去了。他在里面一直坐到危险过去。事后他走回家。家的门上贴了封条。他去找邻居和熟人。去找爸爸妈妈的朋友。不但没有一家肯收留这个孩子，而且连一个晚上也不让住！他只好自己去投奔孤儿院……当代的人们！fellow countrymen!你们认出了自己的嘴脸吗？ 但上面这一切仅仅是背叛行为的最矮的一层台阶--摆脱关系。此外还有多少层诱人的台阶啊？曾有多少人沿着它一级级地走下去啊？那些解雇了卡维尚的母亲的人们不是摆脱了关系吗？不是为迫害他们也出了一份力吗？那些听从行动人员的电话把尼基金娜派去干粗活以便逼迫她当眼线的人们呢？还有那些忙不迭地抹掉昨天被捕的作家的名字的编辑们呢？ 布柳赫尔可以说是那个时代的象征：他曾像猫头鹰一样坐在法庭主席团里审判过图哈切夫斯基（不过后者也可能做出同样的事）。图哈切夫斯基被枪毙，布柳赫尔自己的脑袋也搬了家。赫赫有名的医学教授维诺格拉多夫和舍列舍夫斯基也是一样。我们记得他们在一九五二年怎样成了恶毒毁谤的牺牲品，但是他们自己在一九三六年也曾在对他们的同事普列特涅夫和列文的同样恶毒的毁谤上签过名。（伟大的君主在安排情节和摆布人们的灵魂方面进行着反复的演习。） 人们生活在背叛"场"里--他们拿出最有力的论据为背叛辩解。一九三七年一对夫妇预料会双双被捕--因为妻子是从波兰来的。他们俩人商定了个办法：不等人家来抓，丈夫先去告发妻子！这样一来，女的被抓，男的却在内务人民委员部眼里"摆脱了干系"，得以留下。也是在那光辉灿烂的一年，革命前的政治苦役犯阿道夫?多布罗沃利斯基临去监狱之前嘱咐自己唯一的爱女伊莎贝拉说："我们把一生都贡献给了苏维埃政权--一你可不能让别人利用了你的委屈心理呀！你一定要加入共青团！"法院判决并没有禁止多布罗沃利斯基通信，可是共青团要求他女儿不写信。女儿遵照父亲临别嘱咐的精神，脱离了和父亲的关系。 当时有过多少这类的脱离关系的声明啊！-一或是当众宣布，或是在报刊上声明："我，某某，决定自某年某月某日起脱离与变为苏维埃人民敌人的父母的一切关系。"用这个东西可以买到一条命。 没有在那时候生活过的人对这一点几乎是没法理解，没法原谅的。在通常的人类社会里，一个人可以一次也不掉进这种抉择的铁钳而活完他的六十年。他自己确信自己的行为端正，在他坟头上致告别词的人也确信这一点。一个人可以直到离开人世也不知道人会掉进怎样的罪恶的深井。 大片的灵魂疥癣并不是顷刻间就布满了整个社会。整个二十年代以及三十年代的初期，我国许多人还保持着他们的灵魂和原先那个社会的观念：扶危济困，为受难者仗义执言。直到一九三三年，尼古拉?瓦维洛夫和迈斯特依然公开地为全苏植物栽培科研所全体入狱者奔走营救。败坏也得有一个最起码的必要期限，在这个期限到来之前，伟大的机关还是对付不了人民的。这个期限的长短也决定于那些还没有衰老的执拗分子的年龄。对于俄国，这个过程用了二十年。一九四九年，大逮捕席卷了波罗的海各国，他们的败坏过程总共才开始了五六年；时间太短，所以那里受当局迫害的家庭尚能得到各方面的支援。（不过有一个附带的因素加强了波罗的海沿岸人民的反抗：社会迫害是以民族压迫的形式出现的，人们在这种情况下的反抗总是比较坚定的。） 当从群岛的角度评价一九三七年时，我们没有给它戴上荣耀的王冠。但是谈到那一年的狱外社会，我们不得不把这项锈蚀斑驳的背叛行为的王冠奉献给它。可以承认正是这一年摧毁了我国狱外社会的灵魂并使它遭到普遍的败坏。 但即使这样，那一年也还不是我国社会的末日！（正如我们今天见到的，总的说本日从未到来过--俄罗斯的不绝如缕的生命的细丝活到了、拖到了最美好的时光--一九五六年。而到了今天它更不至于死灭了。）反抗没有外露，没有给普遍堕落的时代涂上光彩，但是它的不可见的温暖的血管一直在跳动、跳动、跳动。 在这个可怕的时期，当珍贵的照片、珍贵的信件和日记在担惊受怕的独居中被烧毁的时候，当家庭柜橱里的每一张发了黄的纸片都突然变成冒着死亡的火苗的羊齿草叶，自己争先恐后地飞进炉膛的时候，需要多大的勇气才能在好几千个夜晚不去烧掉，而是保存着被判刑的（如弗洛连斯基）或被公开批判的（如哲学家费多罗夫）人物的档案！利季娅?楚科夫斯卡娅的中篇小说《索菲姐?彼得罗夫娜》在当时看起来一定是一桩多么触目惊心的地下反苏活动的罪证啊！Isidore.格利金却把它保存了下来。他在被围困的列宁格勒感到死亡临近的时候，挣扎着穿过全城，把手稿送到了他姐姐那里。 每一个和当局对抗的行动都要求具有和这个行动不成比例的勇气。在亚历山大二世时代私存炸药比在斯大林时代收养一个人民敌人留下的孤儿所担的风险还小。然而有多少这样的孩子被人收养，被人救活。（让这些孩子们自己说出来吧！）暗地里帮助受难者的家属的事情也是有过的。当一个被捕者的妻子排在无希望的连等三天三夜的队里的时候，有人去把她换下来，让她能暖和暖和，睡一睡。也曾有人心里扑腾扑腾地跳着跑去警告别人，告诉他在他家里没下了埋伏，叫他千万不要回家。也还有人给逃亡者提供了栖身所，尽管他自己那一夜通宵没有合眼。 我们已经提到过那些有胆量对处决"工业党"不投赞成票的人。但也有人是为了替一些不引人注目的默默无闻的同事辩护而走进了群岛。子如其父：前面提到过的那个罗然斯基的儿子伊万，因为替他的同事科佩列夫辩护，也遭到了迫害。M?M?迈斯涅尔在列宁格勒儿童出版社的党员大会上挺身而起为"儿童文学中的暗害分子们"辩护，马上就被开除和逮捕。他这样做的时候明知道会有什么后果。在一个军邮检查所（梁赞，一九四一）里当检查员的年轻姑娘暗地撕掉了一封她并不认识的前线士兵写的犯禁的信件。但是别人注意到她把一封信撕掉塞进纸篓。他们把纸片对起来--于是这个姑娘就进了监狱。为一个遥远的陌生人而牺牲了自己！（因为我在梁赞呆过，所以才知道这件事。没人知道的同类事件还有多少？……） 现在把当时的逮捕说成是抽彩（爱伦堡语）倒是很便当的说法。不错，抽彩是不假。但有的彩票的号码是"圈定"的。当时确曾普遍地撒大网，确曾按任务数字完成捕人量，但是他们即刻要抓的是那些敢说一个"不"字的人。结果这仍形成了灵魂的淘汰，而不是简单的抽彩。勇敢分子们被置于刀斧之下，送上了群岛，而一片唯唯诺诺的自由人的社会景象则没有受到丝毫扰动。凡是较纯洁、较优秀的，在我们这个社会里呆不住；而这个社会失去了这些人就变得越来越腐烂。这些人的悄然离去完全没有引起人们的注意，而这却意味着人民灵魂的死亡。 7.败坏。在多年的恐惧和叛卖的环境里活过来的人们只是在外表上、肉体上活下来了。而内里的东西全都在发烂。 所以才会有成百万人同意当眼线。如果说一九五三年以前的三十五年之内，在群岛上服过刑的算上死去的一共有四五千万人（这是很谨慎的估计。这只是古拉格在同一时期的人口数字的三倍至四倍。要知道，战争期间群岛上的死亡率每天通常达到百分少一）。那么其中至少有三分之一的案子或者至少有五分之一的案子是根据什么人的告发并且曾有什么人提供了证明材料的！所有这些人，所有这些使用墨汁的谋杀者今天仍然生活在我们中间。其中有的人造成他们邻人的被捕是由于恐惧--这仅仅是台阶的第一级。另一些人是为谋取物质上的好处。还有一些人，当时是最年轻的，而现在是快拿退休金的人了，他们是怀着兴奋鼓舞的心情进行叛卖的，是受思想意识的促使；有时候甚至是公开在叛卖；要知道，当时认为揭发敌人是对本阶级的光荣贡献！所有这些人今人都在我们中间，大多数活得很得意，我们还欣喜地把他们称为"我们普通的苏维埃人。" 灵魂中的毒瘤也在暗暗地发展，它恰恰损害着灵魂中掌管报答恩情的那个部位。费多尔?佩列古德对米沙?伊万诺夫有衣食之恩；伊万诺夫没有工作，佩列古德把他安置在唐波夫铁路车辆修理厂并且教会他手艺。他没地方住，佩列古德让他搬进自己家，待他如亲人。到头来这个米哈伊尔?德米特里耶维奇?伊万诺夫向内务人民委员部打了个报告，说费多尔?佩列古德在家里的饭桌上吹捧德国技术。（费多尔?佩列古德这个人可不简单。他是机修工、马达工、无线电工、电工、修表反、镜片工、铸造工、模型工、细木工，有二十来种专业。在劳改营里他开设了一间精密机械作坊；他失掉了一条腿以后自己给自己做了一条义肢。）佩列古德被捕，连他的十四岁的女儿也一道被抓。这全是伊万诺夫干的好事！他出庭作证的时候脸上发黑。这说明正在腐烂的灵魂有时候也会透露到脸上来的。但很快他就离开了工厂，开始公开地在国家安全部门工作。后来因为缺乏办事能力而被下放到消防队。 在道德败坏的社会里以怨报德是司空见惯、普遍流动的习性，几乎没人觉得奇怪。育种学家B?C?马尔金被捕以后，农艺学家A?A?索洛维约夫稳稳当当地把他培育出来的小麦品种"泰加49"窃为己有。佛教文化研究所被摧毁（全体主要研究人员被捕），它的领导人谢尔巴茨基院士死去以后，谢尔巴茨基的学生卡利亚诺夫去看望老师的遗孀，说服师母把死者的藏书和手槁全部交给他--"否则不会有好结果：佛教文化研究所原来是个间谍中心。他把老师的著作弄到手以后，用自己的名字发表了其中一部分（还包括沃斯特里科夫的一篇文章），从而出了名。 莫斯科和列宁格勒的许多学术界的盛名也是建立在鲜血和白骨之上的。学生的忘恩负义像一条花斑的带子贯穿于我国三四十年代的科学和技术，这有一个可以理解的原因：当时的科学技术正从真正的科学家和工程师的手里转入乳臭未干、贪得无厌的新提拔的工农干部手里。 所有这些夺来的论文和偷来的发明现在-一追究和列举是办不到的了。可是占用被捕者的住宅呢？可是趁火打劫来的东西呢？这种野蛮风习在战争时期不是成了普遍现象吗：如果谁遭了大难，或是房子被炸、被烧，或是疏散到后方，幸免于难的邻居，普通的苏维埃人，都要在这个时刻竭力从受害者身上捞点好处。 败坏的形式多种多样，不是我们在这一章里能介绍得完的。我们的社会生活总括起来说，就是卖友求荣者受提拔，庸碌无能之辈得胜利，优秀而正直的人成为任人宰割的鱼肉。从三十年代到五十年代，在全国范围内，谁能向我指出高尚的人把卑鄙的无理取闹者打倒、搞垮、赶走的一桩事实？我肯定这样的事例是不可能发生的，正像不可能有哪一道瀑布能例外地从下朝上流一样。要知道高尚的人不会去找国家安全部门，而卑鄙的人则随时可以利用这个机关。国家安全部门既然对待尼古拉?瓦维洛夫这样的人都没有讲客气，还会对什么人讲客气？所以怎么会有瀑布倒流的事呢？ 下贱者对高资者的轻而易举的胜利在人群拥挤的首都里翻滚着恶臭污浊的黑浪。但是它在遥远的北方，在诚实的北极风暴下面，在三十年代脍炙人口的神话一般的北极考察站里--那本应是杰克?伦敦的目光炯炯的巨人们在一起抽象征和平的烟斗的地方--也照样散发着臭气。多马什内岛（北地岛）上的北极站里一共有三个人：非党员站长亚历山大?帕夫洛维奇?巴比奇，他是一个享有荣誉地位的老北极探险家；干粗活的工人叶廖明，他是唯一党员，也是该站的党支书（！）；共青团员（也是团小组长！）气象员戈里亚琴科，此人野心勃勃，一心想摘掉站长，以便取而代之。戈里亚琴科偷翻站长的私人物品，偷窃文件，进行恐吓。按照杰克?伦敦的解决办法，就该是两个男人一齐动手把这个混蛋塞到冰层下面了事。但不是这样--而是向北海航道总局帕帕宁发了一封电报，提出有必要调换一名工作人员。党支书叶廖明在这封电报上签了字，但马上就向共青团员表示了忏悔并且和他联名给帕帕宁发了一封内容相反的党团组织系统的电报。帕帕宁的决定是：鉴于集体已经发生分裂，立即撤回大陆。派出破冰船"萨得阔"号去接他们。共青团员分秒必争地在"萨得阔"号上向船政委提供了材料--巴比奇当即被捕（主要罪名：想要把"萨得阔"号破冰船……交给德国人，--说的就是他们现在乘坐的这条船！……），靠岸以后，把他直接送进了羁押室。（如果我们想象船政委是一个正直而有头脑的人，他把巴比奇找来，听取另一方的陈述，结果会如何？但是，这就等于在一个可能的敌人面前暴露揭发材料的秘密！这么一来戈里亚琴科就可能通过帕帕宁把船政委也弄进监狱。系统的功能是天衣无缝的！） 当然，在不是从小就在少先队和共青团支部里教育出来的个别人身上，灵魂还是完好无损的。在西伯利亚的一个火车站上，一个健壮的兵士看到一列运囚犯的火车，忽然跑去买了几包纸烟，跟押解队说好话，请他们转交给囚犯。（在本书其他地方我们也描写了一些类似的场面。）但这个士兵八成不是执勤的，而是回家探亲的，本单位的团小组长不在身边。在部队里他可不敢这样放肆，不然没他的好果子吃。说不定在这种情况下当地的军事纠察机关也会把他叫去盘问。 8.说假话成为生存方式。然而，被恐惧慑服了也罢，被私欲和嫉妒侵蚀了也罢，人们反正不会这么快地就变蠢了。他们的灵魂浑浊了，但理智还相当清晰。他们不能相信世上的天才忽然全集中到一个前额低扁的人的脑袋瓜子里去了。当他们在广播、电影、报纸上听到、看到、读到自己时，也没法相信自己那种愚昧呆痴的形象。倒没什么人强迫他们直言不讳地做出回答，但也决不会允许他们保持沉默！他们必须表态。那么，除了说假话还能说什么？他们必须发了疯似地拍巴掌，好在也没有人要求他们真心。 如果我们读到高教工作人员致斯大林同志的这样一封信： "我们将不断提高革命警惕性，协助由忠实的列宁 主义者、斯大林式的人民委员尼古拉?伊万诺维奇?叶 若天领导的我国光荣的侦察机构从我国高等学校以及全 国把托洛茨基-布哈林集团的以及其他的反革命败类清 除干净"--