Chapter 12 3. Study hard

The following are the legislative achievements of France. First, the 1791 Constitution.This was passed at the time of the constitutional monarchy and this constitution established a constitutional monarchy.Of course, before 1875, the political situation in France was very turbulent, and a constitution was issued in about five years on average. The second achievement is the famous "Napoleonic Code".Because it is not only the civil code, but later includes the criminal code and commercial code, so we call it "Napoleonic Code" for short.This "Napoleonic Code" established the legislative norms of capitalist countries and the legislative norms of the bourgeoisie, from inequality to equality for all.

The revolutionary achievements we are talking about are the three countries, Britain, France and the United States. After the early bourgeois revolution, they used legal means to consolidate their fruits of victory and consolidate their revolutionary achievements, and achieved the establishment of the capitalist system and the development of the capitalist economy. Purpose. The political situation in capitalist countries is the first major issue we are talking about, and the second major issue is the enlightenment movement and ideological enlightenment.The Enlightenment Movement must first understand that there are two backgrounds to it.First, the strength of capitalism has grown, and the handicraft industry has developed.At this time, Europe happened to be at the time when the handicraft industry was the most developed. As soon as the economy developed in the 18th century, the power of the bourgeoisie grew stronger.

Second, the development of natural science.Ignorance is the only soil that produces autocracy, and you can eradicate autocracy if you sweep away ignorance, so this is an important reason.For example, how do people come from according to the Bible?Created by God, God created a man named Adam in his own image, and then he thought Adam was bored, so he poked out a rib from him to make a woman, that is, Eve.According to this theory, men should have one rib less than women. Ribs are not nails, and they can grow if they are poked out. People have believed in this theory for thousands of years.With the Renaissance and the appearance of human anatomy, if you cut the man and the woman apart, they have the same number of ribs.No, the man should have one less, because that one was used to make a woman.The appearance of human anatomy made people doubt the theory that God created man.You don't care whether Darwin's theory is true or not, at least some people have doubts about God's creation of man.Therefore, the development of natural science can eliminate ignorance, and the elimination of ignorance can fight against autocracy.

Then there is its nature.The Enlightenment was the second emancipation of thought in Europe after the Renaissance.The core of the Enlightenment - rationality, rationalism.Rationalism is the reflection of natural laws in the human mind, emphasizing the replacement of divine revelation and king's edicts with human thinking.In fact, it is the simplest way to formulate this statement into our modern Chinese history: Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth, that’s all it means, you are rational, don’t believe what others say, you have a brain and you must be able to think.So that's the reason.Time is the only criterion for testing the truth, no matter what the king said or the words in the Bible, you have to test it anyway.The main thing is to emphasize the use of human rights to oppose royal power.At this time, the struggle and contradictions have been directed at the feudal kingship itself, and it is no longer an issue of anti-theocracy.Use human rights to oppose royal power, use democracy to oppose autocracy, and use science to oppose ignorance, because ignorance is the only soil that produces autocracy.

Several famous Enlightenment thinkers emerged during this period. If you don’t understand these people, don’t talk about “Shenzhen V”, “Shenzhen VI” and “Shenzhen VII”. You need to get to know these great Enlightenment thinkers. The first was Hobbes of England.Hobbes, what thought did he have?First, the social contract, he put forward the idea of ​​the social contract, and the state is created according to the social contract.Second, he believes that military power is granted by the people, and that it is granted by the people.This concept is obviously much more progressive than the concept of the divine right of kings.But what are its limitations?Once you delegate power to the monarch, you cannot go back on your word, so we summarize the third one as authorization without regret.Isn't this nonsense? You say, why, what right do I grant you, the right to serve the Lord, you didn't serve the Lord well, and someone else served the Lord. The reason is very simple. Why should I authorize me? !This point of view shows that it has limitations.

The second is Locke, a famous British Enlightenment thinker.Locke's proposition is much more progressive than Hobbes'.First, it advocates that the purpose of establishing a state is to protect private property.In Europe, the bulls are here. During the Roman Empire, the minister committed a crime. The emperor could kill the minister, but he could not confiscate his property. It was done, so you have to think about it before you kill the minister, and you are worried about whether people will retaliate against you.The Chinese emperor didn't have this worry, and the family was confiscated and no family was born.Confiscate your home before killing you. The whole family will be sent to Ningguta. When you get there, you will wear armor as a slave. Then 40 years later, the new emperor will ascend the throne and amnesty the world. Come back and stay in the courtyard of Beijing. You will change from a duke to a camel Xiangzi. Still wanted to rebel, but there was no way.So why did the Chinese emperor dare to be autocratic, because the cost is low.Why not in Europe?You try to be autocratic, and when the British king is autocratic, he makes people put a sword on his neck, so it has this characteristic.It has been like this since ancient times, property is sacred and inviolable.Second, decentralization.Legislative power is vested in Parliament.Administrative and diplomatic affairs are vested in the monarch.This is a typical dual constitutional monarchy.

The third is Voltaire of France.This person looks like an old lady, those art students draw him every day.His ideological proposition is two points: in favor of a constitutional monarchy, against the church, against the Catholic Church.At this time, it is not that the theocracy will not be reversed, and it is still endless.Opposed to the Catholic Church and advocated a constitutional monarchy.This Voltaire is the most amazing, and France is also very amazing. Regardless of whether it is a royal party or a nobleman's salon, Voltaire's works are the most popular. Everyone reads Voltaire's works first. proud of.I am literate and I read this.Voltaire's play was staged, and the king applauded politely. What was the content of this play?Against despotism and kingship, the king still applauds.If the king slaps the table and scolds, he has no quality and no culture.Frederick the Great of Prussia and Katerina of Russia were proud of their correspondence with Voltaire.I am a student of Voltaire, Mr. Voltaire wrote back to me, it is amazing.National teacher, teaching each monarch, anti-feudalism, anti-autocracy, constitutional monarchy.This person is going to die 10,000 times in the Qing Dynasty, and you have to be like this if you have to pick up your skin, goug your eyes, and cut your stomach open, so why are you here.

The fourth is even more remarkable.Montesquieu, Mencius of France.How old are Montesquieu cattle?The best part is to propose the separation of powers, which is a step further than Locke's theory of separation of powers.Why separation of powers?Rights are mutually restricted and balanced.Our 30 years of reform and opening up in China have mainly focused on economic reforms.At that time in France, scholars and elites wrote letters to the imperial court, demanding that the imperial court implement constitutional reforms.Separation of the three powers in constitutional reform is difficult, but at least you should do one thing, the judiciary should be independent, and you can have a fair judiciary only if you have an independent judiciary.If you sue the government and you can win the case, is there any reason?Think about it, they are all opened by their family, go there and sue, you are not a thief calling for a thief, this is impossible.So the judiciary must be independent.

I watched a TV series played by Chen Daoming before. He is a gangster boss who deals in drugs. His father is the deputy mayor. Then the police chief wanted to arrest him. In the end, his father colluded with the court and sentenced the police chief to 10 years in prison.This kind of thing is unimaginable in foreign countries. How can the deputy mayor guide the court? The court has nothing to do with you. You have administrative power, and others have judicial power.A county court in the United States can issue a subpoena to the president. You, the president, don’t have to come, but you have to send a lawyer to court.Your president said that a broken constitution should be passed on to me? !Then your president will be in big trouble, and contempt of court is a big crime.Therefore, to separate the three powers, power will definitely bring corruption, and absolute power will bring absolute corruption.Why do you think there is so little corruption in the United States?Because he dare not.The black eyeball stared at Baiyin, who was not tempted, but he knew that he couldn't take that thing.

Look at Clinton, the flirtatious incident made the city full of storms, and he had an affair with that fat girl Xiao Lai. Later, someone found out. After finding out, he refused to admit it at first, but was forced to admit it.If Congress impeaches him, let him step down and let the president step down.You see, China has been like this since ancient times. The emperor only has one concubine, so is he still called the emperor?But absolutely not in the United States, the common people can do whatever they want, no one cares about you, but the president can’t, if you are not loyal to your family, how can you be loyal to the country? Why does the United States put morality so high? You lied to your wife about this In the future, lying to the people will not be just for fun. If you lie to the people, your quality will be left there.The president was impeached because of this incident and almost never stepped down. If Clinton put tens of millions of dollars in his pocket, what would happen, he would be sent to prison directly.Didn't President Nixon resign because of the "Watergate Incident"?

So you can see that there is a famous saying in Montesquieu's masterpiece "The Spirit of Law" that a citizen's political freedom is a state of peace of mind. From this point of view, to enjoy this liberty, there must be such a government under which one citizen is not afraid of another citizen.What is civil political liberty as a state of peace of mind?What does it mean that a citizen is not afraid of another citizen under its rule?That is, everyone is equal.I want to enjoy political freedom. If I dare to shout someone down on the street, the premise is that I think I will not be knocked down or beaten after shouting someone down. My state of mind is peaceful.During World War II, President Roosevelt of the United States said that people have four basic freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of belief, freedom from hunger, and freedom from fear.The first one belongs to natural human rights. I have this mouth which was endowed to me by the Creator. Besides eating, that is to say, if you don’t let me say it, one of my functions is gone.If I want to enjoy this freedom, it proves that I have peace of mind. I think I am safe, because in our system, one citizen is not afraid of another citizen, and you will not do anything because you scold the president.I held up a sign at the entrance of the White House: "Bush is a monkey". President Bush can sue me, but he may not win because the sign he wants to sue me is reversed, and there is a sentence behind it, "I like monkeys". Peace of mind is hard to come by. Like the assassination of President Reagan in 1981, the son of a billionaire in the United States was named Hinckley. At that time Bi Bill?Gates is still a cow.The son of a billionaire is chasing a Hollywood star, I forgot the name of that aunt.After chasing, but not catching up, people look down on him, but Yangzi is so poor that only money is left.He said that I am a man, and I will show you an earth-shattering event, killing the president.At that time, the President's security was lax because there was no terrorist attack.Six shots and three bullets from the revolver shot into the president's aging body. President Reagan was 69 years old when he was elected, and he was the oldest. In the second year, the 70-year-old man was shot three times. Click on the President and you're done.As a result, the president went to the hospital and this buddy went to jail.After entering prison, he began to interrogate him. This guy’s family is rich and billionaire. He spent 1 million dollars to hire a barrister at the time (early 1980s). Various evidences were used to prove that Hinckley shot The moment of insanity, he was fine before, and he was fine after the fight, he was just this moment, what is called intermittent insanity in medicine, the authoritative medical certificate, the judge was acquitted.The president has not been released from the hospital yet, but Hinckley has been released from prison.So the president's wife was very angry. What's the matter? The president comforted her. I respect the court's ruling. If I encounter a mental illness, I will be unlucky. Next time I go out, I will wear a bulletproof vest.I think that buddy is really out of his mind. You normal people have nothing to do and why assassinate the president. If you are angry, you go and kill the actress, and the president didn't recruit you. When I was in elementary school or junior high school, my teacher’s politics class talked about the corruption of the capitalist system. Just take this example. You can see how chaotic the United States is, and it’s okay to assassinate the president. Now you think that democratic politics is such a thing.Even if you are poor, you will not chase after Hollywood movie stars, and you don’t need to kill the president. It’s true that a citizen is not afraid of another citizen in front of this kind of law, so this is very good.If you go abroad to see it, you will be very touched.The square of the Arc de Triomphe radiates 13 avenues. As soon as the traffic light is cleared, the cars on the 13 avenues rush in. If the car hits the Arc de Triomphe square, the insurance company will not compensate you. You deserve it. Whoever let you go in there, you want I was hit by another place and I paid for it. As a result, when we visited the Arc de Triomphe Square, all 13 roads were banned.Look at that gentle and elegant Frenchman, that honks louder than when Beijing was stuck in a traffic jam.Beijingers honk their horns when they have something to do, but the French don't so easily. Why?I don’t know what leaders from Turkey came to visit. The car was fast and fast. It took less than 5 minutes for the French to get out of the car and scold the police.An old man in front opened the car door and yelled at a pretty little black policewoman. I didn’t know what to say, I couldn’t understand, and the yelling was very loud. Generally, the loud voices are from Cantonese. When you see French people yelling, The scolding made the policeman nod his head and bow his head.Do you dare in China?Are you looking for trouble, kid?What about revoking your driver's license?A citizen is not afraid of another citizen.What do you police do?You are serving the Lord, you are supported by the money paid by my taxpayers, you are not in charge of me.Everyone here is in charge of you, even the food seller in the canteen is in charge of you. He has no sense of service.You serve me, and your salary is my tax.Thank you for this and that. You just need to thank your parents. Your parents raised you. You are taxpayers who pay taxes to the country. You feed those who don’t work and have no sense of service. People, if you don't pay him taxes, who will pay him wages?What does he live on?The truth is like this. The fifth place is Rousseau of France.This man is even more divine, passionately advocating social contract theory and popular sovereignty.People's sovereignty means that the power of the country belongs to the people.Moreover, Rousseau's views are very radical. What he often talks about is "the flower of liberty must be continuously watered with the blood of tyrants in order to grow strong".Therefore, some excessive and radical behaviors during the French Revolution have a lot to do with Rousseau's propaganda and agitation. The sixth is the Enlightenment thinker, French Diderot, who edited a famous "Encyclopedia", which is a typical anti-ignorance with scientific methods.When we talk about fighting ignorance, we can play the role of fighting autocracy.Don't believe in those ignorant things. If there is any reason you don't understand, just read my encyclopedia and you will understand.Of course, this encyclopedia may seem absurd in some places to us today, but at that time, it did represent the most advanced ideology and culture. In addition, there are two famous Enlightenment thinkers in North America, Franklin and Jefferson.