Chapter 11 2. Each manages a share

The second is to look at the United States, the United States of America.Its 1787 constitution is the greatest law in human history.After the American War of Independence ended, General Washington didn't know the truth that political power came out of the barrel of a gun. Not only did he not take the opportunity to use the barrel of a gun to seize power, but he voluntarily handed over the barrel of the gun.Once the war was over, General Washington wanted to surrender military power to Congress. He believed that military power was granted by the people. Now that the war was over and the army was to be disbanded, military power had to be handed over. So the general surrendered his military power in Congress.When the general entered the Congress, he gave a military salute to every congressman. The congressmen sat there without getting up, touched the brim of their hats, and returned the salute lightly, which meant that the civilian government guaranteed the absolute leadership of the military and the military obeyed the civilian government.The general handed over the military power, and the speaker delivered a speech, saying that your wisdom will not fade with your military post, and our future generations will always remember you.After speaking, the general has changed from the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to a commoner, but if you become a commoner, you can't go home yet, and you still have tasks.You have to disband this illustrious Continental Army and drive them home. Those who used to farm will return to farming, those who used to teach will still teach, and those who used to wear rings will still wear rings. There is no penny for pensions. , if the country calls you in the future, you still have to come.It is your duty to fight for the country. You are a member of this nation. You should fight, but there is no pension, let alone a first floor for you, and it is even more impossible to marry a young daughter-in-law.The country has no money, and the money for the country's wars is still borrowed.So when the commander-in-chief met with his subordinates, he said emotionally, I believe that you are good soldiers on the battlefield and good citizens in society when you return to society.Just do whatever you want, there is no money for you.

In this way, the U.S. military was cut from 800,000 to 30,000 people, responsible for guarding the treasury of the Ministry of Finance.The treasury coffers had a lot of bonds, bonds that were owed, no money, and the troops were demobilized.As soon as the troops were disbanded and the general retired, something went wrong.Is the United States of America a federation or a confederation?At this point a heated debate arose.Federal English is Federal, we saw an FBI, F is Federal, Confederation plus Con, FBI is Confederation.When we translate in Chinese, if it is a federation, the tone is to emphasize the union, and the confederations form a country; if it is a confederation, the tone is to emphasize the state.At that time, the United States was a confederation. They believed that having a central government meant oppression. It turned out that our 13 colonies were all loyal to the King of England. The conference has only one legislative function, and has no executive function, so the United States is a loose confederation.

Loose Confederation would have many serious problems, and goods shipped from North Carolina to South Carolina would have to pay taxes.When the United States fights wars, the Continental Army that participates in the war is composed of militias, which are recruited by the states themselves.This scene often happened during the War of Independence. The main force of the Continental Army assembled and went to South Carolina to fight the British army. Suddenly, the militiamen in North Carolina withdrew. Because the British attacked North Carolina, I had to defend my hometown. This is My obligations, the military uniform I wear, my military pay, and the guns I carry are all paid by the people of North Carolina. My house is burned there, can I not go back.This situation often occurs, otherwise how could the War of Independence have been fought for six years.So after the war, the states borrowed money and each state paid it back. The southern states were relatively rich, and the debts were quickly paid off, and the soldiers' pensions were issued.The northern states can’t do it, so the soldiers in the northern states are not happy. Why did they also lose an arm for the country, and he has a pension, but I don’t?So Xie Si, the retired captain of the Continental Army, received the uprising and asked for military pay. In fact, it was a rebellion, and the soldiers mutinied.At this time, one of Washington's old subordinates, Colonel Lewis, wrote to Washington, suggesting that Washington come out and raise his arms to establish an American dynasty or an American empire. They support Washington as king or emperor.Washington replied to him with a letter, if you still have a little respect for the country you are loyal to and me, don't say such things in the future, I don't know you anymore, and we will break off diplomatic relations.This broke off diplomatic relations with that old subordinate, but General Washington was also very anxious seeing the country being in such a mess, what should he do?So he called the representatives of each state to Philadelphia, let's have a meeting to discuss and discuss. Most of the 12 states gathered in Philadelphia and quarreled for four or five months. General Washington just listened there and did not speak, making everyone quarrel.Noisy, noisy, you put forward conditions and I will also raise conditions, and finally found a point of convergence of interests, and promulgated the 1787 Constitution, and the United States existed as a federation, not a confederation.

The first feature of the US Constitution in 1787 is the establishment of a federal republic, which is the earliest federal republic in human history.The U.S. Constitution is still valid today, which shows that U.S. politics is based on this ultra-stable institution.The founding fathers formulated all the rules. The constitution is the fundamental law of the country, but keeping pace with the times is nothing. You said that everyone is going to take the bus, and how to buy a ticket should be formulated before getting on the bus. According to the distance of the road, once you get in the car, you regret it. We calculate the money according to the weight. Are you not unethical, so this thing can’t be bought, the reason is the same.The United States is a federal republic. The Constitution of 1787 first established the power of the federal government to have political, economic, military, and diplomatic powers.The United States is a country with a capital, a national flag, a constitution, an army, and a currency. This is called the Federation.

What is the Confederation like?Ever heard of the Commonwealth of Independent States?After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, a group of freaks came into being called the Commonwealth of Independent States.This is a typical confederation. There is no unified constitution, no unified army, and each country does its own thing. This is called the confederation. The largest confederation in the world today should be the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia, New Zealand, and Canada are all countries of the Queen of England. Führer, but do these countries listen to Britain?Impossible, the Commonwealth of Nations is the largest confederation of countries in the world, including India and Bangladesh. I don’t know about Bangladesh. Both India and Pakistan are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, so a federal republic should be established first. China is centralized, Henan Provincial Health Department is directly under the Central Ministry of Health, we are a centralized country, the United States is a decentralized country, the federal government has the power of the federal government, and the local government has the power of the local government.

The power of local governments is most prominently manifested in the judiciary and education.Judicially, there are 50 types of police uniforms in 50 states, including brown, blue, and black, with large caps, cowboy hats, and helmet hats.In the city of Los Angeles, there are four uniforms that can enforce the law on you: federal agents, state troopers, city police, and county police.The uniforms of the four types of law enforcement officers are different, and only federal agents will be able to detect such major interstate cases.Some states have the death penalty and some don't, and that's the problem.I killed someone in a state with the death penalty, and I would be fine if I fled to a state without the death penalty, because the state without the death penalty will not extradite bad guys to a state with the death penalty.Extradition is to let you die. If you see that there is extradition between countries, it must also be extradited between states.In some states the death penalty is by shooting, in some by injection, in some by electric chair, and in some by hanging. The methods are different.

In terms of education, the states are random.When President Reagan wanted to abolish the Ministry of Education, there is no need for a Ministry of Education, because the education of each state is done by the people of each state. What is the purpose of having a Ministry of Education, and there is no task of preparing questions for the college entrance examination, nor does it train teachers, nor does it require teachers Computing and English must be tested. There is no such regulation. If there is no such regulation, why should it be used? It can be cancelled.The Americans joked that the governor of Rhode Island, a small state, was in a hurry to go to the toilet. When he rushed into the toilet, he saw a pit. The president was squatting there, so he picked up the president, go, I will come first.Why?Which of these two is older and who is younger?No.The president and the governor are not as big or small. We Chinese always wonder how your governor is as big as the prime minister. People don't say that.The United States is a decentralized country, and it does not have this concept of centralization. This is the first feature of its constitution, which is to establish a federal republic.

The second feature is that it is the first constitution in the history of mankind to implement the separation of powers. The three powers are legislative power, judicial power and executive power.The legislative power of the United States is controlled by the Congress, which is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is called the Senate in English.There are two congressmen in a state. Today, the U.S. Senate should have 100 congressmen. However, the vice president also serves as the president of the Senate and has no voting rights, so there are 99 congressmen with voting rights. The House of Representatives, we translate it as the House of Representatives, which is actually the Great Hall of the People.It is a proportional selection of representatives by each state. Today in the United States, there are 435 members of the House of Representatives, whose term is four years, and members of the Senate are elected for a term of six years, and 1/3 of them are re-elected every two years.Therefore, there are 534 legislators with voting rights in the United States, and these people hold the legislative power in the United States.

Judicial power in the United States is controlled by courts at all levels, among which the Supreme Court of the United States is responsible for interpreting the Constitution.It doesn't matter where you file for divorce, it's responsible for interpreting the constitution.The justices of the Supreme Court are nominated by the president and appointed by Congress. Unless they are dereliction of duty, their terms are life-long, until death.So Raymond, the chief justice of the Supreme Court in the era of President Reagan, was 98 years old. Those buddies probably forgot his last name and were still working as judges there.Then what do you think the old man should do?A judge should be an old man. Have you ever seen an old judge in Europe or the United States?Basically, they are gray-haired judges, and they judge cases based on experience.You say that I can memorize the legal provisions, that is useless, you are just a computer.Trial of cases is mainly based on experience. There are no legal provisions for some cases. You have tried it before. If it is established, it can be used as this. How I tried it before is how I try it now. Therefore, judges should be older. In our country, many people are in their 30s. Yes, the army changed jobs and had nothing to do, and went to read legal knowledge to become a judge. Of course, this was all a few years ago, and now it is also advancing with the times.

The third is executive power, which belongs to the president.There is no prime minister in the United States. The president and the prime minister are the same person. They are the supreme commander of the armed forces, the head of state, and the head of government.The State Department of the United States is equivalent to our foreign ministry.When the United States was just independent, when the first federal government was formed, the US cabinet had only three departments: the Treasury Department, the War Department, and the State Department.The smallest government is the best government. The smaller your government is, the less burden your people will have to bear. That's why the United States has such a rule that the three powers are separated. General Washington became the first president of the United States in 1789, and the French Revolution broke out in Europe in July of that year.General Washington became president in April, so it is obvious that the revolution in the United States was earlier than that in France. General Washington served two terms, and he can continue to serve as president. As long as someone is elected, you can continue.Has anyone chosen him?Of course, there is no need to choose, who dares to compete with him, compete with the father of the nation for your work.You, Yuan Shikai, are competing with the father of the country, aren't you doing it?But General Washington said, I have served my country for eight years without any credit, and made many mistakes, so I can no longer do it, and I want to give people after me a chance to correct my mistakes. I made too many mistakes It cannot be changed.

General Washington was succeeded by Vice President Adams.Adams served only one term, and when he ran again, someone would throw dirty water on him. It is normal for two people to run for election today, and it is normal for Adams to throw dirty water at each other, but Adams is a typical old-fashioned gentleman. Dirty water, right? In order to prove my innocence, I left, I went home, and whether the president is not the president, I quit.The next third president was Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence.He has served two terms, can he do it again?Can, whatever you want, do as many jobs as you want.But Jefferson said that General Washington set a great precedent, and I will follow him. If there are more precedents, it will become a practice, and those who want to extend their term will be helpless, so he served two terms and quit. An unwritten rule has been formed that the president can only serve two terms at most.Do you have the father of the country cow?The father of the nation left after serving two terms. Is it appropriate for you to sit there with a shy face?The only exception is Franklin during World War II?Roosevelt, that is, Roosevelt Jr., he served four consecutive terms.At that time, there was no legal provision to say no, so no one told him for four consecutive terms. After serving three terms, he died as soon as the fourth term took office. The U.S. Constitutional Amendment after World War II stipulates that the president can only serve two terms, no matter how good Clinton is or how bad Bush is, they can only serve two terms.So why is the political structure of the United States stable? I remember that in the years when Clinton left office, that is, when Bush first became president, there was a country in Africa called Zaire, which is now renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the dictator of that country was named Mobutu , was cut off by his subordinates and killed, almost like Ling Chi.It was a big deal in Africa at the time.Later, President Clinton commented on this matter and said, he was the president when I was in college, he was the president when I was a lawyer, he was the president when I was the governor, and he was still the president when I was the president, and I am not the president. He's still president.You have been working for too long, you are the hottest sun in the hearts of the people of Zaire, when you go down, then if I want to take over, I can only kill you, I will carry out a coup or something, fight for it right.If you go away obediently in four or eight years, do I need to kill you?So this kind of democracy is not only good for the people, but also a kind of protection for the rulers.If you say that I am dissatisfied with the government, I will sue it in court.You are better than throwing stones at the gate of the government and setting fire to a certain bureau, maybe the sentence will not target anyone, so democracy is not only good for the people, but also good for the rulers, and it is something worth fighting for.This is what we call the legislative achievement of the United States.