Chapter 10 1. Risking extremes under the rubble

After the outbreak of the revolution in 1789, it was the first stage of the French Revolution, in which the constitutional monarchy was in power.This constitutional monarchist represented the interests of the big bourgeoisie and the liberal aristocracy, the new aristocracy.The revolution advanced further, and then came the Girondins, representing the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, who came to power. And then going a step further, the Jacobins, representing the petty and middle bourgeoisie, came to power.You can clearly see that, whether it is the Girondins or the Jacobins, their revolution has deviated from the normal track, and the Thermidorians are needed to bring the revolution back to the normal track.

It can be seen that the constitutional monarchists and the Thermidorians actually represent a class, a class, and they are both the big bourgeoisie and the financial aristocracy, representing their interests.Then came the Napoleonic Empire. Although Napoleon was a bourgeois emperor and affirmed revolutionary measures, he established an empire after all, and the hierarchy, titles, nobles, and commoners were all restored.All people are born equal, this minimum idea was broken, and after the defeat of the Napoleonic Empire, the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty appeared, and the revolution reached its lowest point.How do you compare it with the dictatorship of the Childe Party? It is equivalent to two extremes. So does it mean that the French Revolution is over at this point? There is no end.It was not finished until 1830.

In 1830, the "July Revolution" broke out in France. The restored Bourbon dynasty was overthrown in the "July Revolution". The Moon Dynasty, so far the process of the French Revolution is considered to be over. From 1789 to 1830, the French Revolution was considered to have completed its cycle.We all can clearly see the characteristics of the French Revolution - the beginning is the end.You go around and come back again, the big bourgeoisie is in power and the monarchy is constitutional again, and the revolution is complete. In fact, the task of the French Revolution was completed in 1789. Its bourgeois revolution first implemented capitalist politics politically, formulated a constitution, and established a constitutional monarchy; then it developed capitalism economically.

It was completed when the Revolution broke out in 1789, when the Constitutional Monarchists came to power.It's not like the UK, which is isolated overseas, in a corner, and doesn't have that much influence. You close the door and no one cares about you. The French Revolution did not work, foreign armed intervention, and anti-French alliances, so the French Revolution was magnificent, with ups and downs, and it had to come back after a turn. Why was it chaotic? The spear is here.The end is the beginning, and the beginning is the end.From Gongzhufen to Jianguomen, the best way is to take Chang'an Avenue. Chang'an Avenue is the closest, but Chang'an Avenue is under traffic control, or it is jammed with too many red lights, what should I do?I went around from the North 2nd Ring Road and arrived at Jianguomen. When I arrived at Jianguomen, I had to go back to Princess Tomb. The North 2nd Ring Road was also blocked, and I went back from the South 2nd Ring Road.

It should go in a straight line and the distance is the closest, but I find it annoying because it blocks me, so I can only go around, that's what it means.The same is true of the French Revolution. Next, look at the results of the revolution, the results of the revolution of the bourgeoisie in various countries.What do you say capitalist countries rely on?What does the bourgeois state rely on to consolidate the achievements of the revolution?It is legislation.That made the entire human society begin to enter the modern legal society. Let us look at the legislative achievements of the early bourgeois revolution one by one.

First look at England.One of the outstanding achievements of the British Revolutionary legislation was the enactment of the Bill of Powers, which had to be relied on after the British Revolution.Britain consolidated the gains of the bourgeois revolution through the Bill of Powers.We all know that Britain today is a typical parliamentary monarchy. Some people think that a constitutional monarchy is the same as a republic with a responsible cabinet, because the head of state has no power, but this is a long process. In the first place the king was not without any power.The British constitutional monarchy, some contents of the bill of powers, except for the consent of the parliament, the king cannot legislate; without the consent of the parliament, the king cannot levy taxes; without the consent of the parliament, the king cannot raise troops and maintain a standing army.In other words, the parliament has a limit on the royal power, but the royal family does not have no power at all, so the country has formed two power centers: one is the parliament and the other is the king.This type of constitutional monarchy is called a dual constitutional monarchy, where there are two centers of power in the country, the parliament and the king.Basically, when every country establishes a constitutional monarchy, it is a dual constitutional monarchy.Typical countries are Great Britain, Germany before World War I, and Japan before World War II.There is no such kind of political system in the world today. It can only be said that there are two power centers in the country: one is the monarch and the other is the Congress.But why does the British monarch have full power to this day? In 1701, the British Parliament passed the Act of Succession to the Crown.Succession to the throne has been included in the scope of the law. It is no longer a matter of your family, but a matter of the country.So we can understand why the Empress Dowager Cixi wants to abolish Guangxu, and the Western countries don't do it. This is the reason.

This law of succession to the throne stipulates that the order of inheritance of the British royal family was William and Mary who were in power in the UK at that time, that is, William III and Mary III.William III died first, and then his wife came to the throne, which was Mary III. When Mary III died again, there was no more, because the two had no children, so Mary's sister came to the throne, Queen Anne.During Anne's 12 years of reign, England reached a period of prosperity in literature and artistic decoration, leaving a solid and shining mark on history.But her personal life was gray. Her children were either miscarried or died young, and none of them survived.If Queen Anne died, the Stuart dynasty would become extinct, that is, there would be no descendants.What if there are no descendants?Picked around the world, one picked the German Elector George of Hanover.This man is a German.Germany, Hannover, the Elector George of this place chose him, you belong to the Stuart family, you can come to England to be king.George can't speak a word of English, how can I go to be king of England.The British side said, it’s okay, it’s okay, it doesn’t affect your being a king, so you can come here with confidence.So George happily went to England with his bag on his back. From then on, England began the Hanoverian Dynasty.

This dynasty changed its name during World War I, because Britain and Germany were enemy countries during World War I, and the British were surprised to find that their king was a German, so the dynasty quickly changed its name to Windsor Dynasty .Today's Britain is still the Windsor Dynasty, named after the royal residence Windsor Castle.But in fact today's British royal family are all descendants of Germans.George I has been in the UK for more than ten years, and he can't speak a word of English. It's too late for people in their fifties to learn, so he never attends meetings of the Parliament, does not attend meetings of the Privy Council, and does not receive ministers. No, I can’t understand a sentence, so let’s wait for the translation. Do you know if the translation is telling you nonsense?Originally, the British cabinet was convened by the king to hold secret meetings in a small room called the cabinet.The king never does this, he doesn’t summon ministers, so these ministers organize themselves, convened by the first finance minister, and later the first finance minister has a special title called Prime Minister (Prime Minister) .The British cabinet system was formed. The cabinet was directly responsible to the Parliament, and the king gradually stepped aside.So this King George I can only stand aside automatically. His son George II loves to fight.George II was the last king of the United Kingdom to drive himself. He spent much more time on the European continent than in London, and spent more time on the battlefield than in the court, so the British also The king was not seen.By the time their third generation, George III, was epileptic and neurotic, the ministers who received him began to foam, tremble, and bite their fingers.These three Georges ruled for a long time, especially George III, who ruled for a long time until 1820, more than a hundred years.

The king of England gave up his duties and quit what he was supposed to do. Therefore, by the time of Queen Victoria, it was impossible for the queen to restore the dual monarchy.Today's British king has only one power, which is the right of consent.The decree of the cabinet is brought, and you must sign and agree.You must also sign and agree to the cabinet legislation and the parliament legislation to sentence the king to hang.You said you sentenced me to be hanged. Why did you sentence me? I am definitely dissatisfied in my heart. However, all my powers are the right to consent. I sign and agree, and you cannot disagree.So look at Her Majesty Elizabeth II today, who receives the Prime Minister every Tuesday. The Prime Minister Brown she is seeing now may be about the same age as her grandson, or at least younger than her son. They are all prime ministers born after World War II. They come here every Tuesday. A bunch of documents, asked the queen to sign, the queen didn't even read it.Have you got a meal yet?She signs one.What to eat, how many children, are they in middle school?Have you entered the experimental class yet?Just sign it, she only has such a power.

I remember one time, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, sent an e-mail to a friend, saying in the e-mail that Prime Minister Blair cared too much about immigrants. Prime Minister Blair cares about them far more than he cares about his own farmers.What Prince Charles talked about in the chat was finally published on the Internet for some reason.I don’t know if it was told by a friend or was intercepted. All of a sudden, the British public opinion was in an uproar. As the crown prince, you are not qualified to talk about politics. Who cares about the prime minister? If you are fine, you can think about Diana or Camilla Good; you can care whether the fox is red or white, that's all you care about.As soon as the matter came out, the prince was very embarrassed at that time, and the head of the royal family came out to explain to the prince. Britain pays attention to freedom of speech, and the prince also has freedom of speech.As a result, the British public immediately came up with a legal basis. You have freedom of speech and you can say whatever you want, but you can’t talk about state affairs. There is no way for the prince to come forward and apologize.In fact, he didn't say it publicly, he sent an E-mail to a friend, we chatted and said it, but no, your identity is there, you have to consider it, you have to apologize.Therefore, today’s British royal family does not bear any political responsibility. It exists as a symbol of the country, which is a bit like the feeling of Confucius in ancient China. exist as a symbol.So the UK has gone through a long process. If it wasn't for the Germans who became kings in the UK, it might not have been so smooth, and the dual monarchy was gradually replaced by a parliamentary monarchy.This is what we call Britain.