Chapter 9 4. What is concentrated is the essence

Napoleon is a famous national hero in France. There are all kinds of Napoleon statues for sale in almost all places in France, including copper, clay, iron, tin, aluminum, plastic, all kinds of materials, and some Printed on mugs, T-shirts, and hung in shop windows, anyway, Napoleon is the most "photographed".Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica.It turns out that Corsica is a province of the Republic of Genoa in Italy. In 1768, the defeated Genoese sold their rights in Corsica to the French, and the French army entered the island in large numbers, so the island belonged to France.The islanders speak Italian, which means that Napoleon's mother tongue is Italian, so Napoleon is not a Frenchman.After Corsica belonged to France, Napoleon went to the French military academy to study. Because of his short stature, it is said that the adult Napoleon was only about 1.6 meters tall. Among the adult men of the yellow race today, the height of this meter 60 meters is the highest. Finding a wife is difficult, and among white people, she is almost like a dwarf.Southern Europe is better. If you go to Western Europe, Northern Europe, the Netherlands, Belgium and other Nordic countries, the average height is 1.83 meters. Basically, a guy who comes here can be over 1.9 meters, and a girl who comes here is over 1.7 meters. Basically, you don't see very short people.That's why people in Western and Northern Europe look down on Southern and Eastern Europeans. You don't look as good-looking as us, let alone you are poor.

When Napoleon was young, his classmates always bullied him. He resisted fiercely. Every time he fought with his classmates, he was actually beaten, but Napoleon refused to admit defeat. If you hit me once, I will hit you back. If you hit me twice, I will definitely chase you. Hit you and I'll run again.Later, the classmates got annoyed, saying that you Napoleon can't beat me every time, and you don't usually practice, you just learn sunflower acupuncture or something.Napoleon said firmly, I will beat you one day, so don't run away.The buddy was convinced and said that you are really good.You have seen in the past that when the little hooligans in Beijing met, they would not go up and stab someone with a knife, but cut their own thigh with a knife and a big salt particle, and the other party was convinced.If you are not afraid of this, then use a red-hot soldering iron to do it yourself. That’s what the hooligans are all about. Now hooligans can’t do it, and now they run away after burning people. There is no “professional ethics”.Kidnapping, after binding the ticket and getting the ransom, the ticket will be torn up.Foreign countries have professional ethics, and they will never tear up the ransom to ensure the safety of the hostages.Napoleon fought and became famous, and he entered the military academy.After entering the military academy, he did not forget to maintain the glorious tradition, continue to play, and hit a new level.But Napoleon did not fall behind in his studies, and his grades were particularly good, especially in mathematics and history.Therefore, he has the meticulous mind of a commander and the ambition of governing the country.

To be honest, it is useful to learn from the big figures in history, and it is also somewhat useful to learn from the little people.For example, you can understand the introduction when you go on a trip; you can chat with people about Kung Pao Chicken and which one is Kung Pao when you are eating;Anyway, it will be of great use for the great people to learn, and learn the lessons of the rise and fall of the chaos of the past dynasties. Napoleon graduated from the military academy at the age of 16. He was a second lieutenant in the artillery. He trained himself in the war. By the time the Great Revolution broke out, he had been promoted to captain.He joined the revolutionary camp.Napoleon came to prominence at the Battle of Toulon, where he defeated the First Coalition against France.He flexibly used artillery to repel the British warships in the port of Toulon and defeated the royalists. Napoleon, who was only 24 years old, was promoted from the artillery to the general and became the youngest general in modern human history. It was also the birth of the military rank system. Later, the youngest general.

The school officer has never worked for a day, and the junior, middle and colonel have never done it for a day. They jumped directly from the captain to the general!Unexpectedly, at the age of 25, General Napoleon retired with honor. Why?The Thermidor coup broke out, and it was Robespierre's younger brother, Robespierre Jr., who appreciated Napoleon.When Robespierre Jr. went to the guillotine, Napoleon also suffered, and was considered to be in the same party as Robespierre Jr.Napoleon was expelled from the army and was imprisoned for more than 100 days. He wrote letters to appeal before he was released.After he was released, he was allowed to retire. Napoleon wore a worn gray military overcoat all day long, wandering pitifully by the Seine, thinking about the future of France.Others wear that coat to the knees, but he wears it to cover his feet.

In the second year, the Royal Party rebelled in Paris. More than 24,000 rebels attacked the Directory, and there were less than 6,000 guards on the Directory.There was no one to help at the critical moment. At this time, Burroughs was completely dizzy and was about to give up Paris and escape.At this time, someone made a suggestion, saying that we still have a retired veteran Napoleon, why don't we try to recruit him back.As soon as Burroughs heard that the dead horse should be treated as a living horse doctor, he recruited Napoleon back.As soon as Napoleon came back, he dragged out 50 cannons from the warehouse, fired at the rebels, and defeated the rebels in one fell swoop.The rebels wondered why this dude was so dumb, using cannons in the city, this was the first time a big girl was on a sedan chair.The street fighting fired, and the rebellion was put down immediately, and Burroughs immediately let Napoleon return to serve. Napoleon was only 26 years old at the time and was immediately promoted to major general.

The Second Anti-French Coalition was formed, and Britain instigated Austria to attack France and Italy.At that time, Napoleon suggested to the Directorate that we take the initiative to send troops to welcome the Austrian army in Italy, drink wedding wine in our own courtyard, and fight in other people's courtyard.At that time, the Governor-General thought it was a good idea, but we had no soldiers, so what should we fight?Napoleon immediately went on to say that he had heard that a Rhine army had nothing to do all day long, and it was useless. When the Directorate heard it, yes, you can use it.Napoleon went there and saw that there were more than 38,000 people, all dressed in rags, yellow and emaciated, aged 16 or 60, with no helmet on their heads, no shoes under their feet, and guns with either no bayonets or missing bullets, or no ammunition.Napoleon was not discouraged, and moved an ammunition box to stand on it to give a speech, otherwise people would not see him.Want to win honor for your country?Want to improve your diet?Want to wear a new military uniform?Want to get rich?I will take you to Italy.These soldiers were instigated by Napoleon, and they have not been paid here for several months. They must not starve to death. Let's go and follow Napoleon to play with our lives.Napoleon led this army to attack Italy, and a cartoon appeared in European newspapers, a man with a big head and a small body led a group of beggars to attack Italy.As a result, Napoleon unexpectedly crossed the highest mountain in Europe - the Alps. Apart from Napoleon, only Hannibal of ancient Carthage (05 Hannibal: a famous military strategist in the ancient North African country of Carthage. The second During the First Punic War, he led the army to cross the Pyrenees and the Alps from Spain. Hannibal had outstanding performance in military and diplomatic activities. He is still one of the important military strategists studied by many military scientists. ).When Napoleon crossed the peak of the Alps, he exclaimed, "Alps, I am 1.62 meters taller than you."I am the peak at the top of the mountain. I am very happy. I suddenly appeared behind the Austrian army and caught Austria by surprise.An Austrian veteran in his 70s, I forgot what his name was, was forced to surrender.So Napoleon rose to fame and became the number one general in Europe when he was only 27 years old.

Napoleon, who had been promoted to lieutenant general, suggested that the Directory should go on an expedition to Egypt, and the Directory approved it.Under the pyramid, the French army defeated the Egyptian army, and almost all of Egypt was conquered by France.As a result, Britain organized an anti-French alliance, but Napoleon left his troops and returned to France. After returning to France, he launched a coup d'état.Afterwards, the Directory was overthrown and Napoleon established the Consulate, who himself was the First Consul of France (1799-1804).Later, he was elected as the lifelong ruler of the French Republic. The so-called lifelong power means that he is not dead. He was 29 years old this year.However, Napoleon felt that the lifelong rule of the French Republic was not enough, so he changed France from a republic to an empire in 1804. This is the famous French First Empire in history.

After establishing the First French Empire, Napoleon adopted a series of policies, mainly internal. First, in order to achieve stability, Napoleon first established a centralized political system.The ministers of the central government are completely subordinate to Napoleon; the sheriffs of 88 counties across the country are appointed by him, and the local self-government institutions have been abolished, and the local governments must absolutely obey the central government.Napoleon adopted a high-pressure policy against the democratic forces at that time, depriving the people of democracy, and at the same time resolutely suppressed the royalist forces.Second, in order to solve the financial crisis, carry out financial reforms, and centrally manage taxation in a unified manner.Created the Bank of France, implemented the policy of mercantilism, increased exports, and protected tariffs.Third, develop capitalist industry and commerce and support overseas trade.Fourth, the promulgation of the Civil Code is indeed very important.Napoleon was defeated in his later years and was exiled by the British to St. Helena, where he died for 6 years.Napoleon recalled his life before his death. He said that the glory of my life was not in winning more than 40 battles (Napoleon experienced 52 battles in his life, and he won 40 of them, 80% of which were won). The failure of the battle erased all traces of glory, but there is one thing that is immortal, and it will be remembered forever. This is my code, the Napoleon code is immortal.Fifth, in terms of education, Napoleon founded the French University and public secondary schools.Napoleon's domestic measures are entirely to promote the development of France.

Why was Napoleon so confident?Why is this code immortal?The reason is that this code establishes the norms of the legislation of capitalist countries.The origin of this code can be traced back to Roman Law, the Code of Justinian of the Eastern Roman Empire.As I said before, the British Bill of Powers and the French Constitution of 1791 are all constitutions.The Constitution is the fundamental law of the country, it does not resolve civil issues.For example, if you are cheated in business, how to ask for money to collect debts; divorce your wife, how to divide the property; how to compensate for being blinded in one eye.The constitution doesn't care about these things, it has to be within the scope of civil law, criminal law, and commercial law.These laws were first enacted by Napoleon.The starting point of the law in the feudal era was the inequality between people.For example, for example, a classmate came to the Yamen to sue me, saying that the teacher took away our TV set by visiting our home. Everyone can testify that it was the teacher who did it.Okay, you go to the Yamen to sue me, the certificate is handed in, and the teacher took away our TV set, then this case will not be tried, and you will be hit with 40 sticks first, why?Because you committed the following crime, you dare to sue the teacher, and then start to check, is the TV set in your arms?I said I hugged it and gave it back to someone else. I gave it back to someone else. I didn’t have anything wrong with you. You received 40 sticks. If you dare to falsely accuse the teacher, then the end waiting for you is Ling Chi's execution.Because of the feudal law, people are not equal. Heaven, earth, king, relatives and teachers—heaven, earth, the emperor, your parents, and teachers.If the teacher stole the TV set, it would be like giving it to him. When you go to your house for dinner, you think highly of you, and if you ask for money, it’s not unreasonable. If it is left today, under the law that everyone is equal, it may be a crime for the teacher to steal your TV set. Just wait a minute, you are still a good teacher, even if you take the TV away from a student's house, you are not too heavy.So if you want to sue me, you have to weigh up whether it's worth it or not. For this broken TV, you'll have to lie on the bed for three months.not worth.Forget it, I admit it, the teacher took it away as my filial piety, and he didn't let me buy a new one, it's not bad.

After talking about internal measures, let's look at external measures.The first point is that it has fought many wars with the anti-French alliance and repeatedly defeated countries such as Opus and Russia.Britain can't fight because Britain has a navy and natural dangers. In 1805, Napoleon sent a combined fleet of France and Spain to conquer Britain. As a result, they were wiped out by the British national hero, Admiral Nelson, one-armed and one-eyed, at Cape Trafalgar.But after Admiral Nelson defeated Napoleon's combined fleet, he was shot by a French sniper near the end of the battle. On his deathbed, he heard his deputy report to him that the French fleet had surrendered. Nelson just closed his eyes, so Nelson is a national hero.The ideal way for a soldier to die is to be hit by the last bullet at the last moment of the war.Admiral Nelson, one-armed and one-eyed, joined the navy at the age of 12 and had 34 years of combat experience at sea. He was 46 when he died.Trafalgar Square in London today is also called Victory Square. In the center of the square, there is a pillar on which stands a one-armed, one-eyed admiral with a blindfold on his eyes. That is Viscount Nelson.Thanks to the defeat of the UK, if you can’t do the UK, it doesn’t make sense for other countries to do it, because the UK is the most powerful country in capitalism, so the UK has repeatedly united with other countries to organize anti-French alliances. Seven times, Napoleon defeated the first five times, and did not practice the last two times.

The second point is that he made two big mistakes before Britain was conquered: invading Spain and expedition to Russia. These two steps were a serious blow to his vitality. He shouldn't have attacked these two countries, especially in Spain where he held back 300,000 elite French troops. With Spain still unresolved, he went on an expedition to Russia.Do you think, can Russia fight?People just say one word, run.In Napoleon's time, France had a population of less than 30 million, and Russia had 70 million people. If you kill something, run away! Drag it to winter, freeze you to death, and then the Russian army counterattacks.Napoleon attacked Russia with an army of 600,000. In the end, less than 20,000 people survived, and the entire army was basically wiped out. The third point is that the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 germinated nationalism in Europe.When Napoleon was at the peak of the French Empire, he himself was the Emperor of France and King of Italy, the Protector of the Rhineland League, and the Grand Duke of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. He ruled France, Germany, Italy and Poland alone, and so many countries alone.Then his elder brother Joseph is the king of Spain, his younger brother Louis is the king of the Netherlands, his younger sister is the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his brother-in-law is the king of Naples. Almost their family ruled the whole of Europe. If Napoleon hadn’t failed, the European Union would have been realized long ago. It's the Napoleon family.Now when you visit these countries, there are many traces of Napoleon. Napoleon has been here, Napoleon has been there, and Napoleon has lived here. There is almost no place in Europe that Napoleon has not been to. He ruled almost the whole of Europe. It was very prosperous, but in the battle of Leipzig, Napoleon was defeated and fell short. An important reason for Napoleon's defeat at that time was his love and political rival Bernadotte.This man turned out to be the Marshal under Napoleon. Later, the King of Sweden had no children, so he took Bernadotte to Sweden as the crown prince, who was later King Charles XIV of Sweden. His relationship with Napoleon was very delicate.Napoleon was engaged to a girl named Desire when he didn't get out, and later became Chen Shimei after he got out.Napoleon was eager to enter the upper class, so he married a rich widow six years older than him, Josephine.Josephine's husband was a Marquis, who was guillotined during the Great Revolution, so Napoleon approached Josephine in order to enter the upper class as soon as possible.When Désiré heard about it, he came to Paris to find Napoleon.Their house was having a dance party. In fact, Josephine's house was having a dance party, and the concierge was not allowed to enter. At this time, I happened to meet General Bernadotte. Bernadotte was alone, so Desiré said, can you bring me in? ?Bernadotte took her in.After entering, Désiré saw that Napoleon was very angry, so he accused Napoleon of being ungrateful, and that your boy will not end well, so he poured a glass of wine.Bernadotte saw that this girl had a personality and was quite nice, so they got married. As soon as Napoleon and Josephine got married, he found that Josephine was really not a good person.This is inappropriate, she is already a married woman, so what's the matter with you pestering her all the time.It is conceivable how much Bernadotte hated Napoleon.Another reason is that Bernadotte strongly advocated the republic and opposed the monarchy. Although he himself later became the king of Sweden, he opposed the monarchy. Therefore, although Napoleon named him a marshal and duke, he was very unimpressed with Napoleon. When he arrived in Sweden in 1810, he did not hesitate to pull Sweden into the camp of the anti-French alliance. He told the commander of the anti-French alliance army not to fight with the army commanded by the emperor himself, but to fight against the brave and foolish men under him. the Marshals. The marshals under Napoleon had well-developed limbs and simple minds. The emperor didn't need their brains. The emperor thought for them, and they could just follow suit.Therefore, the coalition forces sent cavalry to intercept and kill the messengers of the French army, so that these marshals could not get any orders from the emperor.When Napoleon was on the battlefield, many of his marshals were forced to surrender.Once the wings are cut off, only the trunk is left. Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and abdicated in 1814.As soon as he abdicated, the Bourbon dynasty in France announced its restoration.After the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, Napoleon also escaped from prison. He briefly escaped from the guarded island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea. He led more than 1,000 people and landed in southern France. King Louis XVIII sent troops to suppress it.Napoleon's subordinates were terrified when they saw this situation. Several regiments came, and we only had more than 1,000 people. If we fought, we would not be finished.The calm Napoleon glanced at the banner of the troops, and said to his lieutenants, don't be afraid, I will go.He took off his hat and exposed his chest, soldiers, shoot at your emperor.The soldiers who came to suppress him from the east rushed to Napoleon like crazy, picked him up and threw him into the sky, long live the emperor, dear emperor, you miss us to death. Napoleon was carried all the way back to Paris.When they set off, there were more than 1,000 people, and when they arrived in Paris, there were 150,000 troops. The whole division and regiment fell to Napoleon. Napoleon wrote a letter to Louis XVIII triumphantly: King, my dear brother, don’t send any more people. Yes, I have enough people here.In this way, Napoleon was restored, and once restored, the Seventh Anti-French Coalition was formed.In the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon failed again. Napoleon's restoration lasted only a little more than 100 days, so it was called the "Hundred Days Dynasty".Napoleon was exiled to the remote Africa, 7,000 kilometers away from France, on St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. On May 5, 1821, Napoleon died on the island. The conqueror was buried next to Torbet Spring on St. Helena amidst a salute.To this day, there are still different opinions on the cause of Napoleon's death. The autopsy report of doctors in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland shows that he died of severe gastric ulcer, but new research believes that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning, and from the wallpaper that the nobles loved to use, history Scientists have also found minerals containing arsenic, presumably because the environment is humid and allows arsenic to seep out in the environment. In 1840, France's "July Dynasty" 06 welcomed Napoleon's body back from this island. On the south bank of the sparkling Seine River in Paris, there is an ancient building with a tall cupola. This is the Invalides, a must-see for tourists.Napoleon's coffin is buried there.That cathedral can be seen from any angle in Paris because its top is gilded.Today, there are no statues in it, and it has completely become a Napoleon memorial hall, with the military museum behind it.Napoleon's tomb has 7 floors, just like in China, the emperor has seven layers.The outermost is a red marble coffin, surrounded by 12 pillars, just 12 statues of the goddess of victory.The ground around the coffin is inlaid with mosaics of many place names, those victories he fought, and Waterloo certainly did not. Although the Bourbon dynasty was restored, it did not mark the end of the revolution. Until 1830, it represented the big asset July dynasty: the French constitutional monarchy, also known as the Orleans dynasty. In 1830, the July Revolution overthrew the Bourbon restoration dynasty, proclaimed Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orleans, as king, and the financial bourgeoisie took power.