Chapter 43 12. Wolves are similar every year and people are different every year.

The Yuan Dynasty was established and began to exist as a Central Plains dynasty. His next step was to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. The Mongolian war against the Song Dynasty continued intermittently for more than 40 years.Because the Mongols were still marching to the west, and the dense hills in the south of the Yangtze River, the rivers and lakes are not conducive to the actions of the Mongolian cavalry, and at that time, the Chinese did have backbone, and the people of the Southern Song Dynasty rose up indomitably against the barbaric spirit of burning and killing the Mongols. , The riots have lasted for more than 40 years.The situation in the two Songs was that "the Northern Song lacked generals and the Southern Song lacked prime ministers". There were no generals in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there were many famous generals in the Southern Song Dynasty, but there were traitors one after another.At that time, the emperor of the Song Dynasty was only 9 years old, and his grandmother, the Empress Dowager Xie, was in power, so the Yuan army went south.At this time, Lin'an City was besieged, and the imperial court issued an imperial edict requesting the world to raise troops to serve the king.But watching from all over the country, there is no way to serve the king, because the ancestral system of the Song Dynasty is that localities are not allowed to recruit soldiers.Only Wen Tianxiang, the number one scholar of the Song Dynasty who was the magistrate at that time, sold his property and recruited more than 10,000 militiamen to serve as King Qin, but when he arrived in Lin'an, the Queen Mother had already decided to surrender.

The Yuan Dynasty demanded that the prime minister submit a letter of surrender to pass on the jade seal of the country to Yuanying to surrender.The prime ministers all slipped away, just as Wen Tianxiang came, so the queen mother was very happy, you are here, the right prime minister and privy envoy is in charge of the power, and the task is to deliver the letter of surrender and pass on the jade seal of the country.After Wen Tianxiang arrived in Yuanying, he angrily reprimanded Boyan, the commander-in-chief of the Yuan army, for treachery, saying that you are crazy now, you have occupied Lin'an, and there are vast areas in the south of the Yangtze River, especially Lingnan and Hainan, where the temperature in summer is 32 degrees, can you do it?Can you cross the sea?People from the north are good at riding horses, and people from the south are good at sailing boats. Get on the boat and spit you to death.So you can talk about it, I can cede the land and pay compensation, but you have to preserve my ancestral temple.Boyan saw that this brother was a man, and a scholar who had no strength to restrain him dared to come with me, okay, don't go back, so he was detained, and he was going to be the prime minister in the Yuan Dynasty.

At that time, Kublai Khan was in Shangdu, and today is the Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia, so when Sangong surrendered, he had to escort these people northward.Traveling to Zhenjiang, Wen Tianxiang escaped under the cover of his friends and moved to Jiangnan.Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie embraced an 11-year-old little emperor, and when he died, an 8-year-old was established.It is equivalent to three little emperors at the end of the Song Dynasty. The one who surrendered was 9 years old, an 11-year-old was established and died, and another 8-year-old was established.This small dynasty was driven to the sea to drift, called Xingchao, while Wen Tianxiang led the residents to resist on land.Because the south is difficult to conquer, Kublai Khan ordered Zhang Hongfan, a famous Han general of the Yuan Dynasty, to be the marshal of the Mongol-Han army and lead an army southward.Zhang Hongfan and Zhang Shijie are cousins, but he is from Jin Guohan, and he has never been sent to the Southern Song Dynasty, so each is his master. He defeated Wen Tianxiang in Guangdong.After Wen Tianxiang was defeated, he took poison and committed suicide. Unfortunately, the poison was counterfeit medicine or it was ineffective due to rain and damp.Yuan Jun said that this man was optimistic, and the emperor called him by name, so he was put on a warship to fight Zhang Shijie's troops.Zhang Hongfan asked Wen Tianxiang to write a letter of persuasion to surrender. You must be dead, so write a letter of persuasion. Wen Tianxiang wrote the famous "Crossing Ling Dingyang": "No one in life has died since ancient times, and keep his loyalty to reflect history." Zhang Hongfan saw that persuading surrender was useless, so he launched Attacking, the entire Song army was wiped out, and Prime Minister Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea with the 8-year-old little emperor on his back.Zhang Shijie was about to retreat to Indonesia and the Philippines to regroup and counterattack, but unfortunately he was killed in a typhoon.Wen Tianxiang witnessed the demise of the motherland on the warship of the Yuan army, and the pain is indescribable.Zhang Hongfan triumphantly erected a monument at the place of Yashan, which reads, "This is where Zhang Hongfan, the great general of Zhenguo, exterminated the Song Dynasty."Later, when the Ming Dynasty was established, the text on the stele was scraped off, and it was written that "Lu Xiufu, Prime Minister of Song Dynasty, died here".

Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Dadu. When passing through Nanjing, there was a song "Crossing the Jinling Station": "The grassy platform leaves the palace and turns to the sunset, and the lonely cloud drifts away. How can I return to it? The mountains and rivers are the same, and the people in the city are half gone. The ground is full. The reeds and I are old, who flew by the swallows in the old days? From now on, don’t go to Jiangnan Road, and turn into cuckoos and return with blood.” When I arrived in Dadu, I lived in the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse at first.But Wen Tianxiang came from a wealthy family, and the number one prime minister is used to rich clothes and fine food, so don't come to this kind of trick, I have eaten and seen this before, and I am determined not to surrender.What if you don't drop?In the dungeon, bedbugs, mosquitoes, and flies freeze in winter and grow hairs in summer. They were imprisoned in Fuxue Hutong in Dongcheng District for three years.In three years, he wrote the famous long poem "Song of Righteousness": "Heaven and earth have righteousness, but miscellaneous Fu is popular..." He used these loyal ministers and righteous men in history to motivate himself not to surrender.

In the end, the Yuan Dynasty heard that the immigrants from the Southern Song Dynasty were going to riot, and they always rioted under the banner of Prime Minister Wen, so Kublai Khan himself went out and tried his best to persuade him to surrender.Wen Tianxiang was brought to the palace in commoner clothes. After meeting Kublai Khan, he only bowed to him instead of kneeling, and then sat on the ground with his back to Kublai Khan.Kublai Khan was very helpless, and smiled a bit, what do you want, sir?But please die quickly!Kublai Khan saw that he was hard-hearted and could not persuade him, so he ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed in Chaishi.When Wen Tianxiang was dying, he asked the executioner, where is the south, and the executioner showed him his finger. Wen Tianxiang bowed to the south three times. My business is over, you can do it.Martyrdom.Wen Tianxiang can be said to be a model of perfect personality that Mencius said "you can't be moved by poverty, rich and noble can't be licentious, and mighty can't be subdued". He is the best practitioner of Chinese Confucianism. This person should definitely be a god.

In 1279, the Yuan Dynasty completed the unification of China. When the Yuan Dynasty was unified, today's Xinjiang, Tibet, Yunnan, Northeast China, Taiwan, and the South China Sea islands were all under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.Historical records record the territory of the Yuan Dynasty: Liaozuo in the east and Quicksand in the west.It crosses the Yin Mountains in the north, and crosses the sea in the south.The heyday of the Han and Tang Dynasties was too late.The literati of the Han nationality may not have particularly sound geographical knowledge.The north is beyond the Yinshan Mountains, and the Yinshan Mountains are in Inner Mongolia. Once Inner Mongolia passes, you will go north to the Arctic Circle. Can you see polar bears in the territory of the Yuan Dynasty?When the Yuan Empire was at its peak, it covered about 20 million square kilometers, equivalent to the 22.4 million Soviet Union before its disintegration.If you count the Golden Horde established with Russia as the center, the Chagatai Khanate in Xinjiang in Central Asia, and the Ilkhanate in West Asia, the Mongols probably accounted for 40 million square kilometers.These three khanates later had less and less contact with the Yuan Empire. By the time of the second and third generation Khans, they were Islamized, and they must have been assimilated by the local ethnic groups.The vastness of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty is manifested in the fact that the Han people moved to the frontier, and all ethnic groups in the frontier moved into the Central Plains.Note that this is not an exchange of venues.It is estimated that the Han people who went to the frontier were forcibly demolished or exiled, and the ethnic groups in the frontier moved to the Central Plains because the Central Plains is good, and we have to rule the world if we conquer the world.

People in the Yuan Dynasty were divided into four classes, the Mongols belonged to the first class, and the second class was called Semu people.Semuren does not mean that the eyeballs are not the same color as ours, but are of various colors, including Qincha, Tangwu, Asuo, Tuba, Kangli, Uigur, Huihui, Naiman, and Qishimi, a total of 31 types. There may also be errors of reappearance of the same name or coexistence of different translations.Later, it was stipulated that, except for Han, Goryeo, and Manzi, all of them belonged to Semu people.Why is Marco Polo the Daluhuachi of Yangzhou? A foreigner can be the Party Secretary of Yangzhou because he is from Semu.The Han people are the third class, that is, people from all ethnic groups in the original Jin-ruled area.In the original Southern Song Dynasty, people from various ethnic groups were called Nanren, and Nanren was the fourth class.

"The Mongols fought with the Han people, beat the Han people, and the Han people should not report it back, and Xu Yousi. The Mongols stabbed the Han people to death, and they only needed to be punished fifty-seven times, and paid the family members of the deceased to burn and bury money; the Han people beat the Mongols to death. , you will be sentenced to death, and the principal offender’s property will be cut off, and the remaining people will be confiscated and buried.” Southerners are not allowed to practice martial arts, hunting, or form associations, and troops composed of Han and Southerners are not allowed to station north of the Yangtze River. The weapons are wood. Yes, metal weapons are only issued to you when you are in war.In order to prevent the resistance of the people of all ethnic groups, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty searched for weapons among the people.All iron rulers, iron bones, and iron sticks with knives owned by Han and Southern households will be confiscated; whips, barrels, guns, knives, bows and arrows, gongs and drums, axes, and battle-axes in folk temples for gods will be confiscated. They are also banned; even the iron fork used in farm production is strictly prohibited.In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty, it was stipulated that for armor that cannot be paired, "those who hide full armor will be executed; those who hide fifty-seven sticks; those who hide guns or knives and crossbows are enough to ten pieces; those who hide ten sets of bows and arrows will be executed." (one bow for each pair, thirty arrows).In May of the 22nd year of Zhiyuan (1285), the bows and arrows seized in Han and Jiangnan were divided into three grades, the lower grades were destroyed, the middle grades were given to nearby Mongolians, and the top grades were stored in warehouses.

So the Yuan Dynasty was the darkest dynasty in Chinese history.If it is as good as those royal historians boast, can it perish in more than 90 years?The Qing Dynasty learned his lessons, and the degree of Sinicization was much higher than him.Kublai Khan is a bit Sinicized, but he is only proficient in Chinese. Kublai Khan’s son, Crown Prince Zhenjin, is devoted to Sinicization, but Kublai Khan’s old stuff is more than 80 years old.So the Confucian officials of the Han nationality were anxious, and these people thought of a dirty trick and wrote to Kublai Khan that you should retire and give way to the real gold prince, who is very popular.Kublai Khan favored those Semu businessmen who could make money, and Semu people were the most despised by Han Confucian officials, so the two sides fought fiercely.Kublai Khan was very angry after seeing the letter, and called Zhenjin to scold him severely. Zhenjin was frightened to death. He may have been weak, and the emperor choked up when he scolded him.As a result, Kublai Khan hated these Han Confucian officials even more, separated our father and son, and scared my son to death.

Zhenjin's son Tiemu'er became the grandson of the emperor, who became Yuan Chengzong later.The emperor's grandson also hates these Confucian officials very much. If you think about it, if you wrote to my grandfather to ask him to retire, would my father be scared to death?So he also resisted Sinicization. Since the Mongols came to rule the Central Plains, the subsequent Mongol emperors basically didn’t even know Chinese characters and couldn’t speak Chinese. The entire Central Plains was ruled by foreigners.The Daluhuachi sent by Mongolia to various places as guards also cannot speak Chinese or write Chinese characters.

An example in Mongolian history books is what happened to Persia and what happened to Alexander the Great, because before he conquered the Central Plains, he had already come into contact with Islamic civilization and Christian civilization, so he would not be completely conquered by Confucian civilization.He is not like the Liao Jin or the Xiongnu Xianbei. He has never seen anything else. Once he entered the Central Plains, his level of civilization was much higher than ours.Mongols have seen everything and believe in all religions. Many Mongolian emperors are Christians. I think China is not much better than others. The development characteristics of a unified multi-ethnic country, in addition to the interpenetration of Han and Mongolia, the second is the integration of the Khitan and Jurchens in the Yellow River Basin during the Liao and Jin Dynasties and the Han people. They were called Han people in the Yuan Dynasty.But the Khitans and Jurchens who stayed in their hometown remained unchanged. The Jurchens later developed into the Manchus, and the Khitans may have developed into the Daur people. The third feature is that since the Tang Dynasty, Persians and Arabs have immigrated into China in large numbers and settled in our country.Pu Shougeng, the last governor of the Southern Song Dynasty, was an Arab.In the Southern Song Dynasty, he served as the Secretary of the City and Ships for more than 30 years, which is equivalent to the head of the Customs in the Southern Song Dynasty.At that time, Quanzhou was the largest commercial city in the world. He had been a shipping company there for more than 30 years, and his wealth was beyond rivals.When the Yuan army went south, the Southern Song Dynasty recruited Pu Shougeng to serve as the King of Qin, and Pu Shougeng surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty with money.He knew that I was a foreigner in the Song Dynasty, and I was a Semu person in the Yuan Dynasty. If I continued to work as a market secretary, the money would be high.The Pu family later settled in China and made a fortune.They intermarried with the Han, Mongolian and Uighurs and began to form the Hui nationality.Because they believe in Islam, and Islam is called Islam in China, the people who believe in Islam are called Hui people. Fourth, Tibet became the administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty.The Yuan Dynasty set up an inspection department in Penghu to govern Ryukyu (that is, Taiwan), and the place where the Yuan Dynasty governed Tibet was called the Xuanzhengyuan.So Tibet officially became an administrative region of China in the Yuan Dynasty, but not in the Tang Dynasty.Some people say that the Tang-Tibet alliance, if we marry a princess in the past, it will be ours, so it is better for you to marry Japan, marry one from each country, and unify the world.So the method of getting married doesn’t count, and Tibet only officially became an administrative region of China in the Yuan Dynasty. How to govern such a vast territory depends on the provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty. There are three institutions in the central government: Zhongshu Sheng, Privy Council, and Yushitai.The Zhongshu Province is the highest administrative organ, which is equivalent to the Shangshu Province in the Tang and Song Dynasties.At that time, there were originally three provinces, Zhongshu, Shangshu, and sectarians. The Mongols could not play, and it became the monopoly of the Zhongshu Province, and one province was solely responsible.Of course, Zhongshu Sheng and the prime minister are not the same, Zhongshu Youchengxiang, Zhongshu Zuochengxiang, Pingzhang Zhengshi, Shen Zhizhengshi, Zuo Cheng, You Cheng a lot.The Privy Council is a military institution, which was established in the Song Dynasty.Yushitai is the procuratorial organ, which has existed since the Qin Dynasty.In addition, the Xuanzheng Yuan is set up to oversee religious affairs and administer the Tibetan region.It is roughly equivalent to today's State Council Religious Affairs Administration and the Tibet Autonomous Region Party Committee.Except for Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong, which are directly managed by the Zhongshu Province, the provincial system is implemented locally, and the Xingzhongshu Province is set up for short as a province or province, and is managed by officials appointed by the central government. The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by peasant uprisings. The Mongol emperor is quite funny.There were a total of 12 emperors in the Yuan Dynasty, 90 years, and 12 emperors in the Qing Dynasty, but nearly 300 years.After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, there were 10 emperors in 270 years, and Mongolia had 12 emperors in 90 years, not counting the previous ones.During these 90 years, the first emperor Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan lived for 30 years, and the last emperor Shundi Tuohuan Timur lived for 30 years. In the middle 30 years, there were 10 emperors, with an average of 3 years, which proves that most of them are abnormal. die.The internal strife among the Mongolian nobles was quite severe, which led to the early death of the country.The darkest page in Chinese history has just been turned. Of course, the Ming Dynasty is not much stronger than him.