Chapter 44 13. The fate of the unupgraded version of Sinicization

The period of Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties was a period of highly prosperous ancient culture, with the emergence of Neo Confucianism, the prosperity of Song Ci and Yuan Qu, the emergence of secular literature, and the development of science and technology. After the Khitan, Dangxiang, Jurchen, and Mongolian cultures were integrated with Han culture, they had new features.In fact, except for the Mongols, the cultures of the first three ethnic groups are almost the same as those of China. People in the Song Dynasty said: "From Khitan to the north of Yanji, and Tuoba to the west of Lingxia, all the heroes born during this period are for their own use. China's land, service of Chinese manpower, calling China's title, imitating Chinese officials, appointing Chinese talents, reading Chinese books and periodicals, using Chinese cars and clothing, and implementing Chinese laws. It is the work of the two enemies, all of which are equal to China." That is to say, these There is no difference between a human and a Han nationality.Only the Mongols returned to the grasslands after 90 years. Those who used to herd sheep went back to herd sheep. Bai stayed in the Central Plains for so many years, just like studying abroad.

First look at the science and technology of this period.There are three great inventions: printing, the compass, and gunpowder.In the middle of the eleventh century, Bi Sheng of the Northern Song Dynasty invented movable type printing, and then spread it to Korea, Japan, Egypt and Europe.According to the Koreans, they invented it, and this point of view can be ignored. The compass has been widely used in the Song Dynasty.Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor invented it when he was fighting Chi You. At least Zu Chongzhi built a compass cart, so the compass should have been invented very early.It was widely used in navigation in Song Dynasty.The compass spread to Arabia and Europe in the 13th century, providing important conditions for European navigators to discover America and realize circumnavigation.Back then, the ship sent by Japan to Tang was lost because it had no compass and could not find the north, so it was lost to Indonesia or Siberia.Arabs have to take Chinese boats when they come to China, and they also have to take Chinese boats when they return home, because Chinese boats have their own rules.If there is no ship from China to other countries in the last three years, he will live here for three years, and he will not live here for ten years.If the dynasty changes, I will never go there, but settle down in China.Much better than dying at sea, so the contribution of the compass is considerable.

There is also gunpowder, which was used in military affairs in the late Tang Dynasty.The sudden fire gun invented in the Southern Song Dynasty created a new stage in the history of human combat and was introduced to Arabia in the 13th century.The invention of this musket brought combat into the era of combined use of cold weapons and gunpowder weapons, and by the 17th century it had completely entered the era of gunpowder weapons.There are craftsmen who can make guns in the Mongolian army, and they invented tube-shaped weapons and shooting weapons during the war with Arabia.After the Arabs learned it, they also used muskets when fighting against Spain.This is the direct ancestor of all firearms of today.

The Spanish defenders were surprised when they found that the Arabs were manipulating a pipe-shaped thing. Later, the archbishop was invited. He said that I would crack it. This is his witchcraft. He hung a picture of the Virgin Mary and sprinkled holy water. .As soon as the cannon was fired, the tower, the bishop, and the Virgin Mary all went to heaven. Europeans found this thing to be easy to use, and started to play it, and it was better than us as soon as we played it.In the eyes of today's angry youth, Mr. Lu Xun should be the number one traitor in China. Lu Xun called the Chinese people cruel. Are you right? How dare you say something wrong?Therefore, angry youths are the most disastrous to the country and the people, and their patriotism is even more terrifying than traitors.Mr. Lu Xun said, "The foreigners invented gunpowder to make cannons. The Chinese invented gunpowder to drive away ghosts and make cannons to set off fireworks." The flowers of the bird's nest are probably the most advanced in the world.We have to import our flowers for the National Day of the United States, because we make the most beautiful flowers.Why did the Chinese invent the compass?Look at Feng Shui.It is unlucky to build a house, and it is not suitable to break ground. Foreigners use it to discover a new world for sailing.Conversely, foreigners use opium to treat diseases, and Chinese people use it as food.Now you can’t learn how many good things our ancestors have left for us. If you go down the wrong path, you say it’s because the ancestors are incompetent or the descendants are unfilial.The three major inventions are obviously the best in the world, so the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games had to showcase ancient Chinese civilization.In addition, "Mengxi Bi Tan" written by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty is also a milestone in the history of Chinese science.

Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty created Jianyi and Gaobiao.Guo Shoujing is a famous astronomer, mathematician, and water conservancy expert. He served as the water supervisor of the capital.The principle of the Jingmi Diversion Canal in Beijing today was proposed by Guo Shoujing back then.Today, as soon as I came out of Jishuitan subway station, there was an ancient building, that is Huigong Temple, in memory of Guo Shoujing, because at that time Jishuitan, including Tonghui River, were all excavated by Guo Shoujing.The emperor of the Yuan Dynasty issued an imperial decree to allow officials to retire at the age of 70. Officials can apply for retirement at the age of 70, except for Guo Shoujing in brackets.Others can retire at 70, but Guo Shoujing can't, so Guo Shoujing worked until he died in office, and he was emperor for several dynasties in the Yuan Dynasty.He also created Jianyi and Gaobiao, and presided over nationwide astronomical surveys.Compilation of "Shou Shi Calendar".This is the calendar, which is more than three hundred years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.Today's Gregorian calendar was formulated by Pope Gregory in the Ming Dynasty, also known as the Gregorian calendar, but China's calendar is 300 years earlier than it.Guo Shoujing calculated that a year is 365.2425 days, which is 13 seconds behind the current actual running time.Today I use a computer to calculate, but back then I didn’t even have an abacus, maybe it was calculated by using a stick in the ground, which is amazing.

Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty compiled a chronological general history, starting from the Warring States period and down to the Five Dynasties.The emphasis is on the political rise and fall of the past dynasties, so that the monarch can learn from the experience and lessons. Therefore, he generally writes about politics and military affairs, not economics and culture. The most important achievement of literature in this period is words.Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu, Ming and Qing novels are representatives of literature in each period.Li Yu, the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was a poet in the Five Dynasties.The lyrics were popular songs at that time, which were divided into bold and graceful, with the graceful style being the main one.Most of the words handed down from ancient times to the present belong to the graceful school.Because pop songs are not the two eternal themes of life and love, there are also patriotic songs, "Welcome to Beijing", but that does not occupy the mainstream. "Words express emotion, poetry expresses ambition".Therefore, the ancients believed that Ci is Yanke, especially many graceful Ci, which belong to reactionary pornographic songs.Many of Li Yu's words are like this, he was surrounded by the Song army in Nanjing, no war, no peace, no defense, no death, no surrender, no leave.How to get rid of being surrounded, writing lyrics all day long.His "Broken Form" - "Forty years of family and country, three thousand miles of mountains and rivers. Phoenix pavilions and dragon towers are connected to the sky, Yushu Qiongzhi is used as tobacco. I have never known how to fight." If I don't know how to fight, you can bully me . "Once he becomes a subject, his waist sinks and his temples wear away. On the day when he resigns from the temple in a hurry, the church will still play a farewell song. Weeping at the maid." Seeing that he is so promising, weeping at the palace.The ancestors are destroyed in their hands, can they be worthy of the ancestors and the common people?Of course, his words are much better than those of those people in the early days. It used to be a matter of men and women, and the artistic conception began to grow from him.Although he was also subjugated and mourned, and graceful, he was very bold and unrestrained in it, and later wrote "A river of spring water flows eastward."

The Song Dynasty was the time when the literary form of Ci was the most developed and prosperous.The prosperity of Song Ci is due to the development of economy, the prosperity of commerce and cities, and the expansion of the ranks of citizens.Among the ancient Chinese literary forms, words should adapt to the development of citizens, that is to say, it is the same as the Ming and Qing novels of later generations.Ci is a popular song, it must meet the needs of the citizens, and the citizens as a whole need the eternal theme of life and love.Of course, their popular songs are popular, but today's songs are vulgar and unreasonable.

Another reason is that the contradictions in the Song Dynasty were sharp, and Song Ci was just used to express patriotic spirit, so Ci could develop bold and unrestrained style in Song Dynasty.Su Shi is the founder of the bold and unconstrained school. As mentioned earlier, this poem is about expressing ambition and words are about romance, so Su Shi is equivalent to broadening the way of words, using poems as words.For example, everyone is very familiar with "When is the bright moon coming? Ask the blue sky for wine." This artistic conception is similar to Li Bai's two poems "When is the moon in the blue sky? I want to stop drinking and ask."In fact, when Li Houzhu was in charge, the artistic conception of Ci was great. When Mr. Wang Guowei mentioned Li Houzhu, the artistic conception of Ci was great. Su Shi is even more remarkable. Opposite him is Liu Yong, the main representative of the Grace School, the chilling and sad master in "Raining Bells".Liu Liuyong had already passed the Jinshi examination. When Song Renzong saw his name, he asked, "Could it be that Liu Sanchang who wrote the lyrics?" "Let's go and write lyrics." You write this stuff all day long, obscene words and songs, making you lose the dignity of the court as an official.So Liu Yong became even more unrestrained, writing lyrics according to the order, poor and sick without medical treatment, and prostitutes chipped in to bury him.Therefore, teachers in the industry are dedicated to the sage Confucius, those who practice martial arts are dedicated to Guan Yunchang or Yue Pengju, those who sing opera are dedicated to Tang Minghuang, and those in brothels are dedicated to the ancestor Liu Yong, the god of industry.

Li Qingzhao, a poetess, should belong to the school of grace and restraint, with high achievements.She just happened to experience the pain of subjugation and family loss, that is, the Jingkang Incident, and all the antiques she had collected for many years were destroyed.Xin Qiji belonged to the unrestrained sect, so the unrestrained sect is also called the Su Xin sect.Xin Qiji was the leader of the northern rebel army and the anti-golden rebel army, and he led more than 10,000 people to the Southern Song Dynasty. The song "Partridge Sky" is very embarrassing. "At the age of strength, the flag embraces ten thousand husbands. At the beginning of the golden scorpion riding across the river, the Yan soldiers night the silver beard sheath, and the Han arrows fly towards the golden servant girl. Chasing the past, sighing at me today. The spring breeze does not stain the white mustache. But the ten thousand characters are flattened policy, in exchange for the owner to plant a tree book." He also has a lifelong ambition that cannot be rewarded, and he only wants to restore the Central Plains and regain the lost land.As a result, the Southern Song Dynasty was a time when traitors came out in large numbers. Among them, the traitor Han Yuzhou went to the Northern Expedition, pulled the banner and pulled the tiger's skin, and made Xin Qiji the chief of staff. The old man was very happy and drank too much at night. "I finally have the opportunity to serve the country, as the chief of staff.As a result, the Northern Expedition failed, and Han Tuozhou's head was sent to the Kingdom of Jin. The old man may have died of depression.Although the number of bold and unconstrained Ci is small, it has a great influence, especially the Ci of patriotic literati in the Southern Song Dynasty.

The most famous one is Chen Liang. Chen Liang is as famous as Lu You and Xin Qiji. He has a poem called "Send Zhang Demao to the Envoy".Zhang Demao is a person. Every year the Song Dynasty sent envoys to the Jin Dynasty to congratulate him, so he wrote a letter to send Zhang Demao as an envoy to the captives. Xiaque is particularly artistic. Half a disgraced minister".The Central Plains area occupied by the Jin was once the land of Yao, Shun and Yu. Some people should be ashamed to profess their vassals to the Hu people. "Thousands of miles, the smell of mutton is like this, and the heroes of the ages are here. When will it be clear?" This place has been occupied by the barbarians, so the smell of mutton is like this. "Why does Hu Yun need to ask, He Ri is among them!" Hu people's luck can only exceed a hundred years, and the sun will always be in the sky!That kind of artistic conception and spirit is very positive, unlike Li Yu's "a river of spring water flows eastward", which is very negative and depressed.

Lu You mainly focuses on poetry, and his words are also very good.Lu You's poems may be the most handed down among poets. There are probably more than 9,600 poems and more than 100 words handed down.If you don't count poets, Qianlong should be the one who wrote the most poems, with more than 40,000 poems, but he can't read them.There are more than 40,000 poems, and a few poems have to be written a day, and one person can kill all Tang poems. But the real poet who wrote the most works is Lu You.Mr. Liang Qichao once commented on Lu You: "The poetry world has been popular for thousands of years, and the soul of the soldiers has disappeared. The soul of the country is empty. Nineteen of the poems are military music, and the ancient man once let go." That is to say, only Lu Fangweng's poems are the best!Because Lu You is also both civil and military, and he has lived a long time. He is over 80 years old, and his ambitions are hard to repay in his life. "The survivors wept in the dust, looking south to Master Wang for another year." Year after year can't be expected, so when he finally died, "Master Wang set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family sacrifices were never forgotten to tell Nai Weng." When the Tartars are expelled, remember to tell me when you go to the grave.Of course, the Kingdom of Jin also perished within a few years after his death, but a more powerful minority regime emerged. Fortunately, the old man did not see it when he was alive. Then another achievement is the script. A storybook is actually a novel.For example, there are stories in the scriptures. When they heard that Liu Xuande was defeated, everyone shed tears. When they heard that Cao Cao failed, everyone clapped the table and applauded.In fact, until the Tang Dynasty, Cao Wei was orthodox.Because Jin inherited Cao Wei, Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms", Cao Wei is orthodox, Shu Han and Sun Wu are not orthodox.In the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, including the Sui and Tang Dynasties, all meant to inherit the Jin Dynasty, and regarded Cao Wei as the orthodox Shu Han as a traitor.Only in the Song Dynasty did the Shu Han be regarded as orthodox.Because before it was emphasized that whoever occupies the Central Plains is orthodox, now that the Song Dynasty has lost the Central Plains, can it be said that he is not righteous, so he emphasizes that the king is orthodox.Chang'an Luoyang is not orthodox, the kingly way is orthodox, and now I am kingly running to Hangzhou, I am still orthodox.Speaking of that time, although Liu Bei went to Chengdu, he was the king of Han, and he was also orthodox. He was located in the land of Shu, and the king was the king of Han. This ideological concept of the Song Dynasty made the drafts of these books formed in the Song Dynasty.If you take a taxi at noon, you will find that half of the ten drivers are listening to storytelling. Tian Lianyuan and Shan Tianfang mainly rely on storytelling to popularize historical knowledge.What storytelling tells is actually far from the truth of history, but everyone loves to listen to it, and this kind of stuff is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.I listened to it when I was a child, but I don’t listen to it now, I just laugh when I hear it, it’s so funny, how Liu Xiu kills heroes, that’s Liu Bang, Liu Xiu doesn’t do it.But this thing is very story-based, and citizens love to listen to gossip, so it is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The highest achievement of Yuan Dynasty literature is Yuanqu.Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, the masterpiece is Guan Hanqing.Why Yuan Opera was widely promoted in the Yuan Dynasty, because the Yuan Dynasty was established by the Mongols.This group of people quickly conquered the Central Plains with a scimitar, so they don't think that culture is useful. Can we beat it like this if culture is useful?Therefore, only 16 imperial examinations were held in the entire Yuan Dynasty in more than 90 years, and there was almost no way out for culture.During the Cultural Revolution, intellectuals were called stinky old nine, which was decided by the Mongols.What is the stinky old nine? "One official, two officials, three monks, four Taoists, five doctors, six craftsmen, seven craftsmen, eight prostitutes, nine Confucians, and ten beggars".Scholars are inferior to prostitutes and only superior to beggars, so nine Confucian scholars and Confucian scholars are stinky old nine.In the era of stinky old nine, intellectuals could not be officials without imperial examinations. After thinking about it, they put their resentment into writing.Write what resonates the most, Yuan Qu. Just like TV drama scripts, if you write novels, I don’t read them. Mongolians can’t read. If you write scripts, everyone can read them when they are performed. "You don't know what is good and what is evil, you are wrong and foolish." Who is this scolding?To scold the court, the Mongols are stupid, they don’t understand Chinese, and they don’t understand what it means. If the Qing Dynasty, which has a strong Sinicization, is left behind, it’s over.The level of Chinese spoken by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty was too high, and they could be understood as soon as they heard it.It doesn't matter if you scold Mongolia, if you are stupid, scold you!Anyway, I don't understand, but I know that leg of lamb is delicious, so that's good!So the top foolishly ruled, and the bottom scolded the street fiercely, which encouraged the maturity and spread of Yuanqu.