Chapter 2 Preface: Farewell to Five Thousand Years of Monarchy

This clumsy work was written after the author retired.As a history teacher, I personally have been teaching history in universities for more than forty years since I was twenty-four.In this nearly half a century of teaching career, Shi Jiu spent time in two universities in New York, USA.Taught two courses at Columbia Graduate School for seven years.One can be said to be an overview of Sinology including a subset of classics and history, poems and songs, and the other is a study of historical materials including modern Chinese history.In class, I often push a whole book cart of "historical materials" into the classroom.He has taught for nearly forty years at the City University of New York.In the first 20 years, he took part-time lectures in various branches of the City University, and in the next 20 years, he worked full-time in the City College of the City University headquarters.For twelve years, he served as the head of the Department of Asian Studies, and was responsible for designing and teaching various courses.In the middle school teacher training courses sponsored by the New York City government and the federal government, he also taught a variety of subjects.All in all, nearly 20 courses have been designed and taught at the New York City University in the past forty years.As the person in charge of a "course proposal", even if you don't attend the class yourself, you must have a thorough grasp of the teaching content.In addition, the students and parents of the City University of New York come from all over the world, with complex racial, religious and political backgrounds.As a history subject teacher, especially a designer, you have to take care of all possible problems in all aspects.After a long time, before you know it, you will become a big miscellaneous who knows everything and doesn't know too much.There is nothing worse than a waste of business in a waste of time.

However, in this involuntary teaching environment, the author tried hard to make one insistence: Among more than ten kinds of subjects that cannot be avoided, I always insisted that the lesson of modern Chinese history must be taught in person; lack also.Due to the complexity of the students' backgrounds and varying degrees, we have to pay attention to the selection of teaching historical materials at all times. The textbooks of each school year are revised according to the current publication situation.Therefore, in the past forty years, I have been foolish and ignorant, and I have not been able to write a book, but I have been teaching lectures.Recalling that at Columbia University in the past, due to the library management function, I had systematically collected and compiled national historical materials.Although work is a marriage for others, but it is the responsibility of the person, practice makes perfect, good talent and classics, every time you ask for it, you can get it.Friends and students have consultations from time to time, and they can often solve problems that have been puzzling for several years.Since there is no Chinese book equipment in the city university, Yu Chang signed a contract with the New York city government and the city university to jointly set up a Chinese library by the city library and the city university library, so as to facilitate the teaching of the city university and concurrently Serving the Chinese American community.The city government has the funding and legislation, and the community and academic circles also have the need.For this reason, the author has had countless meetings with city government officials and city leaders, but in the end, the support from the Chinese American community was too little, and the government did not recognize it enough, so it was aborted. It is a pity.In the absence of a major institution of higher education, the Department of Asian Studies with Sinology as the focus and no collection of Sinology as the foundation, it is difficult for a clever woman to make a living.Fortunately, the author has served Columbia University for many years, and the two schools are close at hand, and they can exchange research materials.As for the daily teaching and research on Sinology, literature and history, the author always uses his personal collection as an aid to teachers and students in the department.Regarding the information, a piece of paper dare not be discarded.The accumulation of a little makes a lot, and for decades, the thatched cottage has turned into a warehouse.

However, in this high-tech era, the collection of historical materials is beyond the competence of a generation of cold scholars.A broom that cherishes itself is a drop in the ocean.Fortunately, I have lived in New York for a long time, and the best and worst of the world are gathered in one city. If you need it, you can still get it right away.After retiring from New York City a few years ago, she was married and was free for the first time. The cultural and publishing circles were friendly and there were people who requested manuscripts.You can also try your best.Lecture notes and old graffiti from the school back then were transported back to the basement from the school, and they were still piled up like a chaotic mountain. I occasionally sorted them out and edited them to meet orders. At first, I didn’t expect that there were like-minded readers, sages, friends and teachers, and they were quite serious. dividends.In addition to inheriting the great love of teachers and friends, the author dare not give up on himself.After all, if you live in an ivory tower for decades, even if you are a fool, can you get nothing?Because every frosty morning and moonlight night, among dozens of boxes of old manuscripts, those that are still usable are briefly checked and compiled into articles, and most of them are sent to Mr. Liu Shaotang for selection in "Biographical Literature".Random graffiti and postage, over the past few years, it has reached more than one million words.Over time, it has become a huge book, which is also unexpected.In the early 1960s, the author subscribed to write with the American publisher McMillan, and compiled more than a thousand pages of English manuscripts of "The Complete History of the Republic of China" in the 20th century (some chapters were edited by Professor Li Youning in the quarterly Chinese Studies in History For the disclosure, see the 1988 issues).He inherited the generous funding from the Social Science Research Council (Social Science Research Council) to be the editor-in-chief of Annotated Bibliography of Republican China ("Detailed Notes on the History of the Republic of China"). There are dozens of boxes of manuscripts. Although he knows that the funds are limited, it is not the work of one person. However, the Foolish Old Man moved the mountain. There are clear instructions in ancient times. He knew it was impossible and did it, so he was not discouraged.However, after I changed my job at Columbia University, I took on a new job where management was more important than research, and I made a lot of changes, and all my previous efforts were wasted, which was not what I wanted.After a lapse of time, begging for food from a foreign country, there is nothing like it, and it is sad to think about it.Now that I have retired, although I am getting old, but the piano and sword are still there, it is a pity to discard them, and I feel uneasy after touching the old bamboo slips.Days leave for years, dare not give up on yourself.

Exploration of New Historiography in the Computer Age In this article, the author must confess to wise readers that "Biographical Literature" edited by Mr. Liu Shaotang is not a "Journal" type of magazine.The author also has no intention of writing more journal articles.The so-called academic journal articles are not boring in style, and there must be evidence for their words. This is what my teacher, Mr. Hu Shizhi, said, "If there is one point of evidence, one point can be said; if there is nine points of evidence, one cannot say anything."How dare I disobey the teacher's training like a mountain.I just feel that academic articles do not necessarily have to be boring.It is well-founded, and it is not necessary to add annotations every sentence to show off your knowledge.Due to the influence of the academic methods of natural sciences in the American literature and history circles, the writings of social sciences are also full of questions, which are difficult to read.Those who rule history don't have to be like this.When the author was a doctoral student, I was deeply disgusted with this American fashion. However, people speak lightly. In the foreign science field, how dare an old boy rebel?Who knows that it is reasonable to rebel if it is true, but there is no one to worry about rebellion.The person who raised the flag of righteousness for the first time in this trip was unexpectedly Dean Jacques Barzun, one of the teachers I most admired at Columbia University.Bashi served as the Provost and Dean of Letters of Columbia University for many years, and then retired as a University Professor.During the period when the author was employed as a student, Papie from time to time in his lectures severely criticized Shi Shi's flaunting, and the Meipu-style tedious historiography with footnotes (Footnote) for learning was inappropriate (Pappie was of French origin), and he wrote it in the 1960s. It was discussed painfully in the Columbia University Journal.Helpless, the accumulated disadvantages are deep, and even a master with a high reputation like Bassoon can't change the customs.The author continues to read the Sinology papers of the teachers and students of this country, and every one of them has some superficial and absurd works that are unspeakable.At that time, I sighed for it, and sighed that the abuses in foreign imperial examinations were no less than China's stereotyped essays. What can I say?! Unexpectedly, the development of computers in recent years has reached an unimaginable level. and the Thirteen Classics, etc. have been input into the Internet; even the Siku Quanshu has been computerized in mainland China.The author himself was tutored by an electronic expert from the Academia Sinica in Nangang, Taipei, and tried to check the twenty-five histories and the thirteen classics. The buttons were found, and the required historical materials were almost overwhelming.In recent months, the "Deep Blue" computer designed by Chinese American Dr. Chongren Tan and other experts for IBM in the United States played against the world chess champion Kosparuff. Kos was defeated, which shocked the world.In fact, there is nothing surprising about this.The "speed per second" of Gai Shenlan's chess calculations is 200 million steps, and there are more than ten thousand kinds of chess records, and they are changing with each passing day, and they are always improving. The accumulation of wisdom in a person's brain has its limit.The ancients said that there is a limit and there is no limit.The defeat of the chess king is nothing special. Furthermore, according to the current development of computer science, the computer in the next century will have the ability to retrieve one billion words per second, which can directly surpass the United States where the current iron shelf is more than 60 miles long. The Library of Congress, all the collections are collected in one machine, and it is more than enough to put in your pockets. How decent is it?! Readers who are wise and criticize my essays may suspect that I am writing a science fiction novel.Friends, no, no!It will only be ten or twenty years before this fantasy becomes a reality.The computer revolution has now overwhelmed mountains and seas, and we are in this mountain, and we are only conscious of it.

Now back to business.Talking about the impact of the computer revolution on historiography is really unbearable.In the past, the author advised Mr. Hu Shizhi not to engage in his "Shui Jing Zhu" any more.The original meaning is that Master Hu is a great thinker in this life, so he can give up eating because of choking, and indulge in the small way of textual research and exegesis?However, Mr. Hu, who has a long history of "addiction" to textual research, can't listen to it.Who knows that in today's computer age, textual research and exegesis have really become a craftsman's skill. Mr. Shizhi's 20 years of work, if you use a computer to retrieve it in the future, it will take a few weeks.Hu Shi wasted 20 years of time, how can our national wisdom be wasted? ...In fact, even before the advent of modern computers, the American historian circles have made footnotes to this, and the resistance to the flood of cumbersome historiography has been raging. Stereotyped historiography is really absurd.In the future under the shadow of the computer.That's even more trivial.Last fall, The New York Times reported in detail on this academic revolution. (See William H. Honan. "Footnotes Offering Fewer Insights: Scholars Desert an Old Tradition in a Search for Wider Appeal." The New York Times. EDUCATION. August 14, 1996. p.B9.)

If this is the case, when the author tried to write this article, he was concerned about the impatience of ordinary readers with chapters and sentences; at the same time, he did not write in a textbook style to test the orientation of new historiography in the computer age.General historical facts that have been finalized early are listed in the final volume in the form of "chronicles and events" and "big event year logs" in Fu Tong's historiography.In this way, the reader can understand at a glance.There is no need for the author to be wordy.The debatable, astonishing, and deplorable points in the historical facts are described in detail in the main text, and the smell of journals is tried to be reduced, so that most ordinary readers can read the final volume.Famous masters whose insights are enough to teach us through the ages will collect them extensively; or if there are deficiencies, they will be filled by one of the fools.Although it is only a fool who got it, I will also prepare the words of the family, waiting for more supplements and evidence from those who know me well.As for the general footnotes, except for those that are critical, those that are readily available are omitted.Covering expert search, it is not difficult at first, and readers also know that the author is not lying.Talking about the practice of taking the clumsy article as a new direction, even if it can't be achieved, I yearn for it.I sincerely ask readers to make corrections at any time.

Three stages, two transformations For those who have advanced, the author has read history, taught history, and written history for decades, and the laborers sing their own songs.This is the clumsy theory that has never left the mouth for decades, the so-called "three major stages, two transformations of public opinion".Foolishness has been recorded in the history of the country since Xia Yu's family, which lasted for more than 4,000 years (2200 BC to 2000 AD).During the four thousand years, if we analyze it according to the typological approach to social development unique to our nation, we can see the development of our nation's sociopolitical pattern over the past four thousand years.Geiko summed it up into three major stages, namely feudalism, monarchy, and rule by the people.The transition from feudalism to imperialism took place between Shang Yang, Qin Huang, Han Wu, and lasted about 300 years.The transition from the imperial system to the people's rule took place after the Opium War, which is also the stage of modern Chinese history that we have personally seen.The author contemptuously believes that this transformation is at least not hard to see for more than two hundred years.In other words, it will take at least the middle of the next century for the sufferings that our nation has suffered in modern China to loosen.This is not to learn from the so-called two major transformations.

The Marxist school of history, which still dominates the history circles in mainland China today, divides the history of the country into five stages according to the dogma of Marxism, namely the primitive commune, the slave society, the feudal society, the capitalist society and the socialist society (including the so-called "final stage"). The communist society) is also.Today, due to the implementation of the two systems on the mainland and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, socialism has become a street mouse, and few people sincerely believe it.However, where there is no doubt, there is room for doubt.Looking at the historiography of famous scholars for more than a hundred years, the scientific nature of the theory of social development stages of the Ma School is understandable.It’s just that the Germanic scholars were too arbitrary, and they tended to make partial generalizations; while the enlightened literati after the May Fourth Movement in our country worshiped the foreign too much, and they did not eat the foreign in the academic transformation period.To be wrong is to be wrong.Although the development of human society has its common features, the social development of the major nationalities also has its own characteristics. The interaction between the two forms the different types and stages of the history of each nation.On the Eurasian continent, the experience of the social development of the Chinese nation is comparable to that of the Caucasian nation (including the Semitic Peoples).What the Ma School historiography has concluded is actually a phenomenon of the Caucasian nation, and if it is used to explain the development of our nation, it will be quite different.If the mortise and mortise holes are different in size but if they are rigidly connected, hundreds of millions of people will die.It's sad to think!

No slave society and no capitalism In ancient my country, there were slaves, but no slavery. The author has tried to prove this in different books, and the international Sinology community also has a consensus. (See "The new Encyclopedia Britannica in 30 volumes" (The new Encyclopaedia Britannica in 30 volumes) 1977 edition. Volume 16. Page 858) Since there is no stage of slave society, the feudal system in the history of our country actually originated from the primitive commune (Primitive Commune) evolved directly.In fact, the so-called primitive communes in the Ma School historiography are the tribal life of the early people.Gai Chu's people's life was originally similar to the social behavior of social animals such as monkeys, horses, cattle and sheep, especially apes.Animals live in packs and stay in groups.The life of the early people must also take the tribe as the unit, and the life of the tribe must have its naturally formed chief, the differences between the senior and the young, the strength of the weak, and the communication between the tribes, as well as the competition and struggle among them.Even the habit of guarding the soil and the division of husband's boundaries.Also born with.In recent years, biologists have discovered that African chimpanzees (chimpanzees) often fight in groups for territory, which is like tribal wars among primitive peoples.Although the generation had no weapons to use, they grasped and bit, and used both claws and teeth to protect the borders and lands of the ethnic group, and they often suffered casualties, and sometimes even the entire clan died together.This is true for apes, how much more so for humans?Therefore, the habit of belonging to the soil in the early civil society and the natural formation of the old, young, strong and weak classes are actually the embryonic form of feudalism.Subsequently, among the tribes, the strong bullied the weak, the many tyrannized the few, the big eat the small, and the emperor was inferior... The result of thousands of years of evolution and evolution was the formation of a high-level feudal dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty.In the past, when I read the history of American Reds, I was always amazed at its similarity with the history of the three generations of my country.A recent reading of the history of the Indian "Empire" established in Virginia, USA around the 17th century shows that the establishment of You Enfeng was based on tribal life.In its heyday, the territory of this state was about twice that of Taiwan, and its monarch, Powhatan, had 30 vassals, large and small.Each family has its territory of different size; each family also has warriors ranging from twenty to three hundred.The rights and obligations between their monarchs and princes are also agreed upon, which is quite impressive.Baohatan had a very beautiful daughter, who later married an Englishman and was quite famous.Reading this book at leisure, I doubt it is the English translation of "Zuo Zhuan". (See Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture. University of Oklahoma Press, 1989. pp. 114-125.)

Regarding the characteristics of feudal society, we can say that two points are most important.One is that the land belongs to the emperor or the princes. The big nobles can "seal" the land to the small nobles, but they are not allowed to buy or sell it, and the common people are not allowed to privately own it.The second is that the aristocrats in the ruling class practice hereditary system, and the people of the Li people must not enter the ruling class except for nepotism or gang rebellion.This eastern-style feudal system developed to the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the eighth century BC, and it can be said to have reached its peak.Materialism must go against the extreme, and after King Xiping moved eastward (771 BC), it began to slide and even collapsed.The most simple and clear ancient account that can explain this process from landslide, collapse to restructuring is actually a section in "Hanshu? Geographical Records".And the transcript is as follows:

Zhou Jue has five ranks, while Tu has three ranks: Gong and Marquis for hundreds of miles; Boss for seventy miles; Zi and Nan for fifty miles.Dissatisfaction is a vassal, covering thousands and eight hundred countries.However, after Taihao and Huangdi, Tang and Yu Houbo still exist, and the records of emperors follow one after another.The Zhou family declined, and the rites and music conquests came from the princes, and they were swallowed up in turn. In hundreds of years, the countries were exhausted.By the time of the Spring and Autumn Period, there were still dozens of countries, and the Five Boss were thriving one after another, and they were in charge of their alliance.From Lingyi to the Warring States period, the world was divided into seven, and they joined Lianheng for decades.Qin Sui merged the four seas, and because the Zhou system was weak, he was eventually lost by the princes. Therefore, he did not establish a ruler of land, divided the world into prefectures and counties, and wiped out the descendants of the former saints, leaving no one left behind. (See Zhonghua Book Company Edition "Hanshu? Geography", Volume 6, page 1542.) This section of "Hanshu" records that historians can't find the bones in the eggs.But the process of the collapse of feudalism described by the author is generally reasonable.However, the emergence of the county system did not happen overnight, it was slowly transformed over hundreds of years.Generally speaking, the beginning of the collapse of feudalism is that the land acquired by the princes in various ways is no longer "sealed" to others, but temporarily "suspended" or "suspended".This is the origin of "county".In ancient Chinese, "county" and "xuan" are originally one word.The pronunciation is also the same.Unlike later generations, it is pronounced as Chengxianqu (sound), Xuanping (sound).The county is not closed, the county is not decided, this is a temporary solution.Later, "the county (suspended) will not be closed forever", and the county has become a political system. Interpret the "county" of prefectures or prefectures and counties as "Xuan". (hanging) also"; but he went on to say that "the county (hanging) is in the county", which is wrong. (See page 34 of the third volume of the Wanyou Library Edition of this book.) When the author was studying in the history department of National Central University in Chongqing, he once pointed out Duan's misinterpretation as a "county person" under Gu Jiegang's tutor Gu Jiegang. Suspended too. Suspended or pending or unsealed", rather than "the county is also in the county".Compiled the final assignment of "Research on the Origin of Counties and Counties in my country", and later collected it as the first part of "Graduation Thesis", which is quite commendable to the teacher.Now that half a century has passed, I feel that the judgment of youth is not wrong.At the end of the feudal dynasty, fiefdoms were "suspended but not sealed", as was the case in ancient Japan and some Indo-European nation-states, but the result was not as important as China's development of a unique county civil service system. The rise and development of the county system is actually the key to the first great transformation of our country's sociopolitical.After a hundred turns, the first emperor unified China, "abolished feudalism and established prefectures and counties", from the feudal system to the prefecture and county system, and all the people's lifestyles (lifeways) throughout the country were changed. "Abandon the well fields and open up rice paddies" is also an inevitable thing.The so-called "abandoning the well fields and opening up the rice paddies" is to open up state-owned or public lands for people to cultivate privately in order to increase production.The author wrote this clumsy article in the middle of the War of Resistance Against Japan. At the beginning, I didn’t know that history would repeat itself. Later, people’s communes were abolished, and production contracted to households.Therefore, the author does not assume superficiality, and also includes the old works of youth more than 50 years ago in this edition, so as to teach Fang's family. Recalling the mid-1950s, when the author was working and studying at Columbia University, he worked as a translator in the "Chinese History Research Department" of the school.The masterwork "Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power" (Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power) written by Professor Wei Gufu (KarlA. Wittfogel, 1896-1988), the host of the Department of Time Sciences, is in the finalization stage (this book was published by Yale in 1957 University publishing, in recent years, it has been translated into Chinese and published by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing), Wei asked Yu to proofread the entire manuscript and annotate my humble opinion.Bucai once lamented his astonishing skills, but his conclusions reversed cause and effect.Gai Wei revised Marx's final theory, the so-called "Asiatic Mode of Production" (Asiatic Mode of Production), and created his own theory, arguing that "Asiatic Mode of Production" is actually a "hydraulic society".The country built large-scale water conservancy projects to increase agricultural production, which led to the gradual establishment of totalitarian and autocratic state apparatuses in Asian countries (especially China).His language is very argumentative, but contempt is counterproductive.The completion of our country's state machinery was actually after the first emperor "abolished feudalism and established prefectures and counties" and established a "professional bureaucracy".The development of our country's political system is actually based on the fact that the state machinery of the county system was established first, while large-scale projects (such as Dujiangyan, the Great Wall, and canals, etc.) were constructed later.Li Bing, who built such a large-scale water conservancy project as Dujiangyan, was the "Prefect of Shu County" in the Qin Kingdom (today he is called "Secretary of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee" in the mainland).If Li Bing hadn't used the power of his provincial party secretary, his Dujiangyan project (about the same as the Three Gorges Dam project presided over by Li Peng today) would not be able to be constructed.Therefore, the tradition of "the state is stronger than the society" that the author has believed in for decades (starting from the emergence of the civil service system in counties and counties) is the biggest feature of my country's political system. In order to be close, it is inherently inherently different. A hundred generations still practice Qin law and government This is the first sociopolitical transformation in the history of our country, which started from the Qin Dynasty. It originated from Shang Yang (390 BC-338 BC), and flourished in Shihuang (unified China in AD 221 BC), and completed in Hanwu (reigned 140 BC-87 BC).After the chaos of Zhulu in the early Han Dynasty, there was no king but not Liu. At one time, prefectures and states coexisted, and one country, two systems were implemented.After Wu Chu and other Seven Kingdoms Rebellion (154 BC), the feudal "country" existed in name only, and Qin Shihuang's political transformation of "abolishing feudalism and establishing prefectures and counties" officially came to an end, and it has not changed until now.Other related changes, such as the economic system that emphasizes agriculture over business, the professional bureaucracy that only advocates Confucianism, the class division of scholars, farmers, and businessmen, and the daily life of wedding and funeral customs, etc., have turned and turned into stereotypes.In particular, the centralized three-level civil service system has been continuously strengthened since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, and even the Beijing government and the National Government during the Republic of China.After the founding of the People's Government, the Maoist government had a special liking for the tradition of a centralized three-level civil service system.In the poems between him and Guo Moruo, you can hear his heartfelt voice.Now let’s copy the full text of his Qilu poem as follows: "On Feudalism"──Cheng Guo Lao Advise the king to scold Qin Shihuang less, and discuss the cause of burning the pit. Although the dragon is dead, Qin is still alive, and the name of Confucius is Gao Shichaan. Hundred generations still follow the Qin law and government, and the "Ten Batches" is not a good article. Familiar with Tang Dynasty's "On Feudalism", Mo Cong Zihou returned to King Wen. There are different opinions about when this poem was written.However, after the "September 13th Incident", when Mao helped the Gang of Four criticize Lin Piao and Confucius, he mentioned this poem again, which shows that he never forgets it.In short, Mao's understanding of Marxism-Leninism has not escaped from the stage of slogans from beginning to end, and his understanding of traditional monarchy is deeply rooted.Mao's misfortune is that he misapplied both extreme theories.When revisiting the traditional imperial politics, he failed to understand the importance of historical experience in our country's traditions, such as "teaching without discrimination" and "reforming the land to return to the people". .In the previous section, it was said that there were 1,800 kingdoms at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, including countless large and small ethnic groups (there are still fifty-seven ethnic groups in the whole country today).Therefore, the experience of our country's history is that ethnic groups do not change from fewer to more, but from more to fewer in a snowball style, forming a multicultural ethnic group (racial regrouping undercultural pluralism).In modern American experience, this is called the "racial melting pot".In addition, in today's era of developed transportation and extremely high social mobility, how can ethnic minorities in a country live together in one place forever? ... Take my Chinese immigrant to the United States as an example. In recent years, the number of my Chinese immigrants will soon exceed the total population of Outer Mongolia and Tibet (according to expert estimates: in the next century, there may be 10 million overseas Chinese in the United States, and the total number of Mongolian and Tibetans may Less than this. Overseas Chinese immigration quotas, except for the mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand all have ethnic Chinese in the quotas. Chinatown (Chinatown, formerly known as Chinatown), there are as many as three in New York.The only way out for our politics is to put down roots and participate in politics on the spot.Today we have a governor, who can say that we will not have a president in the next century?I, of Chinese descent, can't help but want to set up a "Chinatown independence" or "Chinatown self-government". Isn't it a big joke in the 21st century?The vastness of the American Empire requires us to squeeze into Chinatown to achieve "independence", not only my Chinese descendants are unwilling to do it; the old man who worked as a wage earner in Chinatown in his youth is as stupid as he is.It makes sense!In addition to the Chinese, there are Africans with more than 10 million people, Jewish people with more than 6 million people, and Polish people with more than 2 million people. They do not seek independence, and they have the same pity.Therefore, if the United States can develop from thirteen states to fifty states, it is actually an American replica of the "reformation of the land and return to the natives" that China has been engaged in for thousands of years.Friends, there are still many people in Taiwan and the Philippines who want to participate in the reformation of the United States and become the fifty-one states of the United States!What's wrong with reforming the land? Sun Yat-sen in the early years of the Republic of China was, after all, a politician with a global vision.When he was the interim president, he opposed the fallacy of the so-called republic of the five races.He advocated the adoption of the American-style philosophy of a national melting pot, and the expansion of a Chinese nation that includes all nationalities and multiple cultures (see the original manuscript of the "Three People's Principles" in classical Chinese, collected in the Taiwan edition of "The Complete Works of the Father of the Republic", pages 180-18 one).In fact, in the era of the Qing Empire, the imperial court changed Manchuria and Xinjiang into provinces; in the era of the Republic of China, Inner Mongolia was changed into a province. It is precisely this melting pot philosophy adopted by the rulers.Unfortunately, in the era of the People's Government, Mao Gong went the other way because of the influence of the Soviet system.He mistook retrogression for progress, turned the old provinces of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Guangxi into autonomous regions for ethnic minorities, and only allowed ethnic minorities to enjoy some symbolic autonomy under centralized power. This indirectly encourages separatists among ethnic minorities and international anti-China elements to engage in separatist activities, either overtly or covertly.This kind of system in which hypocrites are not as good as real villains will cause endless troubles later.This is the source of the chaos in Xinjiang today. [Note] In the early version of "Selected Works of Mao Zedong", Mao Zedong once advocated that ethnic minorities have the right to independence, but in the later version they can only "self-govern".Mao himself repeated his thoughts, which fully shows that he has no principled grasp of this issue. It is really wronged to make black cats and white cats at will, and fall into the framework of Han chauvinism that did not exist in Chinese history. It's also ridiculous. Under similar circumstances, Mao Zedong did not know enough about modern democracy and socialism.Therefore, under the challenge of modern Western civilization, the "Qin Fazheng" that "has been practiced for a hundred generations" can no longer be continued, but the old man insists on continuing complacently.Friends, in the history of my country's modern transformation (the second major transformation in the history of our country), our Chairman Mao was originally a national leader in the middle of the transformation.His personal personality, knowledge, self-cultivation, training and era can only make him a Qin Shihuang in the climax of transformation, but not a Han Wudi who has completed the transformation.This is called the situation is stronger than people.Mao Zedong regarded himself as a natural sage. In fact, he, like the sages of the readers and me, was just a tiny vertebrate, and he could not reverse the so-called "objective reality" that their materialists kept saying!He is a hero created by the times; but he, a hero of the world, failed to create the times.What does the husband say? The second major transformation that we have personally seen is quite different from the first major transformation.During the first transformation, due to the development of our internal society to a certain stage, our social and political structure must be transformed, which is proactive.This is not the case with the second transformation. It is almost entirely due to the challenges faced by Westerners after they came from the East—especially military challenges.This challenge opened the prelude to modern China's national humiliation and national disaster and social and political transformation, so there was the shameful Opium War (1839-1842) and the "Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing" that followed it (Signed on August 29, 1842)  ….The shame of the Opium War was shared by both sides.The shame of the winner is that he is not ashamed of armed drug trafficking; the shame of the loser is that he is corrupt, the government is incompetent, the people are ignorant, and the huge empire was defeated by thousands of British sailors. Before the war, it remained the same for a thousand years, but after the war, it changed every ten years The importance of the Opium War in the history of our country, to make a long story short, is that it promoted the above-mentioned transition from the imperial system to the civil government.Between these two phases, it is a watershed.Before the war, my country's social and political system (the Qin Fazheng mentioned by Mao Zedong) had not changed for a thousand years; after the war, China changed every ten years, and even became completely different.Although this transformation process is extremely complicated, but looking back afterwards, it is clear in stages.At each stage, the revolutionaries, political reformers, observers, and even ordinary wise men and ordinary people who bear the brunt of it don't know why.The reason is that "being in this mountain", it is impossible to recognize its clues.But there are also a few wise men (such as Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Mao Zedong, etc.) who tend to be self-righteous. Once they are in their positions and gain their power, they will inevitably force others to follow themselves and harm the people. Historians of the early dynasties, although they looked back from time to time, tried to make historical analysis.But this transformation, if it can finally turn into a long-term stability, according to the precedents in Chinese and Western history, it will take at least two hundred years to have a preliminary result.Therefore, in the early and middle stages of transformation, such as the Reform Movement of 1898 and the "May 4th Movement" in 1919, analysts were unable to grasp the variables in China's future.There are too many divergent roads in the future, and the sheep are lost on the divergent roads. How do you know where the sheep are?But as the sun and the moon go by, the fork roads become less and less, and it is not difficult to trace where the sheep are, and the future of China seems to be vaguely visible.As the saying goes: "Women's college has eighteen changes." The little girl has only changed three or five times. How can you see her transformation?But after her girl has changed fifteen times, it is not difficult for us to predict what kind of lady she will become in the future.It's just a matter of time; it's better to be late than late. According to the author's bold observation, the second major social and political transformation in the history of our country was forced to start after the ceding of Hong Kong.Now that Hong Kong has been recovered, 150 years of suffering have slipped away quietly.From Lin Zexu to today, our nation has been passed down for at least five generations.There is an old saying: "The fifth generation will prosper." Emperor Daoguang also said at that time: "There must be great extension after a long time of bending, and it is reasonable." The end may also be the beginning of the completion of the second social and political transformation in the history of our country.The author does not speculate superficially, looking back and looking forward, it is expected that our nation will be able to complete the great historical task of the second great social and political transformation in the history of the country in another forty years.The state is stereotyped and the people have a consensus. With the greatest potential of our country, our people, our talents and our wisdom, we will enter a new era of democratic rule in human history and usher in a new fortune in the next 500 years of our national history.Nine vassals, who govern the world, who else can I have?The author has studied history all his life, experienced national calamity and national humiliation, prepared for hardships, kept watch until the dawn and felt the long night, and finally saw the dawn for the first time, and was very excited about it.I would like to use this little book as a savage's exposure, and after following the readers, I would like to express my personal celebration of Hong Kong's return. The publishing of this article really depends on the continuous guidance of Mr. Liu Shaotang and Chen Hongzheng, as well as the enthusiastic encouragement of countless old friends and readers. It is heartfelt and unforgettable.The director of Yuanliu Publishing Co., Ltd. is greatly assisted by many deacons below Wang Rongwen. The gratitude is hard to express, and I would like to express my gratitude.