Chapter 42 Chapter Thirty-Second Nineteenth Century-1

This century is the golden century of the West—including Europe and North America.But in China, it is the most humiliating and painful century, and the great darkness is getting heavier day by day. Europeans and the Americans who branched from Europe, in the middle of the human relay race, ran and galloped.Things and ideas that have never existed in human history have appeared in a storm, and Western civilization has begun to form a giant current.The two continents of Europe and the United States have entered a new era of science, the masses, the pursuit of human dignity, and crazy outward expansion, such as:

—Invented the train and railway, the electric light, the wired and wireless telegraph, the telephone, the trolley, the cinema, the X-ray, the phonograph, the ship, the typewriter. — Discovery of oil. — Created a post office and dug the Suez Canal. ——The system of female nurses in the military was established, female staff were employed, and women's rights were gradually improved. ——Factories and mines are everywhere, capitalists are rising, and labor problems are becoming more and more serious.The International Labor Association (First International) and the International Socialist Labor Federation (Second International) were successively established.

——Absolute autocracy and monarchy with unlimited power decline, and parliamentary democratic government rises rapidly and generally. —— Various unprecedented trends of thought, such as capitalism, nationalism, imperialism, great-power chauvinism, nationalism, militarism, anarchism, socialism, and communism, emerged one after another. ——Continuously invent and update war weapons: such as cannons and giant ships. Until the 1940s, China did not know anything about the above-mentioned new things.The Great Darkness remains the same—the same political thinking, the same academic thinking, the same social structure, the same scientific knowledge, the same stereotyped essays in the imperial examinations, the same poverty and ignorance, the same corruption, the same men bowing and kowtowing, and the women bound their feet as before.All the same, and worse.As a result of refusing progress and reform, the huge China has degenerated from a glorious peak to an international buffoon, constantly losing wars and cede territory to pay compensation, but those in power remain stubborn.

In the 1950s, a large-scale armed awakening movement emerged and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was established.In the 1990s, another reform and awakening movement emerged.But they were all defeated by the old-fashioned stubborn forces.At the end of this century, China was already facing the fate of being divided up by the great powers, and it was dying. An official forced the people to rebel (Part 2) In the two major civil uprisings of the last century (18th), the White Lotus Sect’s resistance lasted nine years, and it lasted until this century (19th) 1844; In 806, it was suppressed successively by the high-handed means of the Qing government.

Although the two major civil uprisings failed, political corruption has deepened, and corruption and unjust imprisonment have become the normal way for officials to make money.After the victory of the arduous military suppression, the Qing government encouraged its confidence in controlling the situation, believing that it was not the government that had learned the lesson, but the people.Therefore, the Qing government itself did not reform at all, but corruption and unjust imprisonment became more common and deeper, and its tyrannical methods became more cruel.New mass resistance forces broke out again in various places.Several important civil uprisings in the first half century and fifty years are listed in the following table:

We choose Lin Qing and Zhang Geer as representatives to illustrate. Lin Qing is one of the leaders of the Tianli Sect. The Tianli Sect is the White Lotus Sect. When the White Lotus Sect was forced not to show up, Lin Qing used the Tianli Sect to show up.This adventurer has a grand and amazing plan, preparing to capture the imperial palace and occupy Beijing in one fell swoop.Another leader, Li Wencheng, launched a mass riot in Hua County, Henan Province, and formed an armed force to respond to the Northern Expedition.The most daring point of this plan is that it adopts the method of capturing the thief first and capturing the king first, and prepares to capture the emperor alive first.

In 1813, Lin Qing led the crowd to attack the palace, but unfortunately failed.Li Wencheng was reported on the eve of the riot, and the local government tortured him and broke his legs.His subordinates rushed to revolt, but because of Beijing's failure, they also failed in the end. The 20,000 Han residents in Hua County were all massacred by the Qing government. Zhang Geer is the grandson of Dahe Zhuomubu Nadun of Huibu (Tianshan South Road, Xinjiang) in the last century (eighteenth).The corruption and tyranny of Qing government officials was even worse in the Hui tribe, and the situation of the Uyghurs was even more desperate than that of the Han people in the interior.They fled to the west in large numbers, crossed the Congling (Pamirs), and defected to the Kokand Kingdom (Uzbek Kokand) of the same religion and the same language.Kokand was outraged at the mistreatment of their people.

The person who triggered the incident was Bin Jing, the chief executive (counselor) sent by the Qing government to the Ministry of Hui. This corrupt Manchurian official treated the Uyghurs as animals. However, he obviously lacked the heroism necessary for such a great cause. Before he had completely expelled the Manchurian forces, he was in a hurry to devote himself to the reform of internal affairs, and the Qing government always controlled Aksu City, the largest stronghold in the north of the Taklamakan Desert. Zhang Geer's regime had only eight years of life. Eight years later, in 1828, the Qing government counterattacked. Zhang Geer was betrayed by his subordinates and presented to the Qing government.At that time, Emperor Min Ning (Yu Yeyan's son) ordered people to send Zhang Geer to Beijing, and he wanted to personally ask him why he rebelled.Senior officials, a group of corrupt moths, immediately thought of the past that Yan personally tried Wang Sanhuai in the 18th century (Yu Ye) and was raised by Sanhuai to "force the people to rebel". I am afraid that Zhang Geer would also expose them in front of the emperor. Various crimes of corruption and violence were poured into Zhang Geer's mouth with a kind of poison, which made his throat rot and he could not speak.When he was put in an iron cage and sent to Min Ning after a 3,000-kilometer journey, he was foaming at the mouth and in excruciating pain.When Min Ning asked him, he couldn't answer.Min Ning was even more imbecile than his father. He had no intention or ability to figure out the truth of this incident, so he didn't let Zhang Geer out of the iron cage, taught him to write with a pen, and didn't ask why Zhang Geer So dumb.Like Wang Sanhuai, Zhang Geer was punished with a scorpion.

Our list only goes up to the 1940s, not that there will be no more civil uprisings in the future, but that after the 1950s, there will be more civil uprisings, such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army, the Muslims, and the Agub Khanate. Gale, to rise a hundredfold, we'll go through each item. 2 The abnormal relationship between China and the West Amidst the uproar in China, Western countries (Europe, and the rising star America) quietly appeared at the door of this dark country, demanding trade. Looking back at a bilateral relationship is not pleasant. Before the Great Dark Age, Chinese civilization far surpassed that of the West.In the eyes of Marco Polo in the thirteenth century, China was literally full of gold.However, in the 14th century, the Ming government adopted a policy of ignoring the people. The Great Dark Ages began, and all foreign cultures were deeply closed and firmly rejected. China was isolated from the West and fell far behind the West.

Europe underwent drastic changes in the fifteenth century, with Spain discovering the New World and Portugal discovering the route to India via the Cape of Good Hope in Africa.Merchants and Christian missionaries from various countries developed to the east one after another. The Portuguese merchant fleet arrived in Guangzhou in 1517 in the 16th century.Sixty years later, in 1580, the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci arrived in Macau, and in 1583, he went to preach in Zhaoqing (Zhaoqing, Guangdong), which is closer to the hinterland. Because of the long isolation, the Chinese know nothing about foreign countries, especially Europe.When Matteo Ricci arrived in Beijing in the last year of the sixteenth century (1599) and asked to see Zhu Xujun, the beheaded political emperor at that time, senior government officials could not find any evidence in the "Hui Dian" that records the rules and regulations. Italy is a place that firmly denies the existence of Italy in the world. Fortunately, the "Canon" contains the Atlantic country, so Matteo Ricci had no choice but to admit that he is the people of the Atlantic country.

The Portuguese merchant fleet had a good harvest in China. Forty years after the first visit to Guangzhou, in 1563 in the 16th century, the Ming government allocated the desolate and small Macau Peninsula to Portugal as a residence for merchants from Western countries. .However, Macau is too small to be a commercial center. They demanded to enter Guangzhou, the largest port and largest city in southern China.The Qing government did not open Guangzhou as a commercial port in 1685 until it recovered Taiwan in the 17th century and was no longer threatened by the sea.Merchant fleets and merchants from Portugal, England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain rushed in.However, China at this time is no longer the China of Marco Polo's era, nor is the West the West of Marco Polo's era. For Western commerce and trade, China has shown a sympathetic attitude.China has always been an agricultural society, self-sufficient in everything, and basically does not need foreign products.In particular, the cultural level of some neighboring countries is quite backward, with a small area and a small population. China is not only the kingdom of the king of kings, but also the center of the world with rich products.Therefore, China does not have the narrow national concept of the West that arises from the many small countries, let alone the trade concept of the West that arises from the same factors.Only for vassal states and tributary states, China must assume the responsibility of the suzerain state before allowing them to come to China for trade.If they take a serious offense against China or refuse China's demands, such as refusing to hand over Chinese fugitives, China stops trade as a punishment, which usually brings the other party to its knees. China has a bizarre impression of Western Caucasians—just as Caucasians have a bizarre impression of Chinese people.Although a small number of Chinese people have met Europeans and have dealt with them and done business, these few people are not able to change the opinions of the majority, from the emperor and the ruling class scholar-bureaucrats, to the small alleys. The poor people on the street.They all firmly believe that Westerners are an uneducated barbarian people, with a particularly huge nose, pale skin like a dead man, strange cat-like eyes, red beard and eyebrows, and feet 35 centimeters long (one feet two inches), and a strange smell emanated from his body.This appearance is enough to horrify the Chinese people. What is even more frightening is that the British throne can be inherited by a daughter. After the Queen's death, the Queen's children will inherit it. Intellectuals with the same surname, who advocate the orthodox patriarchal Confucian system, think that Britain is obviously a barbarian state without father and king.The French king, with long hair and shawls, often cooks and eats children. He is obviously a living fairy disguised as a man.The Russian empress was even worse. She often changed her lovers. After a few months or a year, she would behead her lover and replace her with another one. She was also a ladyboy.Based on these identifications, China has found sadly that Westerners are no different from dogs and sheep. They have the unique character of dogs and sheep, and they don't know what courtesy, justice, honesty, shame, benevolence, righteousness and morality are. On the basis of the above affirmations, the Chinese further affirmed that since Westerners have the essence of dogs and sheep, they also drink milk, which proves that they cannot sustain life without milk and buttermilk.Milk and buttermilk are not easy to digest, and are cemented in the stomach. You must eat rhubarb and drink a lot of tea to dissolve it.If you don't eat it for a few months, your eyes will be blind and your stomach will be blocked.Therefore, when Westerners entertain guests, the most expensive food is rhubarb. Even the poorest people hang a small bag of rhubarb on their chests, and often use their tongues to lick or sniff.Rhubarb and tea are only produced in China, so barbaric Westerners must rely on China.As long as China refuses to trade, that means: as long as China refuses to sell them rhubarb tea, those Western devils can be killed immediately. In the beginning, Western businessmen were deeply in awe of China, the giant of the East, and they were only cautious in their orders, and they didn't care about doing things that would lose their dignity.Take the kneeling ceremony as an example, the most respectful etiquette that has been frowned upon in the future, and Westerners completely obeyed it at the beginning.In 1637, John Witt, a representative of the British trade mission, knelt down on his knees to meet Chinese officials when he arrived in Guangzhou, which had not yet been established as a commercial port.In 1655, the Dutch envoy Goyle also bowed three times and kowtowed nine times when he met the Chinese Emperor Fulin.In the last century (eighteenth) in 1727, the Portuguese envoy Arlesan also knelt down when he met the Chinese Emperor Yinfengzhen.Not only that, the Westerners themselves are not up to date. They crowd out each other, use ugly means to report to Chinese officials, and even frame and injure each other. The purpose is only to win China's favor and make more money.Chinese officials are aloof, and of course they cannot be looked down upon. Since Guangzhou was established as a commercial port, Western merchants were allowed to enter Guangzhou. China called them "barbarian merchants" and imposed many restrictions on them, such as: barbarian merchants must live in their own "commercial houses" and are not allowed to contact Chinese people , everything is represented by "foreign firms" (agents) organized by Chinese businessmen.The barbarian merchants handed over all the goods to the foreign bank, and the foreign bank paid for the goods. ——This is still an ancient traditional system; going back to the "Shibo Division" that aroused the Japanese pirate incident in the 16th century, one can have a concept of "foreign firms".However, the Shibo Department is run by the government, and the foreign firm is run by businessmen. In the eighteenth century of the last century, in 1759, the Qing government of China promulgated a regulation on the control of Western merchants, which contained the following important regulations: Yiyi merchants can only go to Guangzhou for trade from May to October every year, and they have to return to China or Macau after the deadline. During the trading period, Eryi merchants had to live in the trading house, they were not allowed to carry weapons, and they were not allowed to hire Chinese servants. Sanyi women are not allowed to enter Guangzhou. Fourth, during the trading period, Yi merchants can only visit the park on the 8th, 18th, and 28th of each month. Wuyi merchants are not allowed to sit in sedan chairs. Liuyi merchants are not allowed to directly meet with Chinese officials. When they have a request, they should write a letter and ask the foreign firm to forward it on their behalf. Qiyi merchants are not allowed to buy things on the street, are not allowed to inquire about prices, and are not allowed to buy Chinese books. This regulation shows that from the fourteenth century to this century (the nineteenth) for about five hundred years, China's abnormal concept of the West and its abnormal commercial relationship. The Eastward Advance of Three British Powers The so-called abnormal concepts and relationships are views of the twentieth century, but they were considered normal in China at that time. Since the Industrial Revolution occurred in the last century (18th century) in the West, the conditions for imperialism were mature, and commerce and trade had become the main living conditions for all countries.The United Kingdom quickly overtook Portugal to take the first place in China's trade among various countries, so it was not satisfied with the abnormal state between China and Western countries.In the last century (eighteenth) in 1793, the British sent Magani to lead a large envoy of more than 600 people to Beijing with gifts worth as much as 13,000 U.S. dollars (pounds). China enters into the following agreement to establish full diplomatic relations: A British envoy to China. The second is to allow Britain to trade in Zhoushan and Tianjin, and to follow the precedent of Macao, designate a small island near Zhoushan, where merchants, people and goods can be stored. 3. Allow British businessmen stationed in Macau to live in Guangzhou. 4. Please exempt or reduce tax when transporting British goods in inland rivers. After Magani's envoys arrived in Tianjin, officials of the Qing government indiscriminately planted a flag of "British (Kouji) (Kouli) Tribute Envoy" on their ships, declaring that Magani had come to Tianjin. I came to congratulate Emperor Hongli's 80th birthday. In fact, Hongli's 80th birthday had passed three years ago (1790). Britain's national power was strong enough in the last century (18th), so the knees of the British are more noble than before.After arriving in Beijing, Magani refused to kneel down on his knees, thinking that if he knelt down, it would be tantamount to recognizing Britain as a protectorate of China - a vassal.Magani's resolute attitude was a challenge to the traditional authority of the Chinese emperor.However, Hongli's vanity didn't want this meeting to fail, because there were no tribute envoys from such a remote place thousands of miles away, so he specially allowed Magani to use the etiquette of kneeling when meeting the King of England.However, all of Magani's requests were rejected.Hongli's purpose is only to satisfy his own macrocephaly, not to solve problems for a foreign country.For this reason, he specially issued two edicts to the King of England, explaining why China could not agree to his request. The first edict says: Tell the king: You are far away from the ocean, and you are devoted to Chinese culture. The special envoy, respectfully and respectfully, holds a watch and seal, and sails to wish me a long life.I read the memorial and saw that your words are sincere, which is enough to prove your sincerity of obedience, and I deeply appreciate it.You have requested that a person from your country be sent to live in the Celestial Dynasty to take care of your country's business, which is inconsistent with the system of the Celestial Dynasty and is absolutely not allowed.There are many Western countries, and you are not the only one. If they all request to send people to stay in Beijing, how can they grant permission to them all.How can you destroy the celestial system because of your country's request.The Celestial Dynasty is entrusted to the world, and it does not pay much attention to rare and rare treasures. I hope that you will present all the things you have presented this time with sincerity. I have ordered the relevant departments to collect them.In fact, the kindness and might of the Celestial Dynasty spread all over the world, and all countries come to the court, and there are all kinds of valuable things. This is what your envoy saw with his own eyes, so you don't need your country's goods, so I would like to inform you in detail. The second edict says: Tell the king: yesterday, your envoys also petitioned the ministers for your country's trade matters, and all of them asked to change the previously established system, which is inconvenient for approval.They come from Western countries, trade with barbarians in your country, and come to trade with China, and they all live in Macau.The Celestial Dynasty is rich in products and has everything, so there is no need to communicate with foreigners.Because tea, porcelain, and silk scarves produced in China are necessities that Western countries do not have, I am very merciful and allow you to open foreign companies in Macau.Now your country's envoys are making false requests outside the original regulations, begging to land in Zhoushan and Tianjin for trade. This matter cannot be allowed.It is especially impracticable to designate a small island near Zhoushan for stockpiling.Please also allocate a place near the city of Guangzhou. Yi merchants living in your country should follow the usual practice and still live in Macau.It is also known that English barbarian merchants require tax exemption and tax reduction, check barbarian trade, and pay taxes. There are certain rules and regulations, which should be handled in accordance with the old rules.As for the Catholicism that your country professes, since the founding of the Celestial Dynasty, the Holy Emperor Mingwang has enlightened the Quartet, and the distinction between the Chinese and the barbarians is very strict.The intention of your country's envoys is that if you want to invite others to preach, it is absolutely impossible.As long as I am sincere to the foreign country that pays tribute, I will show my compassion and tenderness.Your country is far away overseas, sincerely paying tribute.The preferential treatment I bestow is also twice that of other countries.Now understand the oracle.You should embody my heart and obey you forever. China's position expressed in these two edicts is not exaggerated.For example, calling itself the "Celestial Dynasty" is not a brilliance fabricated by China itself. Before this century (19th), all the vassal states, such as Korea, Vietnam, and Siam, from the king to the farmer, they had great respect for China. It has always been called the Celestial Dynasty.Koreans and Vietnamese never say: "You are Chinese, I am Korean and Vietnamese." Instead, they only say: "You are from China, and I am Korean and Vietnamese." Magani received grand favors, but received nothing.When Magani returned to China, Hongli ordered him to cross the mainland of China and go south by land. The purpose was to shock the "Yingyi" with the wealth and strength of China, so as to frighten their evil thoughts. By then, however, the Great Darkness had struck back, and political corruption had festered society.Magani is a diplomat with keen observation ability. He was not confused by the luxurious ostentation in Beijing, but instead made a pertinent judgment on everything he came into contact with. Magani was the first to discover that the germs of corruption in the Qing government had penetrated deep into his heart, and corruption and power cannot coexist.Hongli approved five thousand taels of silver coins per day for the hospitality of the envoys.Master Zhao, who was in charge of entertaining, told Magani that one year the counties near Guangzhou were flooded, and the emperor issued 50,000 taels of silver coins as a relief fund, but in Beijing, 35,000 taels were deducted by central officials first. Only 15,000 taels were left to go to Guangzhou.After they were sent to Guangzhou, they were then withheld by provincial and county officials, and what the refugees received was nothing more than a symbolic amount.Secondly, Magani found that China's science is extremely backward, and science backwardness and strength cannot coexist.When Mr. Zhao was smoking, Magani took out a match from his pocket to light it for him. Mr. Zhao was very surprised that the barbarian hid the fire on his body without harming him. Magani gave him a box as a gift. Indicates that it is not witchcraft.Secondly, Magani discovered the general poverty and instability in Chinese society—this was exactly the opposite of Hongli's goal of discovering China's prosperity, because he saw too many beggars and too many dilapidated and desolate places along the way. buildings, and a substandard life for most Chinese.Magani also found that China's armed forces were like a bunch of beggars, vulnerable.The Qing government specially held many demonstrative inspections for the envoys along the way to show the British and barbarians their force, but Magani saw that those ridiculous national defense troops with loose clothes and long sleeves had not received strict military training and used all kinds of weapons. They are outdated weapons such as knives, guns, bows and arrows that the West has long since abandoned. Most importantly, Mazzoni discovered the stubbornness of Qing government officials and Chinese intellectuals.Magani was very sympathetic to the blind and handicapped people in Chinese society, and proposed to the Qing government that Britain would send medical personnel to China.It is also proposed to set up a hydrogen balloon in Beijing for scientific research.When the officials heard these proposals, they were shocked and amazed that Yingyi had so many talents and talents, but after a while of astonishment and astonishment, they kept silent as if there was no such thing.When Magani was tired of those substandard demonstration inspections, and asked one of his companions, Mr. Fu, to review the guard of honor of the diplomatic mission to open his eyes, Mr. Fu proudly replied: "You can see it, or you can't see it. There is nothing unusual about this kind of firearm operation.” Magani’s conclusion is: “The policy of the Qing government has something to do with arrogance. It wants to overpower other countries, but its eyes are like beans, and it only knows to prevent the people’s intellectual progress.” He predicted the Tatars The dynasty will continue to oppress the people and there will be chaos. Twenty-three years after Magani returned to China, in 1816 (19th) of this century, Britain made a second test and sent its second envoy, Amers, to China.The Qing government still regarded him as a tribute envoy, and the "tributary" flag was hoisted on the ships as before.Amers also refused to kneel, and after countless negotiations, he finally agreed to kneel.But when Emperor Yu Yeyan sat on the Golden Luan Hall and summoned him.The minister of vassal affairs (Shangshu of the Lifan Academy) and Shitai informed Amers that they had to kneel on their knees, and Amers refused to meet.Yu Yeyan summoned the deputy envoy again, but the deputy envoy refused to kneel down, so He Shitai had to report to Yu Pageyan that they were all sick.In Chinese history, this was the first time that such a strange thing happened. Yu Pageyan felt that he was greatly dishonored, and ordered the envoys to be expelled together with their "tribute" gifts. Amers was driven away, which made Britain understand that the unequal treatment China imposed on British businessmen could not be changed by means of negotiation, and methods other than negotiation must be used.Magani's impression of the Qing government became the main reference material for Britain's foreign policy towards China in the days to come. Thus, twenty-four years later, in 1840, the Opium War broke out. Four Opium Wars Opium is a narcotic drug intended for smoking. In the eighth century, opium was imported into China by the Arabs and has been used as medicine.Around the 16th century, smart people discovered that it could be burned into smoke and swallowed. Zhu Xujun, the beheaded political emperor of the Ming government, is said to be one of the famous drug addicts.Portugal was the largest drug trafficking country at the time.At the end of the seventeenth century, after the British conquered India, they granted the opium monopoly to the East India Company, which governed India, and dumped a large amount of opium to China.According to statistics, the number of annual increases is astonishing, and we list them in the following table: At that time, the price of opium was about five taels of silver per kilogram. Therefore, in the 1930s, only opium was sold every year, and about 10 million taels of silver flowed out of the country.It is a cruel trade, selling poison to the ignorant Chinese, poisoning them, and squeezing them poor.If it is allowed to develop, there will inevitably be two consequences. One is that China's wealth will be exhausted, the society will collapse, and the huge land of more than 10 million square kilometers will be barren.One is that the Chinese people are physically degenerate, each one is skinny and genocidal. Thoughtful Chinese are aware of the seriousness of these two consequences and seek relief.In 1838, Emperor Min Ning ordered all the ministers to put forward their opinions. Most of them advocated the prohibition, especially Lin Zexu, Governor of Huguang (Hunan Province·Hubei Province), had the most violent attitude.He said in the memorial: "If this kind of trade is ignored again, after decades, China will no longer have soldiers who can resist the enemy, and there will be no food to maintain the army." Min Ning adopted the opinions of most people and appointed Lin Zexu As the imperial envoy, the representative of the emperor, he went to Guangzhou to ban him. In the last year of the 1930s (1839), Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou. He was a brave and responsible person, but the background of the times after the counterattack of the Great Darkness did not allow him to have a wealth of international knowledge. Like other officials, he Get used to using tough tactics.On March 18, eight days after he arrived in Guangzhou, he ordered the ban on opium, ordered foreign businessmen to hand over all the existing opium within three days, and also issued a guarantee: "I will never carry opium in the future. I would rather the boats be confiscated immediately and the personnel executed on the spot.” The next day, March 19, the business house where the foreign merchant lived was surrounded, and the Chinese servants and nearby residents also retreated.Other countries are willing to make this commitment.British commercial supervisor Charles Elliot also wanted to guarantee that British merchant ships would never carry opium in the future, but when encountering violations of this prohibition, he demanded two points: First, compensation must be paid for the confiscation of opium.The second is that offenders cannot be executed on the spot, they must go through a public trial before they can be convicted. Lin Zexu ignored Charlie Elliot's request, declaring that if he did not hand over the opium, he would cut off the supply of food to the commercial hall.Charlie Elliot was surrounded on the tenth day and had to give in. He handed over all 1.4 million kilograms of opium, but he still refused to renew the bond, so he withdrew from Guangzhou with all the British businessmen and retreated to Macau.At this time, Lin Weixi's murder happened unexpectedly.British sailors committed a crime after being drunk in Kowloon and beat villager Lin Weixi to death.China believes that "killing for life" is a matter of course and demands the extradition of the murderer.Charlie Elliot believed that the murderer could not control himself at the time, and if he handed over to China, he would be beheaded, so he himself became a judge, fined the murderer twenty pounds (pounds), and sentenced him to six months in prison.This means that in the eyes of Charles Elliot, British life is extremely precious, while Chinese life is only worth twenty pounds.Lin Zexu then ordered all the British to be expelled from Macau. Charlie Elliot and the British merchants had to squeeze onto a British merchant ship and anchor in the South China Sea, waiting for the British government's order. Obviously, this matter is not over, but from the point of view of Chinese official circles, since the British merchants were expelled and there is no shadow of them in sight, the matter is of course over.Therefore, Lin Zexu happily reported to Emperor Min Ning that Yingyi had been driven away and opium had been banned.When Min Ning saw Lin Zexu's report, he jumped up happily, thinking that it was time to further punish the proud and rebellious British, so he ordered to cut off British trade forever. On the British side, the initial reaction was mild, and they refused to start a war because of the ban on opium in China, because the Chinese would be sentenced to death if they came to Britain to sell opium.The British Foreign Office informed Charlie Elliot that "Her Majesty's government cannot support immoral businessmen." He refused to order warships to enter the Pearl River and ordered Charles Elliot to resolve the dispute by peaceful means.This order put Charlie Elliot in a dilemma.However, when the British government learned that Manning had ordered a permanent ban on trade, Queen Victoria and the opposition parties in Congress were very excited.Commerce and trade are the lifeblood of British imperialism. They could not bear destruction, so they decided to use force to open the door to the Chinese market. China in the dark age is obviously not the opponent of the British Isles. This war, in fact, is a trade war, not for opium, but for trade.But it was caused by opium, so it is called the Opium War. In 1840, the British expeditionary fleet arrived in Macau with a total of 16 warships and 4,000 combat troops. As a plenipotentiary ambassador, Charles Elliot decided to directly negotiate with the central government of the Qing Dynasty in China.He left only a small number of troops to blockade Guangzhou, and led most of his ships to the north, captured Dinghai County (Zhoushan, Zhejiang) on ​​the Zhoushan Islands on the way, established a supply station, and then went straight to Dagu, the outer port of Tianjin.Min Ning was taken aback at this time, and ordered Zhili (Hebei Province) Governor Yishan to rush to Tianjin for negotiations.The British came fiercely and wanted to demonstrate the power of its artillery fire. However, the British troops stationed in the Zhoushan Islands contracted an infectious disease and many people died. Charlie Elliot was eager to end his stay in the north, so he accepted Qi Shan's proposal. Conditions: 1. The Qing government promised to punish Lin Zexu for his unfair handling of affairs.2. The Qing government promised to send officials to Guangzhou again to listen to the grievances of the British businessmen.When Charlie Elliot and the British fleet withdrew, Manning spoke to Chuanshan with a three-inch tongue, saying that he had retreated from the British and barbarians, thinking that he was a genius in the world.So Lin Zexu was dismissed and dispatched to the remote Yili (Yining, Xinjiang) to be exiled into the army, and Chuanshan was appointed as imperial envoy and governor of Guangdong and Guangxi to be in charge of negotiating with the British. In fact, Qishan was a fool, and he went to Guangzhou in November of that year (1840).What Charlie Elliot proposed to him was not the grievances of the British businessman, but an ultimatum. In addition to demanding the immediate restoration of free trade, he also demanded the cession of Hong Kong (a small island in the south of Xin'an County, Guangdong) as a trade base.Qishan dared not agree, nor did he dare to report to Minning, so he could only resort to the traditional means of begging spirits in China's "official circles", procrastinating and perfunctory, hoping that big things will be turned into small ones, and small things will be turned into nothing.Charlie Elliot understood this method. He knew that even a hundred years of negotiation would not solve the problem.In January of the next year (1841), the British army launched an attack and occupied the two fortresses of Humen and Chuanbi. Qishan was helpless, so he had to sign the document proposed by the British. This is the Treaty of Chuanbi: One cedes Hong Kong to the United Kingdom, but the taxes still go to China. 2. Compensation for the confiscation of the British merchant's opium price of six million taels of silver coins. 3. Recognize the equal status of China and the UK. After Min Ning received the report, he was furious, ordered Qi Shan to be arrested, and appointed Yishan, another Manchu aristocrat, as the commander-in-chief (General Jingni); Ten thousand elite troops were sent to reinforce Guangzhou.When Charlie Elliot heard the news of Qishan's resignation and knew that things had changed, he ordered the British army to launch an attack and occupied the two fortresses of Humen and Chuanbi again. The warships went straight to the city of Guangzhou and bombarded the city.Yishan was worse than Qishan, trembling with fright, not knowing what to do, completely relying on Yang Fang.Yang Fang was a famous general who attacked the White Lotus Sect and the Muslim rebels during the civil war.He found that the British fleet could still hit the target accurately even though the ship was in turmoil, and he thought it was obviously a kind of black magic.According to folk stories, filthy things can make black magic ineffective, so he harassed Guangzhou, collected a large amount of pig blood, sheep blood, and feces, and listed them on the city.But the magic of the British fleet remained the same. The loud noise of the shells finally broke the heart of the pair of commander-in-chief and deputy commander-in-chief. They escaped from Guangzhou in embarrassment and begged the British army not to enter the city. They were willing to pay a huge sum of six million taels of silver immediately. , as a reward.Charlie Elliot accepted it, and he accepted it not for the six million taels, but because he was waiting for the British government's order on the "Nose Piercing Treaty". The fact that the British army did not enter Guangzhou made Yishan think that the matter was over, even the Treaty of Piercing the Nose.He reported to Min Ning: "General Yingyi came to Guangzhou to appeal his grievances. When the merchants paid off the six million taels owed to them, they left immediately. In order to show mercy to the people's difficulties, Yingyi was temporarily allowed to continue trading. This is also one of the techniques of "official circles", "Keep the secrets from the top and keep the bottom from the bottom", and Min Ning once again thought that everything was over. The British government refused to ratify the "Nose Piercing Treaty"-in fact, China had abolished it at that time, and even if the British ratified it, it had to use force to teach China to perform it.Britain believed that Hong Kong's tax revenue still belonged to China and could not be called a cession. The compensation was only six million taels, which was too small.So Charlie Elliot was dismissed, and Sir Park Dingcha was appointed to replace him.Pu Dingcha's attitude was even tougher. After he took office, he led 14 warships and an army of 2,500 people and headed north from Macau.First captured Xiamen, Fujian, then went north to Zhejiang Province, captured Dinghai (Zhoushan, Zhejiang), landed in Zhenhai (northeast of Ningbo, Zhejiang), and captured Ningbo (Ningbo, Zhejiang).曾经宣称要抽英夷的筋做马鞭的华东战区总司令（钦差大臣兼两江总督）裕谦，于全军覆没后自杀。旻宁又惊又气，任命宰相奕经出任东南战区总司令（统筹东南沿海防务·扬威将军），剿灭英夷。 次年（一八四二）春，奕经率二万人精锐的大兵团，反攻宁波，被一千余人的英军击溃，奕经仅逃出性命。英舰进攻乍浦（浙江平湖乍浦港），清政府最自豪的满洲兵团，看见那些夷人的军舰像山一样逼面而来，上面喷着妖怪一样的滚滚浓烟，天空一片漆黑，不觉的魂飞天外，竟然一哄而散。英军不久即攻陷上海，逆长江而上，再攻陷镇江（江苏镇江），切断江南运粮到北京的运河，然后再驶到江宁（江苏南京），在江心停泊。朴鼎查提出最后通牒说，如果中国不接受英国所提出的条件，就开炮轰城。 清政府的将领对于一向瞧不起的英夷，现在已闻风丧胆，文职官员更惊慌失措，只求早日了结这桩公案。皇帝旻宁除了在奏章上批一些大言不惭的话，以显示他的愚昧无知外，最后只好派大臣耆英当全权代表，在江宁（江苏南京）城上竖起白旗，接受英国的条件，签订《南京条约》。 ——英国以二千五百人，进入面积比它本土大五十倍，拥有四亿人口的庞大帝国，竟横冲直撞，如入无人之境。直到下世纪（二十）中日参与第二次世界大战，历时一百年之久，中国就是打的这种每战必败的仗。大黑暗使中国军队腐烂，武器窳败，士气消沉，用任何方法都无法振作，因为这不单是军队问题，军队不能孤立于政治之外。