Chapter 41 Chapter Thirty-One Eighteenth Century-2

Tributary countries outside the Nine Feudal States The relationship between China and the vassals can be divided into several levels. The closest level is naturally North Korea.The sacrifices China has made for the interests of North Korea and for maintaining the independence and integrity of North Korea are astonishing.But China wanted nothing from North Korea, and the troops withdrew as soon as the war was over. Vietnam is also included in this level, and China also fought against France in the next century (19th) to aid Vietnam.But the most important thing is ideology. Since the fall of the Ming Dynasty in the last century (17th), both North Korea and Vietnam believed that the Manchus were nothing more than barbarians. The body can only be regarded as a fake China.The soul of China, the real China, has been transferred to the lands of North Korea and Vietnam—the North Koreans insist that they are the orthodox China, and the Vietnamese insist that they are the orthodox China.That is to say, China has become barbarians, while Korea and Vietnam are China.Although the two countries had to bow their heads to the Qing Dynasty of the Manchus in terms of force, they looked down on it very much from the bottom of their hearts.This mentality lasted for more than a hundred years, and it was not until the end of this century (18th) that the Qing Dynasty gradually merged with China.

The next level is Ryukyu and Siam.China's impression of these two countries is that they are so distant and so submissive.The Chinese emperor took pity on their distance and delighted in their obedience, so he almost responded to the requests of the two countries, and the most beneficial ones were their envoys, and rewarded them very richly. Every time they returned from China, they returned with full rewards. The third level is Myanmar and Nepal.Sometimes these two countries are very close to China, and sometimes they are relatively distant.Of course, China is not willing to pay them the same warm feelings as it has for North Korea and Vietnam. It is very happy to just hope that these two neighboring countries will no longer cause trouble on the border.

In addition to the above-mentioned six vassal states, China also has countless trading tribute countries. The meaning of "tribute" is a regular contribution to the suzerain from the perspective of the vassal state, and it is a kind of honor from the perspective of China-this is completely different from the extortionate or exploitative tribute in Europe.One of the most important requirements for a vassal state is to pay tribute to the suzerain state on a regular basis.But only paying tribute, not necessarily a vassal. China was the only behemoth in Asia at that time, standing among all nations, and some small countries and tribes adjacent to it were at an absolute disadvantage in terms of area and population, and their cultural products were obviously backward. Flattering and flattering China, presenting some special products of the country to the Chinese government, such as rare jewels, exotic animals and plants, and beautiful women, expressing their admiration and friendship, hoping to fish for greater benefits.China has been accustomed to this kind of flattery since the Zhou Dynasty in the 12th century BC, and it is considered a matter of course and a matter of course.In order to show the magnanimity of the great power of the Celestial Dynasty, the envoys of the tributary countries have always been well taken care of.When we go back to the eighth century, there were more than 4,000 envoys who refused to leave after arriving in China, so that Prime Minister Li Mi had to order their expulsion, so we can understand how well they were treated.Some envoys with bad character even took advantage of this preferential treatment. After entering the Chinese border, they acted like robbers, rampaging and committing crimes along the way.The Chinese government always thinks that they come from a distant barbarian country and lack of education, so they are doubly forgiving.Therefore, foreign envoys who pay tribute sometimes become a great disaster on the main roads of communication.After paying tribute, the Chinese government must return with rich rewards, often worth several times more than the tribute.North Korea complained constantly about China's excessive silk rewards, which bankrupted North Korea's textile industry and severely hit their rural economy.In addition to rich rewards, while paying tribute, the envoys must carry a large amount of goods by the way (in fact, it is the main thing), and take the opportunity to make a big deal.Therefore, some countries did not hesitate to use the pressure of war to demand an increase in the frequency of tribute.

Under such circumstances, there are countless non-vassal states and tribes that pay tribute to China, and the seventh, eighth, ninth, and three centuries are the most. The king or khan of the country is the governor of a certain state.This kind of state is called Jimi state. The Tang government does not necessarily know where the state is, and the kings Khan who were appointed as the governors do not know Chinese characters, but they are only written down on paper by Chinese historians. Just a sum.In this century (eighteenth), this situation is still the same, such as Kazakh Kingdom, Brut Khanate (Tajik), Buhar Khanate (Uzbek Bukhara), Kokand Kingdom (Uzbek Kokand), Afghanistan Kingdom, The Kingdom of Bhutan, the Kingdom of Zhemenxiong (Sikkim), the Bhakdashan Khanate (northeast of Afghanistan), and the Kingdom of Cambodia are all tribute countries.

An example can illustrate the nature of their tribute. Located in the northeast of Gilgit City in Kashmir today, there is a small Kanjuti Kingdom. The value is equivalent to a person's food expenses for two weeks), not sent to Beijing (that is too far away), but accepted by representatives of the local government in Xinjiang, and they were rewarded with silk, silver coins, and tea.If there is a one-hundred-dollar transaction in the world, it is the tribute to China.This is not that China is dumb like a papaya, but a comprehensive reflection of a sense of honor and a sense of responsibility for the common ownership of the world, like parents or elder brothers or elder sisters, that is, never wanting to disappoint allies that rely on China.

—Foreigners will not understand this kind of grandeur.In the next century (nineteenth century), China fought against the emerging imperialists for Korea and Vietnam, and suffered serious setbacks, so they ceded land for compensation.Foreigners ridiculed the Chinese for being inexplicably accepting real disasters for the sake of the vanity of a suzerain country.But this is the main spirit of resisting power and helping those in need in Chinese culture. ten overseas Chinese In addition to the expansion of territory and the increase in tribute from vassal states, Chinese people also immigrated to overseas in large numbers.

The Chinese colonized Korea, and entered Japan through Korea, as early as the Era.But large-scale migration to Southeast Asia—including the Philippine Islands, the Indonesian Islands, Indochina, and the Malay Peninsula—may not have started until the seventh century.It didn't increase rapidly until Zheng He's voyages to the West in the fifteenth century.However, Chinese people's outward development not only cannot be supported and protected by the government like Europeans, but on the contrary, they are strictly prohibited.Confucianism is conservative and respects ancestors. It hates those who abandon their ancestors' tombs, leave their parents' country, and go to barbarians in pursuit of wealth.Therefore, they are called pirates and traitors, and they are banned by laws and prisons. Under such circumstances, overseas Chinese have become poor orphans who have been abandoned overseas.However, the coastal areas of China are densely populated and the land is barren, while Southeast Asia is sparsely populated and has a tropical climate, making it easier to make a living.The coastal people used methods of evasion or bribery to escape the interference of the officials, and flooded overseas in large numbers. These poor and helpless desperadoes started with small businesses, and soon established homes in wild places. With the people, get along very closely.

After the sixteenth century, Europeans invaded eastward.Spain was the first to occupy the Philippines (1542).In the seventeenth century, the Netherlands continued to occupy Java (1619).These imperialists regard themselves as masters and adopt a policy of oppression against the Chinese.When the overseas Chinese couldn't bear it, they rebelled, because there was no national power to back them up. Not only did they not have any backing, but the Ming and Qing dynasties also hoped that foreigners would eradicate the Chinese pirates and treacherous people who had fled there earlier.Therefore, every time overseas Chinese resisted, they were hit hard.Like Spain, it has carried out three massacres full of primitive beasts against the Chinese in the Philippines, each time using genocidal means:

1. In the 17th century and 1603 (Ming Dynasty wine and meat emperor Zhu Yijun was in power and was practicing beheading politics), more than 20,000 overseas Chinese in the Philippines were massacred by Spain. 2. In 1639 in the 17th century (the Qing army attacked the Ming Dynasty and entered the fortress for the fifth time), since the first massacre in the Philippines, the number of Chinese immigrants has gradually increased to 32,000 in more than 30 years.Spain carried out a second massacre, killing more than 20,000 people, and only more than 10,000 people survived, but they were classified as a pariah class, and each person had to pay an unaffordable six-dollar poll tax, and they had to convert to what they believed in Catholicism (religious belief is difficult for people from country A, who have weak religious concepts and don’t care what religion or god they believe in, which puzzles the Spaniards).

3. In 1662 in the 17th century (the year following the fall of the Ming Dynasty), Zheng Chenggong occupied Taiwan and expelled the Dutch. The news of victory greatly inspired the Chinese in Manila, the capital of the Philippines.This caused the third massacre in Spain. The Chinese armed themselves to defend themselves and were unyielding to the death, but they could not resist the artillery attacks of the Spanish regular army.As a result, all Chinese, including all women and children, were massacred by the Spaniards. The hearts of imperialists are vicious, as is Spain, and Holland is no exception.In 1740 (eighteenth) of this century, Chinese nationals were massacred in Batavia (Jakarta), the capital of Java, turning the river into blood. Historians call it the "Red River Massacre."

Although the Chinese have been subjected to such terrible persecutions over and over again, the immigration to Southeast Asia (including the Philippines, where three genocides have occurred, and Java, where the Red River is full of blood) has continued. This is the display of the resilience of the Chinese people.By the end of the eighteenth century, there were estimated to be more than two million overseas Chinese scattered across Southeast Asia, and they had established many city-state independent kingdoms, the most famous of which were: 1. Luo Fangbo, a native of Guangdong Province, established the Fangbo Republic in Pontianak, the western end of Borneo (Kalimantan Island). ——The next century (nineteenth), died in the Netherlands. 2. Wu Yuansheng, a native of Guangdong Province, established the Daiyan Kingdom in the northern part of Borneo. He was the king himself, and the throne was hereditary. ——The next century (nineteenth), died in the Netherlands. 3. Zhang Jiexu, a native of Chaozhou in Guangdong Province, established a kingdom without a specific name on Ambona Island (Natuna Island) and appointed himself the king. ——The next century (nineteenth) Zhang Jiexu passed away, internal disputes broke out, and the kingdom collapsed. 4. Wu Yang, a native of Fujian Province, established another kingdom without a specific name in the Malay Peninsula. ——In the next century (nineteenth), it was wiped out by the British expansion to the east. These are just a few heroes, and Zheng Zhao, the founding king of the Siam Kingdom that has stood until the 20th century, is not included. The history of overseas Chinese is a history of blood and tears. There is no country in the world where immigrants have suffered endless and terrible disasters like Chinese immigrants.Just like orphans who are abandoned by their parents and walk into the snake den, no one can protect them except themselves.When China's national power is at its strongest, such as in the beginning of this century (18th), not only will it not help them, but it will make them die overseas.In the next century (nineteenth century), when the country weakened and the European imperialist forces surged in, the situation of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia became even more difficult.All the strongholds of Chinese immigrants have been wiped out by the modern weapons of the white race. With the sweat and tears of the Chinese people.Southeast Asia has become the world of white people. Poor Chinese people often sell themselves to white people as slaves for a period of time (to a year or fifteen years). oppressed and exploited, no better than their countrymen shipped to America.A British writer who is quite familiar with Southeast Asia once lamented: "Being a Chinese in the 19th century is really a torture." This sentence shows the tragic experience of overseas Chinese, but it also shows the stubborn side of the Chinese.The Chinese have their secret weapons, which are: a high degree of patience and humiliation, a high degree of hard work and a high degree of vigilance.It made them rise and grow stronger amidst all difficulties, and they actually mastered the economic power of Southeast Asian countries, which was far beyond the expectations of those imperialist countries with butcher knives in their hands. Eleven Words Prison It is a glorious aspect of the Qing government to open up territory for China, but it also has a dishonorable aspect, that is, the measures of literary inquisition it launched that lasted for more than a hundred years. Almost every dynasty in China has literary inquisitions, which is one of the characteristics of totalitarian politics, but they are all accidental incidents.It was not until Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, that literary inquisition was used as a legal method of murder. This method was handed over to the Qing government, and it was further used as a bloody tool to suppress the resistance of the Han people. The psychological background of the literal prison is very simple.When those in power have latent guilt and inferiority complex in their hearts, they will force their own head on every word and word of others, and take strong revenge.Just like a bald man who gets smoke from his orifices when he hears the light bulb mentioned, Zhu Yuanzhang always thought that the intellectuals would expose his scars because he had been a thief. contempt. Therefore, every literary inquisition is a reaction of those in power who suffer from neurasthenia and guilty conscience. We have listed some of the most famous literary inquisitions of the Qing Dynasty in the following table to represent a lengthy narrative: From these cases, we can understand the essence of literary inquisition, that is, the bizarre distortions of words by powerful people.Just like Jia Shifen's incantation "Heaven and earth are under my auspices, and ghosts and gods are under my control", which is just the usual practice of wizards "speaking words", and it has become evidence of treason, which can be used as a typical description of literary inquisition.Yin Jiaquan called himself "an ancient old man", which is an ancient idiom, but Hongli said sourly: "I call myself an ancient old man, and I have already announced it to the world. How dare he call himself an ancient old man?" He actually wanted to use political means to create his own literature The status can be described as whimsical. The trial of the Literary Inquisition is another major exposure of China's historical judiciary darkness—the lack of protection of human rights.When each case occurred, the emperor first handed it over to a special case group composed of senior officials to study how to deal with it, and put forward the so-called "public opinion" to the emperor-the term at that time was called "Jiuqing public discussion".The "public opinion" put forward by the special case team, of course, is that the unlucky defendant has committed a heinous crime, and firmly demands that he be executed by the torture of "Ling Chi" and that all family members beheaded.The emperor immediately expressed his magnanimity, special grace, exempted from Lingchi, changed to hanged (or changed to beheaded), and the whole family (or whole family), men, women, old and young, were sent to Heilongjiang (Heihe, Heilongjiang) or Ningguta ( Ning'an, Heilongjiang) as slaves to poor armored men. This kind of trial is like a cartoon drawn by a cartoonist, including the emperor, but a group of clowns.No one dared to propose a lighter punishment, let alone appeal for the party concerned, and even dared not say a word that was beneficial to the party concerned, otherwise not only would the defendant not be saved, but himself would also be trapped.In the case of Wang Xihou, Jiangxi governor (governor) Haicheng only suggested that he should be dismissed as a "juren". What is the peace of mind of the so-called ministers respecting the emperor? What is the righteousness of killing all the corrupt officials and thieves? Haicheng really has no conscience, and he failed my great kindness of appointing him to be an official." Haicheng was still lucky. Not beheaded.Tao Yi, the Civil Affairs Director of Jiangsu Province (feudal secretary) who was responsible for Xu Shukui's case, was not so lucky. He once refused to accept Xu Shukui's report and was sentenced to death. The strange murder of Literary Inquisition produced the following effects: A Han Chinese intellectual was already confined to the narrow scope of the Confucian school. Now within this narrow scope, historiography, literature, and the commentary on the Confucian classics are all forbidden by unpredictable spells.Intellectuals had no choice but to take two paths, one of which was to immerse themselves in traditional stereotyped essays and imperial examinations, and strive to become officials.The characteristic of stereotyped essays is that benevolence, justice and morality are written on paper, and that life is based on benevolence, justice and morality, and benevolence and morality are based on the interests of the emperor and the ruling class. , and the scholars who only hope to be an official, but have not yet become an official, all flatter the emperor in a way that the emperor likes. 2. The other way is to make intellectuals concentrate on textual research.The so-called textual research is to use this ancient book to verify that ancient book, use the characters in this ancient book to verify the characters in that ancient book, and spend your whole life in the pile of old paper of ancient books, becoming a craftsman without imagination. No comprehension is required either, as long as you have drilled for a little longer, you can call yourself or be called a scholar.Naturally, this kind of academics will not offend anyone. The three people are even more indifferent to real politics and the future of the government.Because you don’t care, you don’t have love—it can also be said that because you don’t have love, you don’t care. If you don’t care and don’t love, you don’t worry about its downfall. If you don’t worry about its downfall, you don’t make any criticism.What people hear and see are all praises.This is an important reason for the people's indifference to politics and the government in Chinese history. Literary inquisition has further widened the distance between the government and the people. The four great darknesses come again. The West in this century (eighteenth) is praised as the century of rationality, with breakthroughs in political formation and ideology, as well as the protection of human dignity and human rights.But the Chinese are stuck in the horror of irrationality, and even the imagination of poetry is crushed to death. Twelve Dark Counterattacks In fact, the great darkness that started in the fourteenth century has not declined, it has only been pushed aside by the brilliant martial arts of the Qing government.The third golden age mainly refers to the expansion of foreign territories, and its contribution to the country is limited to maintaining social order.The third golden age was like the eye of a typhoon that was temporarily clear and clear. With the vigorous vitality of the early days of entering the customs, the Manchu people vigorously expanded a vast space for China.However, in terms of internal affairs, they did not have the political capability commensurate with their military strength, so that most of them accepted the evil traditions of the Ming government.Therefore, the fierce and poisonous fog of the great darkness is still rolling around the eye of the typhoon.Any regime is an organism. Once the Qing government’s adolescence passed, the great darkness came back from all directions. In an instant, Chinese society fell into the situation of the Ming Dynasty. The literary prison is the main reason for the rapid counterattack of the great darkness. One, because it drives officials to lose their sense of reason, morality, and law.The way to find out how to maintain an official position lies in bowing your head and obeying your ears, not in distinguishing right from wrong. The person who pressed the button for the return of the Great Darkness is Hongli, the most insane person in the wave of literary inquisition. The emperor who has been in power for sixty years, in the second half of the period, became tired of politics, but not tired of power. He indulged in the wandering life of "Going to the South of the Yangtze River", which is an invitation to the great darkness. Emperor Xuanye had been to the south of the Yangtze River six times, and each time he was very frugal. The purpose was to inspect the embankments and understand the society in the southeast region.Hongli also went to Jiangnan six times, and vowed that his purpose was the same.The problem is that his purpose is precisely not that. Like Yang Guang and Wan Yanliang, he also suffers from macrocephaly, and he went to Jiangnan six times just to vent his desire to show off.The time and destination of the six trips to Jiangnan are listed in the table below: The first time I went to Hangzhou and Haining in 1751 The second time in 1757 to Hangzhou The third time was to Hangzhou and Haining in 1762 The fourth trip to Haining and Hangzhou in 1765 Fifth trip to Hangzhou and Haining in 1780 The sixth time was to Hangzhou and Haining in 1784 In Chinese history, there are three famous wine and meat emperors who went to the south of the Yangtze River, namely Yang Guang in the seventh century; Zhu Houzhao in the sixteenth century; and Hongli in this century (eighteenth).The southern tour group formed by Hongli went to the south of the Yangtze River. The momentum was no less than that of his two predecessors. Each time there were as many as ten thousand people, like a group of hungry pirates who had just landed. To be looted.Yin Huiyi, Director of the Education Department of Jiangsu Province (Xuezheng), once wrote a memorial to dissuade him. The memorial said: "The people are suffering, and there are complaints." Hongli Guanghuo said: "The people are suffering, where do you point out the suffering? Zaidao?” Ji Xiaolan, the royal teacher (a bachelor’s student), is a giant of the Confucian school. He is respected for his editor-in-chief of "Siku Quanshu". Seeing that you still have a little foundation in literature, I gave you an official job, but in fact it was just raised as a prostitute, how dare you talk about state affairs?" Under the rule of this ideology, the cleanliness and administrative efficiency of the government have completely disappeared. Hongli is most proud of claiming that he has the following ten martial arts, so he calls himself "the perfect old man". In 11749, Ping Da Jin Chuan 21755 Ministry of Balance 31757 Releveling Department Pinghui Department in 41759 51769 Ping Burma In June 1776, Jinchuan was flattened again Taiwan was flattened in 1788 81789 Ping Vietnam 91791 Flat Nepal In 11792, Nepal was leveled again As a result of serious research, Hongli's martial arts is only one - conquering the Junggar Khanate, but he divided one into three - Pingzhunbu, Zaipingzhunbu, and Pinghuibu.The development of a territory of 1.9 million square kilometers alone can occupy an indelible page in history, but Hongli's macrocephaly made him have to make up ten items, which turned out to be his ugly face.Dajin (Jinchuan, Sichuan) and Xiaojinchuan (Xiaojin, Sichuan) were disputes between Tibetan tribes, and the Qing government intervened; Taiwan was the anti-violence revolution of Lin Shuangwen, a Han Chinese; these three martial arts were all bloody internal suppression.Ping Burma was a losing battle; Ping Vietnam was a losing battle;In any case, we can't see any martial arts or great martial arts, but we can see casualties, military and political corruption. However, the most serious was the last mistake Hongli made. From the 1970s, he handed over the power to He Shen, a Manchu playboy who was born as a bodyguard, and promoted He Shen to be Prime Minister (University Scholars and Minister of Military Aircraft) and Beijing Commander-in-Chief of Public Security (Nine Admirals). Yan Song, the prime minister of the Ming government in Heshen in the sixteenth century, has been shining successively. He has the same type of special opportunity and official skills. With a flattering and respectful appearance, he plays the emperor who thinks he is extremely smart.Soon after Heshen came to power, a nationwide corruption system was established. Officials across the country found that if they did not use huge bribes to their superiors, they would be ruthlessly excluded or even thrown into prison. They had to adapt to this political situation.The bribes used all come from corruption--employment in engineering (such as deducting the cost of harnessing the Yellow River) and injustice in the judiciary.Some governors and provincial governors (governors) were brought to Hongli for corruption. Hongli was also furious and continued to use the death penalty.But if the fire is not removed, it will not help at all to add a cup or two of cold water to the boiling pot.Everything was restored to the original state at the end of the Ming Dynasty in the 16th century. The more severe the killing, the more serious the corruption. They were afraid that they would be exposed and could not cover up after being exposed, so they had to use more bribes to seek protection.Civilian officials are like this, military officials are even worse, they can't take advantage of engineering and unjust prisons, so they deduct soldiers' pay and use military operations to directly rob the people. When the people stop them from robbing, they call the people bandits and massacre. Heshen is like a bottomless pit, into which huge sums of bribes from officials across the country poured into it like a waterfall. In the last year of this century (1799), Hongli passed away.The iceberg fell, and He Shen followed suit.The new emperor (Yu Ye) Yan, the son of Hongli, immediately arrested and executed He Shen. When his property was liquidated, the total was 900 million taels, which did not include the huge amount of corruption by his family members.At that time, the total annual revenue of the national treasury was only 80 million taels. Heshen had been in power for 20 years, and the amount of corruption was equal to the total national revenue for 12 years, which was horrifying.When King Louis XIV of France died in 1715 (18th) of this century, his total property was only 20 million French dollars (francs), which had already attracted the resentment of the whole country. At the currency value at that time, one tael was equivalent to 3.75 Calculated in French dollars; the property of this European hero is only one hundred and seventieth of the property of a corrupt official in China.Yan Song, a corrupt official in the sixteenth century, only embezzled two million taels, which was only one-four hundred and fifty of Heshen's. Hongli and Heshen, two fat Manchurians, worked closely together and devoted all their strength to hollow out the foundation of the Qing Dynasty and bring back the Great Darkness. Thirteen Officials Force the People to Rebel (Part 1) After Hongli went to the south of the Yangtze River for the second time in the 1850s of this century, a large number of farmers went bankrupt and displaced. Floods and droughts, as well as the merger of rich literati and landlords due to corruption, caused more farmers to lose their land.We can see the tragic picture of society under the leadership of the so-called "Shiquan old man" Hongli from the poem "Flight to Famine" written by the poet Zheng Banqiao at that time: Sell ​​a son every ten days, and a woman every five days.There is nothing left in the future, and the vastness is a long way.The long road is far away, and there are jackals and tigers in Guanshan. ... I sighed, my skin was scorched, my bones were broken and my waist and arms were broken.If you stare at someone, you have to eat, swallow, and regurgitate. ... Seeing an abandoned baby by the road, Lian Shi is carrying the cauldron.Sell ​​all your own children, but caress for others. ... The body is at ease and the heart is turned to sadness, how is the sky so remote.Everything can't be said, facing the wind tears like pouring. The farmer who sold out his sons and daughters and was at the end of the day, when he was dying and still could not live, he might starve to death with the children he picked up, but he might also become another kind of person, like other farmers with the same fate. Join together against violence.Beginning in the 1860s of this century, peasant riots have continued to occur in various places.After the 1970s, the energy of Heshen was added, and the civil uprisings across the country became even more turbulent.We have selected more than a dozen important leaders of the civil uprising, listed in the following table: The White Lotus Sect is popular in the north, and the Tiandihui is popular in the south. Both are religious secret organizations.Because of the frequent gatherings, the corruption and tyranny of officials and the political persecution, it is easy to turn anger into collective resistance. In the 1970s, Liu Song, one of the leaders of the White Lotus Sect, failed to rebel against the riots in Luyi County, Henan Province and was killed.One of his disciples, Liu Zhixie, fled.Eighteen years later, in the 1990s, Liu Zhixie suddenly appeared in Fugou County, Henan Province, but disappeared immediately.Hongli was shocked and angry, and ordered a severe search and arrest.At this time, Heshen had been in power for a long time, and corruption had become a normal trend in society. Hunting fugitives was a golden opportunity given by Hongli to officials to make a fortune. Planned extortion of the people, the provinces known as the heart of China, such as Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Gansu, families above the middle class, almost all went bankrupt under the means of unjust imprisonment.As for poor families with no property to break, there are only three choices: one is to be arrested and imprisoned, and under torture, to automatically admit that he is a bandit of the White Lotus Sect, and to be tied to the execution ground to be executed; one is to be like the farmer described by the poet, Abandoning their homes and exiles, or finally starving to death, or luckily not starving to death; the other is anger and armed resistance.Nie Jieren, Wang Sanhuai, and Lin Shuangwen, one of the leaders of the Tiandihui in Taiwan, were the first to attack. Among these revolt leaders, the Wang Sanhuai incident can enable us to better understand the nature of the revolt.In 1798, Le Bao, governor of Sichuan, surrendered to Wang Sanhuai, vowing to guarantee his safety.Wang Sanhuai believed Le Bao's oath, but Le Bao arrested Wang Sanhuai, claiming that he was captured alive in the campaign against bandits.The emperor (Yu Ye) Yan ordered Wang Sanhuai to be sent to Beijing to personally interrogate him why he wanted to rebel. Wang Sanhuai answered four words. "Officials force people to rebel." (Yu Ye) Yan taught him to give examples, and Wang Sanhuai described the corruption and tyranny of officials one by one. (Yu Ye) Yan was greatly shocked, and asked: "Is there not one official who is not corrupt in the whole province of Sichuan?" Wang Sanhuai replied: "There is only one, and that is Liu Qingtian." He was referring to Liu Qing, the magistrate of Nanchong County, Sichuan.We can imagine the anguish that these simple peasants, who were called bandits, felt in their hearts.They only hope that officials will not be corrupt or corrupt a little bit, but this lowest wish cannot be realized. This is the most obvious feature of the dark age. (Yu Yeyan) Although the corruption of officials was greatly shocked, the situation has already been formed, and he is unable to reform. He can't protect Liu Qing, who is called "Qingtian" by the people. Squeeze Out—The reason for exclusion is fair, but the real reason is that no one should be allowed to be healthy when all are leprosy.Wang Sanhuai was still tortured to death to warn the people of the whole country that no matter how corrupt and cruel officials are, they can only accept it and cannot resist it. However, killing Wang Sanhuai only made the Bianmin one less leader. Wang Sanhuai's tribe was led by his assistant Leng Tianlu and continued to fight against the Qing government.The rest of the revolutionary masses were strengthened by Lebao's breach of trust. Simultaneously with the White Lotus Sect and the Tiandihui, there is also the resistance of the Miao people. In the 27th century BC, after being defeated by the leader of the Han nationality, Ji Xuanyuan, the Miao people retreated to the vast mountainous areas of Guizhou and Hunan provinces, where they were isolated from the outside world.They have no written language, and their level of education is far behind that of the Han people.In the 17th and 1920s of the last century, the Qing government ordered the abolition of the hereditary system (tusi) of the tribal chiefs (local officials) of the Miao nationality, and replaced them with officials sent by the government (liuguan).Miao people are simple and sincere, and regard officials as gods. As a result, the Miao people's area became a paradise for corrupt officials. The scum and profiteers and landlords of the Han nationality colluded with the Manchu officials to invade and occupy the land of the Miao people by means of fraud or coercion.Moreover, children and women of the Miao people were robbed and sold to distant places as slaves or prostitutes. Anyway, the law is always on the side of the powerful. The Miao people have infinite grief and pain and have nowhere to appeal.This century (eighteenth) in 1735, the garrison troops robbed Miao women and sold them, sparking a massive riot, which was suppressed by force by the Qing government.In 1795, the same atrocities provoked the same riots. Shi Liudeng listed above was only one of the first leaders who launched the rebellion. He was killed soon after. The slogan of the Communist Party of China is: expel the Han people, and claim back the land that was cheated and usurped. Like the White Lotus Sect and the Tiandihui, the Qing government adopted high-pressure measures.However, the army of the Qing government, including the Manchurian Corps, the Mongolian Corps, and the Green Battalion Corps, which is dominated by Han Chinese, have been rotten.When troops were deployed against the Wushi (Xinjiang Wushi) Incident in the 1960s, the senior generals only spent half a tael of silver coins for each meal, only a catty of fresh meat and a few kinds of bacon (salt cheese).In the 1980s, when soldiers were used against the White Lotus Sect and the Miao people, even in barren mountains and valleys, every meal was full of delicacies from mountains and seas, requiring more than two hundred taels of silver coins (note the purchasing power at that time: the living expenses of a family of five were no more than one year. Forty taels, the cost of a meal for a senior general, enough to feed twenty-five people for a year).Only thirty years have passed, and the atmosphere has become so corrupted that it cannot be controlled. This kind of army, like the army of the Ming government in the last century (seventeenth), can only be used as a tool for making revolution.So when this century (eighteenth) ended, China was fighting everywhere again. Fourteen's greatest novel——Dream of Red Mansions Let us once again return to the world of literature from the sound of slashing. In the sixteenth century, China produced three novels in one go——,,,, which brought Chinese literature into the age of novels.Although poetry develops as usual, and has even spread overseas, intellectuals in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Ryukyu countries almost all have a deep knowledge of Chinese poetry.Nearly every one of their envoys to China was a poet, as evidenced by the writings they exchanged with the Chinese emperor and Chinese officials.But poetry was still reserved for senior intellectuals at that time.Since the breakthrough birth of the three novels, the field of the novel is as vast as outer space for writers to gallop. The three novels in the 16th century are just a summary of hundreds of years of attempts to popularize vernacular Chinese. Great books come out. A total of 120 chapters (chapters), including more than 200 characters.It narrates the love triangle between Jia Baoyu, the heroine, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai. Later, Jia Baoyu married Xue Baochai, and Lin Daiyu died of illness on the eve of his marriage.Then the Jia family went bankrupt, Fugui Ronghua and those extremely smart and beautiful girls died or died.Jia Baoyu couldn't bear this kind of blow, nor could he erase his memory of Lin Daiyu, so he left home and disappeared in the vast land.Few people can finish the whole book in one go, and the emotional readers will be sad when they read about Lin Daiyu's death. 的作者曹雪芹，他是满洲贵族，祖父、父亲、叔父，连续担任江宁（江苏南京）皇家纺织厂厂长（江宁织造）四十四年之久。纺织厂是直属皇宫的最大的生产机构之一，负责宫廷绸缎的供应。所以曹家拥有可观的由贪污得来的财富，玄烨大帝厂次南游时，有五次都住在曹家，由曹家负责招待（接驾）。这是一种光荣，同时也显示曹宅具有豪华的建筑和设备，才能容纳和供应皇帝出巡时所带的千万人组成的蝗虫集团。曹雪芹就在这种环境中长大。 曹家大概在曹雪芹二十岁左右时，辞掉（或被免除）纺织厂的职务，迁到北京定居，不久因为贪污案发而破产，曹雪芹开始贫穷潦倒。他没有谋生能力，终于衣食无着，这对一个从富贵中长大的人来说，是一种难以承受的巨变。于是他开始写作，以他过去的生活作为蓝图，写下一书。他于四十七岁的本世纪（十八）一七六四年除夕逝世，据说他逝世时只写了八十章，最后的四十章由另一位作家高鹗代他续完。我们不敢肯定这种说法，因为世界上很难在同一时间和同一空间，会出现两个从气质见识到生活背景，从文学修养到心理状态，都完全相同的伟大小说家。曹雪芹逝世时，环境是凄凉的，而且他绝没有想到，他为他的国家留下无价之宝。 我们用下列三项说明的崇高价值： 第一、在文学上，的成功至为惊人，迄至二十世纪，中国还没有一部小说可以超过它。它布局的气魄像汪洋大海，描写的细腻深刻，像脂粉一样的沁人肌肤。二百余角色每人都有他的性格，互不相同，只要听他们的说话，就可分辨出他们是谁。只要分辨出他们是谁，就可知道他们对刺激产生什么反应。每一个情节都含有深长的意义，而且用的是白描技巧，这是长篇小说创作领域中最艰难的的一种技巧。曹雪芹始终把握住一个原则，即用言语和动作去表达心理——跟专注重心理描写的笨重手法，恰恰相反，使读者在淡淡的声调下，发生澎湃的感情。世界上还找不到一本小说能像一样，包括这么多人，而又观察得如此入微。 第二、在言语上，使用的是纯北京话。北京话音调悦耳而词汇丰富，这些优美的特点在红楼梦里充分发挥出来。很多人物都以善于词令而被称赞，像贾宝玉的丫头小红，她能把一群身份和关系互不相同的一些凌乱言语，以闪电般的速度，表达清楚。问世一百余年后的二十世纪，北京话始终被法律定为中国的标准国语。 第三、在社会史上，是一个包罗万象，蕴藏丰富的宝藏。因为本世纪（十八）之前中国社会在本质上和结构上，变化很少。可以说是自纪元前三世纪西汉王朝直到十九世纪西洋文化冲击前，二千年间中国社会的总解剖。至少它显现出来大黑暗时代的中国社会的横断面。我们可以透过这部引人入胜的巨著，认识专制政体和儒家思想下，中国人的社会结构、家庭结构、行为规范和各种奇形怪状的意识形态，以及奴隶制度、政治制度、地主跟佃农的关系，士大夫阶层的组成，贪污贿赂的艺术，司法黑暗和人权被蹂躏的内容，贵族生活的内容，权力在亲情中的地位，儒家伦理基础“孝”的实质意义，宗法与多妻制度以及嫡子庶子的冲突；古中国的男女爱情观念、婚姻基础、妾的地位，等等问题，都有非常丰富和详细的说明。不但是一部具有无限重读性的作品，而且随着年龄智慧的增长，心理背景及社会背景的不同，每一次阅读，都有一次新的发现。 于本世纪（十八）六十年代问世，立即受到满洲贵族和儒家系统猛烈抨击，满族人认为它暴露了满洲贵族的靡烂生活，儒家系统认为它诲淫诲盗，坏人心术。但它却受到广大欢迎，不久就兴起一种称为“红学”的专门研究的学问，这部巨著对普通读者的感染力之大，直到二十世纪初期，男青年还都以贾宝玉自居，女青年还都以林黛玉自居。 十五东西方世界 一七三三年（玄烨大帝第四次下江南），俄国沙皇彼得一世定都圣彼得堡。 一七四八年（清政府第一次讨伐大小金川），法国学人孟德斯鸠出版《法律的精神》，提出立法、司法、行政三权分立理论。 一七六二年（弘历第三次下江南），俄国皇后卡德琳二世，杀掉她的沙皇丈夫彼得三世，自称卡德琳大帝。 一七六九年（中国与缅甸战役结束），英国人瓦特发明蒸气机，这是一个划时代的发明，从此西方跟东方，分歧为两个世界 一七七六年（第二次大小金川战役结束，改大金川为阿尔古厅，小金川为美诺厅），美国宣布独立。 一七八九年（中国封阮光平为安南国王），法国大革命爆发七月十四日，攻陷巴士底监狱，释放政治犯，发表《人权宣言》（距上世纪（十七）英国发表《权利法案》，恰一百年）。 一七九二年（中国跟尼泊尔战争结束），法国改建共和国（第一共和），斩国王路易十六于断头台。 一七九九年（弘历逝世，和珅在狱中自杀），拿破仑解散执政四，称法国共和政府第一执政。