Chapter 31 Chapter 24 Eleventh Century-1

The confrontation between Song and Liao was reconciled in the 2000s, and the two countries have maintained a long-term peace for more than 100 years.However, because the Song Empire itself was too weak, Xiazhou in the northwest corner (North of Jingbian, Shaanxi), like Jiaozhou in the southwest corner (Hanoi, Vietnam), also went away to establish the Xixia Empire.This empire was small and poor, but the damage done to the Song Empire was ten times that of the Liao Dynasty. In China's inherent territory, in fact, it is not a separate situation of the Song Empire's great unification, but a situation of separation of the three kingdoms.This situation continued until the thirteenth century.

A reconciliation between Song and Liao The conflict between Song and Liao took a sharp turn in the early part of this century (Eleventh). In 1004, the Liao Empire made a large-scale southern expedition. Emperor Yelu Longxu and his mother Empress Dowager Xiao personally led the army. After entering the Song Empire, they only used a small number of troops to attack the cities, but the main force went through the wilderness and went straight to the Yellow River.Going 400 kilometers deep, it reaches Chanzhou (Puyang, Henan), and it is only 120 kilometers away from Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Empire (Kaifeng, Henan).The Song Empire was shaken, and Emperor Zhao Heng called an emergency meeting. The officials had no choice but to move the capital.Minister Wang Qinruo was from Linjiang (Zhangshu, Jiangxi), and he advocated moving the capital to Yizhou (Nanjing, Jiangsu); another minister, Chen Yaosou, was from Langzhou (Langzhong, Sichuan), and he advocated moving the capital to Chengdu (Chengdu, Sichuan).Only Prime Minister Kou Zhun opposed it, and he advocated the imperial conquest.He said, "The imperial conquest is a great encouragement to morale, and it is more than enough to win. What's more, when the enemy penetrates deep, we fortified the walls and cleared the country, cut off its food roads with surprise soldiers, and it can only retreat. Once the capital is moved, people's hearts will collapse, and the empire may collapse. "

Zhao Heng adopted Kou Zhun's advice, and immediately went north, stationed in Mengzhou (Puyang, Henan), climbed the north gate tower, and confronted the Khitan corps outside the city.This is the prelude to the decisive battle, but the reconciliation has already been carried out secretly.Wang Jizhong, a general of the Song Empire who was captured by the Liao Empire the year before, won the courtesy of Yelu Longxu.He took the opportunity to analyze the benefits of reconciliation and the consequences of confrontation, and suggested that the two countries hold negotiations. Empress Dowager Xiao and Yelu Longxu were persuaded by him.So Wang Jizhong wrote to Zhao Heng, revealing the flexible attitude of the Liao Empire, and Zhao Heng sent his representative Cao Li to the Liao Army Command for consultation.

When Zhao Heng arrived in Chanzhou, Cao Lili also returned to Chanzhou from the Liao Army Command.The Liao Empire insisted on claiming back the "Guannan Area" south of Waqiaoguan (Xiongxian, Hebei), which was seized by the Later Zhou Empire in 10959, including Mozhou (Renqiu, Hebei), Yingzhou ( Hejian, Hebei).Zhao Heng refused to accept it, he hoped for peace without loss.However, the rearguard troops of the Liao Empire have launched a fierce attack on the two prefectures of Mo and Ying, and they are at stake. If they fall, the conditions of the Liao Empire will be even stricter.So Zhao Heng said that the Guannan area cannot be ceded, but the Song Empire is willing to pay tribute to the Liao Empire every year as compensation, and send Cao Yong to negotiate.When Empress Dowager Xiao and Yelu Longxu were in the upper hand, they certainly refused to give in, but Cao Li reminded their mother and son: "Reconciliation cannot be achieved, only war. China is now a unified empire, unlike the later Jin government in a divided state. Our emperor You personally supervised the battle, your morale was high, you may not necessarily win. Moreover, paying tribute to the empire means sending the whole batch of treasures directly to His Majesty, and the war and plunder only benefit the soldiers.” These words correctly analyzed the truth of the situation, and the result was agreed The Song Empire paid 100,000 taels of silver coins and 240,000 bolts of silk to the Liao Empire every year.The representatives of the two countries swore to the heavenly alliance and signed a peace treaty, which is the famous "Chanyuan Alliance".

Before the tenth century of the last century, the currency was still mainly "money" made of steel, with a thousand coins as a "string" (guan, string), and the string was the highest unit of calculation.According to the two treaties of this century (eleventh), silver has become the main currency, and "two" has become the highest unit of calculation.This change has been used for nine hundred years.It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that it was changed to "yuan" as the highest unit of calculation. The Song Empire paid tribute to the Liao Empire, obviously losing face.However, in the confrontation between the two countries, it is best to eliminate the enemy; if not, then you have to swallow your anger and become friends with it.After a long period of fighting, no matter how powerful a country is, it will collapse due to exhaustion.Given the circumstances at the time, reconciliation was actually the wisest decision.It's been a long reconciliation.From 1004 in the 2000s to the next century (twelfth) - 122 years, all 119 years.Since the Anshi Mutiny in the middle of the eighth century, the Chinese people on the great plain north of the Yellow River, which had been submerged in melee for more than 200 years, found stability for the first time.

The long peace of 119 was not without disputes.Disputes occur frequently, but are resolved through negotiation.The biggest dispute occurred forty years later, in 1042, when the Liao Empire once again put forward the request for the Guannan area.At that time, the Song Empire was being repeatedly defeated by the newly independent Xixia Empire. As a result, the annual tribute was increased to a total of 200,000 taels of silver coins and 300,000 bolts of silk. The spirit of establishing a country in the Second Song Dynasty——Staying in peace Any emerging regime will have a fairly strong combat effectiveness for a period of time at the beginning.The only exception was the Song Empire, which was highly exhausted from the very beginning.The same Chinese people, in the golden age of the Tang Dynasty, were alive and well, shaking mountains and rivers.But as soon as he entered the Song Dynasty, he became a sick man and was vulnerable.

Zhao Kuangyin was a confidant of Emperor Guo Rong of the Later Zhou Dynasty and was considered a general who would never rebel, but he finally rebelled.His own story made him aware that the so-called loyalty of his subordinates was not reliable.If you want to eradicate rebellion, you can't simply rely on the loyalty of your subordinates. The only way is not to accumulate rebellion capital for others.So he set the principle: not to let ministers have power, and when it is absolutely necessary, not to let ministers have power for too long.If the power held by the powerful is only temporary, large-scale action cannot be taken.This can be observed from the following organizational forms of the central government of the Song Dynasty:

This table only lists the three central institutions. In addition, the "Shangshu Province", "Menxia Province", and "Nine Temples", like the Tang government organizations, still exist, but they all belong to the auxiliary center, and their status is not important.The three central institutions are not always subordinate to the prime minister, but to the emperor separately.The prime minister is only theoretically in charge of the overall situation, but unless there is a special order, he cannot intervene in the matters of the Privy Council (military) or the third division (finance).This is an important measure to prevent the combination of political leaders with military or financial leaders.

Not only that, the heads of various government units have nothing to do with the units he presides over.For example, Zhongshu Ling is nominally the head of the Zhongshu Province. In fact, Zhongshuling is only a senior official title. He can only enjoy this honor in his own home, and cannot go to the Zhongshu Province to exercise his power as the head.The person who goes to the Zhongshu Province to exercise the authority of the head, that is, the actual head of the Zhongshu Province, is the deputy head of the Shangshu Province (You Pushe) (the head of the Shangshu Province, Shang Shuling, also cannot exercise his powers as the head), and concurrently serves as the Zhongshu Province The deputy head (shilang), and then acting as the head of the Zhongshu province (Shangshu Youpushe and Zhongshu Shilang judge saves trouble).This is too complicated, let's use a modern institution as an analogy.It is as if the Minister of Education cannot intervene in the affairs of the Ministry of Education, but the Deputy Minister of Commerce concurrently serves as the Deputy Minister of Education. This concurrent Deputy Minister, who acts as the Minister of Education, is the real Minister of Education.

The situation of the local government is exactly the same. There is no official governor (the governor of the state) in each state. All the governors are temporary. They are called "knowing the state" or "judging a certain state". However, temporarily concurrently or as a temporary agent.Even if he is not a central official, sometimes he deliberately adds the official title of a central official, indicating that the local position is only temporary and temporary, and he may be transferred away at any time. Therefore, all the organs and officials of the Song government seemed to be a vaudeville troupe who made their way around the rivers and lakes. They only wanted to make a living from today's performance, and they were satisfied.Under such circumstances, no one thought of a century-old plan and a long-term strategy, and what Zhao Kuangyin hoped for was exactly the same.

The main purpose in the military is to make the generals never have military power.The Privy Council is the modern Ministry of National Defense. Its head is limited to civilian personnel, and even the heads of tactical units are also replaced by civilian personnel. The combat effectiveness of the army is thus damaged. The armed forces of the Song Empire were divided into two types, one was the National Defense Army called the "Forbidden Army" and the other was the local team called the "Xiang Army".The local teams are all old, weak and remnant soldiers, scattered all over the place to maintain local law and order.The National Defense Forces are elite, all concentrated in the capital Kaifeng.In case of war, the central government temporarily appoints a civil servant to act as the commander (even eunuchs act as the commander, but very few generals act as the commander) to lead the expedition.The generals in charge of actual combat were also temporarily appointed. Although they were professional soldiers, they knew nothing about the troops they commanded.At the end of the war, the commander surrendered military power, the general was transferred to another unit, and the soldiers returned to the camp.The advantage of this is that the commander is not familiar with the generals, and the generals are not familiar with the soldiers, so there will never be a Chen Qiao-style mutiny.But because of this, no matter how many troops there are, they are just a mob. Not only can they not bear a big attack, but it is even difficult to withstand a big blow.The civil servant serves as commander in chief, especially a deadly pernicious system.In the year of the Chanyuan Alliance, Wang Qinruo, the commander of the Tianxiong War Zone (Hebei Daming) (official title at the time was "Shen Zhizheng Shi Juan Tianxiong Military Mansion and Hebei Transshipment Envoy", that is, "Deputy Prime Minister and Tianxiong War Zone Commander and Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Hebei Province"), when he saw the Liao army passing by the city, he was so frightened that he could only burn incense and pray to Buddha, praying for the protection of gods.We can imagine what morale looks like in this situation. The founding spirit of the late empire is: hold on to the crippled and defend the deficiencies, live in peace, live every day, and make every day count as a day. The Paradise of the Three Scholars The society of the Song Dynasty was different from that of the Tang Dynasty in that the families and families were eliminated.In the ninth and tenth centuries, at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the era of small divisions, the so-called government troops and generals who were indistinguishable from bandits often slaughtered families of noble families in order to seize their property, and the noble families had lost effective protection.At the same time, due to the long-term lack of labor, the land cannot produce enough food to support a large number of parasites, and the noble family has to be separated.The Song government also took strict precautions against knighted nobles, and neither the prince nor the son-in-law had real power.Therefore, the ruling class of the country is almost entirely composed of humble scholar-bureaucrats.The longitudinal section of the social structure is shown in the table below: Commoners jumped to the scholar-bureaucrat class in the same way as the Tang Dynasty, one was school, the other was examination, and the other was recommendation.School, we'll talk about that later.It was not until the Song Dynasty that the examination system became truly serious.The romantic and dramatic over-the-counter transactions of the Tang Dynasty were gradually eradicated.Those who passed the exam were given more attention than those in the Tang Dynasty.When those senior intellectuals who passed the Jinshi examination went to meet the emperor in groups and passed through the market, Kaifeng, the capital, seemed to be crazy, and the streets were empty.At that time, someone said with emotion: "Even if a general has made great contributions to destroying the country thousands of miles away, and returns triumphantly, the welcome he receives is nothing more than that." , can also make people obtain official positions.After reaching a high rank, this kind of mutual praise and expressing this praise to the emperor is even more important.The scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty were particularly prone to forming cliques, which is the basic reason. The founding spirit of the Song Dynasty and the conservative thinking of the Confucian school merged into one like water and milk.The Song Dynasty became an ideal paradise for scholar-bureaucrats, and they were very competent and happy with the vague official positions and positions that did not seek progress or efficiency given to them by the government.However, the emperor surnamed Zhao was still not at ease with the scholar-officials. In order to strengthen their mutual restraint and prevent unity and change, he especially encouraged impeachment and prosecution. "House", the tasks are exactly the same, so that when one is manipulated by ambitious people, the other will still function.Moreover, except for officials of the supervisory agency, such as censors and counselors, any other senior officials can also submit opinions to the emperor at any time, or criticize the prime minister at any time.This is really a good system for scholar-bureaucrats whose main knowledge is to write articles, and it is a heroic trick for them to play with words.There is a place for it to be used.Anytime, anywhere, they will speak out against any progressive reform and things they don't know about.The purpose is not to put his own opinions into practice, but to hope that his articles can leave a good impression in the mind of the emperor.Therefore, no matter how small or boring, it will cause heated debate. Another reason for this phenomenon is that the scholar-officials took too little responsibility for his remarks.Before the Tang Dynasty, if an official's impeachment or prosecution was considered improper, he might be dismissed or executed.The scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty were not in such a danger. Most of the biggest condemnations they received were demoted from the capital, Kaifeng, to the local government as governor (judgment of a state, state affairs), deputy governor, or secretary-general (generally sentence).This is not so much a condemnation, but rather a reward, to encourage the scholar-officials to be more daring to make noise.Because this kind of condemnation does not harm his vested interests in the slightest, it can also gain the reputation of "upright and loyal" and "defying power". The cowardly school uses the dichotomy method to divide human beings into two systems: one is the gentleman system, and the other is the villain system.This division was originally economic, but later developed into ethical, and later into political and moral, and thus became an important weapon in political struggle.This weapon is expressed in the different scripts listed in the table below; For the rowdy scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty, human beings were divided into two, so that they could save a lot of energy in the noisy and infighting.Once a dispute arises, as long as you immediately put yourself into the gentleman system and the opponent into the villain system, you will think you can win a big victory. We cite the following as an illustration.Zhao Yiyi, the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty, had no son. He adopted his cousin's son Zhao Zongshi as his son. Zhao Yiyi's cousin was Zhao Yunrang, who was named King Pu.Their relationship positions are shown in the table below: In 1063, Zhao benefited and died, and Zhao Zongshi came to the throne.So we modern people can't figure it out, but at that time the scholar-bureaucrats thought it was a very serious addressing problem, that is, what should Zhao Zongshi call his biological father (Zhao Yunrang)?Prime Minister Han Qi and Deputy Prime Minister Ouyang Xiu insisted that he should of course be called father, which is understandable.However, another faction of ministers headed by Sima Guang, according to Confucianism, advocated that his biological father (Zhao Yunrang) should be called uncle.Because Confucianism is a product of the patriarchal society, under the patriarchal system, Zhao Zongshi is the "Xiao Zong" who succeeded the "Da Zong", and the Da Zong should be the main one. The cousin (Zhao Yunrang) of the "legal father" (Zhao Yiyi) of the Da Zong is of course called For uncle.Both factions have a large number of party members, and Sima Guang has the most party members and the highest skills.One of his henchmen, Chief Prosecutor (Censor Zhongcheng) Jia An, left a suicide note when he was dying, asking Zhao Zongshi to call his father uncle; the Minister of Consultation (Tongzhi Jianyuan) Mrs. Cai, went to see Zhao Zongshi Immediately, he knelt down and wept bitterly, reporting the rise and fall of the country. Just for this title, Zhao Zongshi was deeply moved by Mrs. Cai's urgent tears.The other three henchmen: the chief secretary of the Supervision Department (in charge of miscellaneous affairs for the censor), Lu Huo, and the members of the Supervision Department (servant for the censor), Fan Chunren and Lu Dafang, became even more furious, and immediately included Ouyang Xiu and Han Qi in the villain system. Of course, people have no reason to live, so they asked to beheaded to thank the world.When Zhao Zongshi refused to accept their opinions and finally insisted on referring to his father as his father, Sima Guang's party members angrily stated that the gentleman system would never coexist peacefully with the villain system and demanded his resignation. This is the famous "Pu Yi", we can use this to make a comprehensive understanding of the scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty: 1. Confucianism, by the time of the Song Dynasty, had begun to ossify.Ouyang Xiu and Han Qi are both the most stubborn conservatives, but they occasionally show a little spirituality in the relationship between father and son, and they are immediately treated violently. 2. Once the scholar-bureaucrat attack begins, the dichotomy of human beings will immediately come into play, and the expressions used are the same over and over again.Explain their want of vocabulary and their wits. 3. "Pu Yi" is a small matter, but it is regarded as a big event like the sky is falling.It was even more important than being defeated by the Xixia Empire at that time, tens of millions of people were killed, and teachers were lost.It shows that scholar-bureaucrats no longer have the ability to distinguish right from wrong, but have the courage to fight internally. Four education culture Education in the Song Dynasty was more developed than in any previous era, which was the result of the efforts of scholar-bureaucrats to promote it.Just as Christian pastors felt obliged to spread the Gospel of Jesus to the masses, scholar-bureaucrats also felt obliged to spread Confucianism to the Chinese people. In the government system, the National University (Guozijian) is still the highest institution, located in Kaifeng, the capital.The president of National Capital University was originally called "Pan Guozi Supervisor", and later restored the old title "Jijiu".National Jingshi University consists of two colleges, "Guozixue" and "Taixue".Guozixue is an aristocratic academy, and only the children of officials with seventh-rank official positions (such as county magistrates) and above are eligible to enroll.Taixue is different. Children of low-level officials below the eighth rank or civilians can also enroll.In the 11th and 1970s of this century, when Wang Anshi was prime minister, he divided Taixue students into three grades according to their level, namely "Outer School", "Inner School" and "Shangshe".Pass the exam in the outer house and be promoted to the inner house.If you pass the exam again, you will be promoted to the upper house. If you pass the upper house exam, you will graduate and be awarded an official position by the government.The seat of the state government has a state school, and the seat of a county government has a county school.There are small schools—private schools—set up by the people at their own expense in each township. In addition to national universities, there are also private universities (academies) in society.There is only one national university in the capital, and there are many private universities.The scale is grand, sometimes surpassing national universities, and the following five are the most prestigious: Since they are private, graduates do not have the same legal status as graduates of state universities.But they were all created by government officials and almost entirely supported by the government.Shigu School was established the earliest and should be the earliest private university in China.The other four colleges were also established in the last century (tenth), and it is only in this century (eleventh) that they begin to show their influence.And Bailudong Academy, with nearly 10,000 students in the 12th century of the next century, became the mainstay of Confucianism——Taoism (Confucianism). What cooperates with school education is books, and the governments of all dynasties in China have set up book collection institutions.The Song government's book collection institution is Chongwenyuan, which is the National Library.The National Library consists of four units, called "Four Halls", namely "Zhaowen Hall", "Jixian Hall", "History Hall", and "Chongwenyuan Secret Pavilion".The Zhaowen Hall is responsible for collecting and keeping books, the Jixian Hall is responsible for correcting errors in the collection, the History Hall is responsible for collecting historical materials and compiling historical books, and the Secret Pavilion of Chongwen Academy is responsible for preserving particularly precious books and famous paintings.The books reached 73,000 volumes at the most, with about 730 million characters, slightly less than that of the Tang Dynasty.Of course, its circulation is very small, but the number of illegal outflows is large, such as managers giving and receiving privately, or even stealing away, but it contributes to the dissemination of knowledge. The National Library has another special status in the Song government. It is a reserve of candidates for senior government officials (including prime ministers). The officials serving in the "four halls" are called "library posts" in terms of terminology, and they are all filled by candidates with rich knowledge of Confucianism.Once he takes a post in the library, it means that he has a bright future, so he becomes the most important goal for new intellectuals. However, the greatest contribution of the National Library is that it has compiled the following four huge "class books".Leishu is a unique series of books in China, which compiles similar events contained in thousands of books.If readers need a certain type of information, they can avoid the hardship of looking through thousands of books. In addition to providing scholars with rich information on similar events, the four major categories of books also preserve a large number of ancient books for China.There are as many as 1,689 original books cited in "Taiping Yulan", of which 88%, or more than 1,500, have been lost.Only relying on this kind of books to know those ancient books and their contents is the greatest achievement in the history of culture. —— The popularization of culture depends on the popularization of books, and the popularization of books depends on the advanced printing technology.Ancient books were all copied by hand.By the seventh century, with the rise of woodcuts, initially used by temple monks to carve Buddhist scriptures—religious belief has always been one of the main drivers of cultural transmission.In the tenth century of the last century, scholar-bureaucrats used it to carve Confucian classics.By the 11th century of this century, engraving technology had advanced by leaps and bounds, and the business was booming, and it developed into a large-scale handicraft industry with numerous factories of all sizes.Hangzhou (Hangzhou, Zhejiang), Chengdu (Chengdu, Sichuan), Hongzhou (Nanchang, Jiangxi), and Quanzhou (Quanzhou, Fujian) are all important publishing centers.When encountering huge books, such as the above-mentioned four books, they should be sent to these places for engraving.In addition to books published by the government, due to the convenience of printing, a large number of books were also published by the private sector, and the bookstore industry came into being. ——In the 1140s of this century, Bi Yi, one of the greatest engravers, invented movable type.He carved characters on the clay and cast it with fire to harden it. The shape is the same as modern lead type, and the typesetting method is the same. This is the earliest letterpress printing in China.But for some unknown reason, it was not promoted, and it disappeared after a short-lived.It may be that the static demand of the agricultural society is not so large that the hand-engraved plates are too late to supply. Five Song Ci In Chinese literature, during the eighth and ninth centuries of the Tang Dynasty, brilliant achievements were made in the creation of poems.However, Chinese poetry has inherent shortcomings, that is, the number of words, sentences, and rhymes are too restrictive, and because of the difficulty in using square characters, it is impossible to develop ocean-like epics like Greece and the "Odyssey".The vast majority of poems have only four or eight lines, and the number of words is only five or seven characters. Only in rare cases, a little breakthrough can be made, but the limit is so small that it is impossible to express more complex emotions and make more complex poems. complicated narrative.At the same time, because of the popularization of music, a new form emerged, which was originally called "shiyu" and "long and short sentences". . Ci is the liberation of poetry. Regardless of the number of words, sentences, and rhymes, most of them are wider than poetry requires, and are more suitable for singing than poetry.Therefore, each word has a fixed Yali name to mark its musical nature.As long as the poet chooses the tone of the words and writes according to its established format, it immediately becomes a song.The singing method of words has been lost for a long time.However, we believe that words have high literary value, but not necessarily high musical value. ——The most important thing about the rhythm of words is the four tones and voicing of characters. Su Shi's lyrics often do not conform to this rule, and sometimes he does not pay attention to sentence punctuation. He was once accused of "breaking people's throats".Therefore, we judge that it is impossible to produce complex advanced music on such a monotonous and simple basis.Today in the 20th century, we can hear "Kunqu Opera", the descendant of "Ci", which is really not pleasant, which makes us more sure of this judgment. Ci appeared in the literary world in the eighth century, but it became vigorous only after entering the tenth century, overwhelming other forms of literary works, resulting in the era of Ci.In the Song Dynasty, there were more than 800 people who were famous for Ci, and more than 200 people had professional publishing.We cite the five greatest among them: Li Yu, Su Shi, Liu Yong, Xin Qiji, and Shi Dazu, as representatives of the Ci era.Li Yu belongs to the last century (ten).Su Shi and Liu Yong belong to this century (the eleventh).Xin Qiji belongs to the next century (twelfth).Shi Dazu belongs to the next century (thirteenth). Li Yu is probably the only imperial poet in China. He was the last emperor of the Southern Tang Empire in the small split era.His life can be clearly divided into two parts. The first half of his life was a carefree court life, and the second half of his life was a prisoner of the Song Empire.Two absolutely opposite lives make him write touching and good words.When he was the emperor, he had the deepest relationship with his wife Zhou Ehuang (Empress of the Great Zhou Dynasty), and wrote many erotic words for her.Let's take the word "Yi Hu Zhu" as an example: At the beginning of the evening make-up, Shen Tan puts some light on it.Slightly reveal cloves to people.A clear song, temporarily cited cherry broken.The color of Luo's sleeves is remnant, and the cup is deeply swirled by fragrant mash.The embroidery bed is slanted and delicate.Chewing the red antler, laughing and spitting at Tan Lang. (Shen, sandalwood, used to burn incense. Cloves, describe the tip of the tongue. Cherry, describe the red lips. Mouth, winding and wiping. Mash: fine wine. (Menbi), whirlpool. Wuna, meaning infinite. Sandalang, lover, husband.) Later, without telling his wife, he had an affair with her younger sister (Xiao Zhouhou), and wrote many poems about dating for her, such as "Bodhisattva Man": Hua Mingyue flies in the dark mist, so I can go to Lang's side tonight, draw socks and go down the incense steps, and carry gold-thread shoes.See you at the south bank of the painting hall, always cuddling with people and trembling.It is difficult for a slave to come out, and teach the king to pity you freely. (Scratch socks, take off shoes, land on socks, avoid making noise.) After being captured, he was sent to Kaifeng. After Xiao Zhou was occupied by Song Emperor Zhao Guangyi, he cried for help. Li Yu had no choice but to feel infinite sorrow.On July 7, 1978, which was his birthday, he and his family sang his new lyric "Poppy": When is the spring flower and autumn moon, how much do you know about the past.The small building was windy again last night, and the homeland couldn't bear to look back in the moonlight.The carved railings and jade masonry should still be there, but Zhu Yan has changed.Asking how much you can worry, it's like a river of spring water flowing eastward. Nostalgia for the motherland offended Zhao Guangyi and ordered him to be poisoned.Li Yu died miserably. He was poisoned by the machine, and his head and feet were rickety when he was in pain.Li Yu failed as an emperor, but succeeded as a poet.He writes words with the line-drawing method, which is straightforward on the surface but contains sincere feelings inside. This is the most difficult skill, which makes him a fairy in the ci world. No poet can achieve his attainments on the same road. Su Shi, he is the most outstanding star in the history of Chinese literature, and also a decathlon in the history of Chinese literature.For various forms of works, such as "Fu", "Poetry", "Ci", "Article", "Parallel Style", "Painting" and "Calligraphy", they are almost perfect.He expanded the scope of words, from the narrow world of love between children to the vast world.Citing his Chibi Nostalgia; The great river goes east, the waves wash away, and there are romantic figures through the ages.The human way to the west of the old base is, Zhou Lang Chibi of the Three Kingdoms.Rocks and clouds collapsed, turbulent waves crashed on the shore, and thousands of piles of snow were rolled up.Picturesque, a moment how many hero.Back in the days of justice, Xiao Qiao was married for the first time, and she was majestic and heroic.Feather fans and scarves, while talking and laughing, masts and sculls are wiped out in ashes.If you travel in the motherland, you should laugh at me passionately, and you will be born early.Life is like a dream, and a bottle is still pouring into Jiangyue. (Chibi, in the third century, Cao Cao’s army was defeated by Zhou Yu here, laying the foundation of the Three Kingdoms era. Zhou Lang, refers to Zhou Yu. Gong Jin, Zhou Yu’s nickname. Xiao Qiao, Zhou Yu’s wife, one of the beauties. Feather fan scarf, legend Zhuge Liang does not wear a military uniform, but holds a feather fan in one hand, wears a lun scarf hat, and commands the army. He sprinkles wine on the ground for a ceremony.) The boldness and vigor make the two readers who know this historical site feel the wind and rain blowing against their faces after reading this poem.But Su Shi's graceful and sad is also successful, such as "Jiangchengzi", in which he wrote that he dreamed of his dead wife at night, and he mourned every word: Ten years of life and death, without thinking, never forgetting.Thousands of miles away, there is no place to talk about desolation.Even if you don't know each other when you meet, your face is covered with dust, and your temples are like frost. The night comes and the dream suddenly returns home.Xiaoxuan window is dressing up.There is no words to look at each other, only a thousand lines of tears.It is expected that the place where the heart is broken every year, the bright moon night, and the short Songgang. Liu Yong, a decadent poet, originally had two sentences in a poem: "Endure the false name, and sing in a low voice." When he took the Jinshi examination, Zhao Yiyi, the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty, put The name was erased and said: "Go and sing in a low voice, what do you want to do with a fake name?" Liu Yongsui humorously claimed to be "composing lyrics by order".His words are all about love and sorrow of parting, revealing the luxurious side of society in this century (11th).It has spread so widely that wherever there is well water, there are his words.Under his development, the number of sentences increased and became a long tone.His creative skills enable him to write difficult emotions and difficult events and scenes, while still maintaining a straightforward natural and original beauty.Like "Yu Linling" describes the divorce, the ileum is full of twists and turns: The chilling cicadas are miserable, it is late to the Changting Pavilion, and the showers have just stopped.Dumen is melancholy drinking and has no threads, Fang is nostalgic for the place, and Lanzhou urges him.Doubted see tears in their eyes, even Yuning choke.Read to go thousands of miles of smoke and waves, the dusk is heavy and the sky is wide.Amorous feelings have hurt parting since ancient times, and it is even more desolate for Qingqiu Festival.Where to wake up tonight, the evening wind and the moon on the banks of the willows.After many years, it should be a good time for a good time.Even if there are thousands of styles, let alone tell anyone. (Dumen, the gate of the county city.) Another song "Looking at the Tide of the Sea" praises Hangzhou: The situation in the southeast, the three Wu cities.Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times.Yanliu Painting Bridge, Fengliancui (Jinmo), there are hundreds of thousands of families.Clouds and trees surround the embankment and sand, raging waves roll in frost and snow, and the sky is boundless.The market is full of pearls, and the households are full of Luo Qi and compete for luxury.There are many lakes and Qingjia peaks.There are Sanqiu osmanthus and ten-mile lotus.The Qiang pipe makes the sky clear, the water chestnut sings in the night, and the old man Lianwa is frolicking.Qianqi has high teeth, listens to Xiaogu while drunk, and enjoys the haze.In the future, the picture will be beautiful, and I will go back to Fengchi to boast. (Three Wu refers to Suzhou (Suzhou, Jiangsu), Yuezhou (Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and Huzhou (Huzhou, Zhejiang), which are the most affluent areas in the Taihu Lake Basin and Qiantang River Basin. , while picking and singing in the boat. Gao Ya, the banner in front of the barracks in ancient times was called the Ya Banner.) In Liu Yong's creation, this is not a good word.But a hundred years later, in the 1260s of the next century, Emperor Wan Yanliang of the Jin Empire read it and read "three autumn osmanthus, ten li lotus". Murderous. Xin Qiji, a great poet after the Song government moved south in the next century (twelfth), was originally from Licheng (Jinan, Shandong). When he was born, Shandong had fallen to the Jin Empire.Under the rule of the Jurchen nation, he and a group of patriotic youths revolted and elected Geng Jing as the leader.Geng Jing sent him to Lin'an (Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the government at that time, to contact him, but when he returned from Lin'an, the traitor Zhang Anguo had killed Geng Jing and surrendered to the enemy.Xin Qiji and his comrades assaulted the heavily guarded camp of the Jin Army, captured Zhang Anguo and beheaded them, and then led the crowd southward.From this heroic act, we can understand his heroic character.But his strong patriotism is limited to the objective and peaceful environment, seeing half of the country lost forever, he has no choice.So his words are like the tide of the Qiantang River, swallowing the mountains with anger, but with sobs and desolation.We cite his poem "Yong Yu Le", which describes his nostalgic mood in Beigu Pavilion in Jingkou (Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Throughout the ages, there is no hero to find, but Sun Zhongmou is here.On the dance pavilion and singing stage, the wind is always blown away by the rain and the wind.Grass and trees in the setting sun, ordinary alleys, where human slaves once lived.I think back then, a golden horse and an iron horse swallowed thousands of miles like a tiger.Yuan Jia hastily sealed the wolf as his Xu, and won the haste.In the forty-three years, I still remember the beacon fire on Yangzhou Road.It's worth looking back at the Buddha's Beaver Temple, and there is a scene of gods and crows.Who can ask, Lian Po is old and can still eat. (Sun Zhongmou, another name of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu Empire in the third century. Ji Nu, the nickname of Liu Yu, the founding emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty in the fifth century. Yuan Jia, the reign title of Liu Yilong, the third emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty (42414 53). Langjuxu, that is, Mount Kent. In the second century BC, Huo Qubing, a general of the Western Han Dynasty, pursued the Xiongnu. He went to Langjuxu Mountain, but there was no trace of the enemy. Feng, piled up soil to worship the gods. Looking north in a hurry, Liu Yilong went to the north without making preparations. , Fan was defeated three times. Liu Yilong looked north at the Northern Wei military camp across the Yangtze River. Ba Tao’s childhood name, Liu Yilong’s opponent in the Northern Expedition. Lian Po, a famous general of the Zhao Kingdom in the third century BC.) ——Xin Qiji wrote lyrics, and he likes to use allusions most. Xin Qiji's words are not only bold and unrestrained, but also tragic and melancholy.Su Shi's Ci is like a thousand horses galloping at sunrise, whistling and traveling along the road.Xin Qiji's words are like a life-and-death battle between the two armies at sunset. Even if it is an unpleasant cry, it comes from the heart. Shi Dazu, a great poet spanning the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.After two hundred years of development, Song Ci came to him and made a conclusion.At the beginning of the thirteenth century, Shi Dazu was one of the aides when Prime Minister Han Yuzhou made the Northern Expedition.Han Yuzhou offended the mainstream Taoists of the Confucian school. When Han Yuzhou failed, the Taoists used vicious means to retaliate.Although he was a victim in the political struggle, he had no political desires.The harm done to him by tattooing and Taoism only enhanced his reputation.He described "Double Swallows" of spring swallows: After the Spring Club, I was idle during the trial, and it was dusty and cold last year.If you want to live in the wrong place, try to join the old nest.It is also uncertain to discuss the carved beams and caissons with soft words.Lightly flicking the flower tip, Cui Jian separates the red shadow.Fang Path.Celery, mud and rain, love to stick to the ground and fly, and compete for lightness and handsomeness.Returning to the red building at night, watching the willows and flowers in peace.It should be that Qixiang is stable, so he forgets Tianya Fangxin.Sorrowful Cui Dai double moth.The daily painting column is independent. (Chunshe, a ritual to pray for a good harvest in the countryside after the beginning of spring.) If you compare Shi Dazu's words with the words of the previous schools, you can see that the element of time makes them very different.Ci to Shi Dazu, has been fully mature.He assembled the essence of the predecessors of the factory.Every word, every tone, every tone has been carefully considered, just like the meticulous painting in the Chinese painting world.但也像工笔画一样，不为后人留下余地，就再也发展不下去了。