Chapter 30 Chapter 23: The Tenth Century

This century is darker than the last century (9). The Tang Dynasty finally perished in the 2000s, but no single government could take over the vast and fragmented territory it left behind.The theaters declared their independence avowedly on their own territory.So China fell into division again, because the time is relatively short, we call it the era of minor divisions. The era of the small division lasted only seventy-three years (9071979) before it was unified by the emerging Song Dynasty, but it could no longer restore the eternal golden age.The territory was only left to the scope of the Qin Dynasty in the third century BC, and the Chinese people's business expansion for more than a thousand years was all lost.

At the beginning of the Minor Separation Era, the Khitan tribes in the Northeast established the Liao Empire, which opposed the mainland China ruled by the Song Dynasty across the Great Wall. A Small Division: Five Dynasties and Eleven Kingdoms Li Ye returned to Chang'an in the last second year (898) of the last century (9), and the constant heavy blows made him moody.He no longer dared to offend those with a little strength, but he still had residual power to show off to those who were powerless to defend themselves. In the first year of this century (10) (900), he went hunting and returned at midnight When he was in the palace, he didn't know who offended him. He personally killed several eunuchs and several court ladies, causing shock inside and outside the palace.Liu Jishu, the commander of the Left Army of the Forbidden Army (Lieutenant of the Left Shence Army), and Wang Zhongxian, the commander of the Right Army (Lieutenant of the Right Shence Army), immediately went to the palace to arrest Li Ye and taught Li Ye's son Li Yu to succeed him as emperor.

After the two eunuchs arrested Li Ye, they reprimanded him face to face for various faults and pointed out his inappropriateness of "disobedience" item by item. Every time they pointed out an incident, they drew a line on the ground with their sticks. As a result, there were dozens of lines accumulated. Li Ye's fierceness was gone, he lowered his head and dared not answer.If it hadn't been for his wife, Empress He, who staggered to intercede and taught him to "obey the commandant's punishment", he might have died. In the last two months of 900, Li Ye and his family members were tightly imprisoned in the Shaoyang Courtyard where the princes used to live.It was the middle of winter, Li Ye wanted to ask for a hat, and his youngest son and daughter wanted to ask for some cotton clothes, but they were all refused.The cry of hunger and cold in the cell can be heard from far and near.

Next year (September 1st), the eunuch regime of the Tang Dynasty was under internal strife, and some eunuchs loyal to the emperor in the imperial army raised troops to kill the two commanders, rescued Li Ye, and restored him.This is another opportunity that can be changed. Prime Minister Cui Yin suggested taking this opportunity to free the Forbidden Army from the control of the eunuchs and appoint generals from the regular army as commanders.Li Ye refused to accept it. On the surface, he worried that changing the tradition of more than a hundred years suddenly would cause reactions.In fact, he still feels that eunuchs are more reliable than anyone else, and house slaves are always house slaves, as long as they find obedient house slaves.So he appointed his most trusted slaves, eunuchs Han Quanhui and Zhang Yanhong, to take over as commanders of the left and right armies.

Of course, the eunuchs deeply hated Cui Yin, who almost deprived them of their military power. They colluded with Li Maozhen, the commander (Jiedushi) of the Fengxiang Theater (Fengxiang, Shaanxi) as foreign aid; ) commander (Jiedu envoy) Zhu Wen approached, and he wrote to Zhu Wen saying that according to the emperor's secret decree, Zhu Wen was ordered to send troops to rescue him.Zhu Wen, this scoundrel who was born as a local ruffian, never imagined that one day he would intervene in the unattainable central government. His only purpose was to become a powerful warlord.The emperor's secret decree aroused his ambition, riches and honor are pressing, the door of the central government is automatically opened to him, and he marches to the west to lead the army.When Han Quanhui got the news, he immediately forced Li Ye to defect to Fengxiang. It was only ten months before Li Ye returned.

Zhu Wen besieged Fengxiang, and Fengxiang held on for two years, but the terrible hunger made it unable to support.In 1903, Li Maozhen had no choice but to kill Han Quanhui and Zhang Yanhong, reconcile with Zhu Wen, and send Li Ye back to the capital Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi).Zhu Wen quickly sent troops into the imperial palace to completely massacre the eunuchs, including the two newly appointed commanders of the imperial army and most of the powerless eunuchs who were also persecuted, a total of hundreds of people , all died under the chaos of knives.Wailing and calling for injustice, the sound spread outside the palace.Zhu Wen also ordered Li Ye to execute the eunuchs sent to various war zones to supervise the army on the spot.The 149-year long second eunuch era (7551903) is over.It is exactly the same as the end type of the first eunuch era.

After the eunuch era ended, the Tang Dynasty regime also came to an end.Zhu Wenyu forced Li Ye to move his capital to the reconstructed Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan Province) the next year (904) the year after he massacred the eunuchs, and coerced the citizens of Chang'an to follow him to the east.The Chang'an palace and all the houses were completely demolished, and more than a million citizens became destitute in an instant. They were escorted by Zhu Wen's Bianzhou Corps and staggered on the road, cursing and crying for 400 kilometers.Chang'an, a huge city that had been the capital of China for 2038 years, suffered the most serious damage, and has since lost its qualification to be selected as the capital.

Four months after Li Ye arrived in Luoyang, he was stabbed to death by Zhu Wen's men.Li Zhu, Li Ye's son, succeeded to the throne. Three years later (907), Zhu Wen ordered Li Zhu to abdicate.In the 276th year of the founding of the country, the Tang Dynasty, which brought China a golden age and a dark age, finally perished.Zhu Wen came to power in Kaifeng (Kaifeng, Henan) and established the Later Liang Empire. Originally, there was only an empty frame of the central government left in the Tang Dynasty. Zhu Wen took it over, except for a charge of regicide and usurpation of the throne, he got nothing in essence.The vassals and towns all over the country had already paid little attention to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, but now they denounced Zhu Wen as a traitor, and at the same time simply followed Zhu Wen's example, calling themselves emperors and kings one after another.Therefore, in the following short period of 73 years, the following 16 short-lived regimes emerged in China, which historians call "Five Dynasties and Eleven Kingdoms".The Five Dynasties refer to the five countries established in the Central Plains and connected from top to bottom.The eleven countries refer to the countries established outside the Central Plains.The Liao Empire and Song Empire are not included because they have a relatively long lifespan.

From this table, we can understand that the so-called Five Dynasties and Eleven Kingdoms just changed the signboards of the feudal towns, the Jiedushi was renamed Emperor, and the war zone was renamed Empire and Kingdom.Therefore, some regimes cannot apply strict national meaning.For example, Qi, Nanping, Nanchu, and Wuyue often maintained the appearance of a feudal town, and on the surface they belonged to the Five Dynasties government of the Central Plains.Especially Nanping, in order to get rewards, it surrendered to almost every neighboring country, and all countries called its king (Jiedushi) "Gao Laizi".However, this kind of subject is only superficial and absolutely does not accept interference in internal affairs.

The Second Liao Empire Unified the Northern Territory In the 1900s and 1990s, when Zhu and Wen established the Liang Empire, China fell apart.In the north there is the Jin Kingdom (the predecessor of the Later Tang Empire); in the west there are the Qi Kingdom and the Former Shu Empire; in the south there are the Southern Wu Kingdom (the predecessor of the Southern Wu Empire), the Wuyue Kingdom, the Southern Chu Kingdom, and the Min Kingdom (predecessor of the Min Empire)—eight Short-lived regimes stand side by side. The Jin Kingdom, one of the eight short-lived regimes, was theoretically still the territory of the defunct Tang Dynasty.Li Ke used the title of Jin Wang conferred by the Tang Dynasty and the appointed "Jiedu Envoy of the Hedong Theater" to attack the rebellious Zhu Wen.In 1908, Li Keyong died, and his son Li Cunxu succeeded him.In addition, the Lulong war zone set up in Youzhou (Beijing), Jiedu envoy Liu Shouguang declared independence in 911 and established the Jieyan Empire.

In 916, the tenth year after Houliang established the empire, the Khitan tribe, who lived north of the Great Wall and the former home of the Huns Khanate, also established an empire.The Khitan is a branch of the Donghu ethnic group. In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Tang government of China named its chief the governor of Songmo.There are eight big tribes in it, and the chiefs of the big tribes are called "adults".As a result, the eight adults recommended a leader to each other to be responsible for dealing with major issues among the tribes. The term of office is three years.At the beginning of the tenth century of this century, Yelu Abaoji, who was elected as the leader, entertained the other seven adults with a grand banquet, ambushed and killed them, and merged the eight tribes into one.He did not adopt the title of "Khan" used by the northern nomads, but adopted the title of emperor, calling his empire the Khitan Empire, and soon renamed the Liao Empire. Renamed Linhuang).The northern nomads had fixed capitals, starting from the Liao Empire.It shows that their economic society has entered fishing, hunting and agriculture. Since China defeated the Eastern Turkic Khanate in the seventh century, northern Xinjiang has maintained a certain degree of peace for more than two hundred years.Now, with the rise of the huge Liao Empire, other ethnic groups and tribes in northern Serbia have been unified under the iron heel of the Khitan Corps. At the same time, China has also resumed the traditional heavy foreign invasion in northern Xinjiang.In 1926 in the 1920s, the Liao Empire conquered the Bohai Kingdom, which was located in the Songhua River Basin and had a much higher cultural level than it, and then expanded westward to the west of the Yinshan Mountains, until its influence reached the Tianshan Mountains (Xinjiang).Its northern boundary reaches Heilongjiang, and its southern boundary is across the Great Wall. It is adjacent to China, which was chaotic and chaotic in the era of small divisions. The chaotic war in China caused a large number of Han people along the border to flow into the stable border of the Liao Empire. Its capital, Linhuang, was called Shangjing, and Han people accounted for almost one-third of the population.In other areas, there are also market castles exclusively for Han people, all of which are called?The more you go south, the more such Seouls will bring the Khitan artificial agriculture advanced production technology and more advanced state management technology. The Khitan people can surpass the Turks and Huis and build a modern empire, all thanks to the contribution of the Han people , Therefore, the Liao Empire regards the Han people as the source of wisdom, and has special protection for the Han people—the main thing is to strictly prevent the Han people from fleeing back to China. This policy of emphasizing the Han people can be seen from its government organization as listed in the table below see: The government of the Liao Empire is dual-track, which is the most bizarre thing, but it is completely designed to accommodate the Chinese.One is the "northern government", which governs the old frontier, and divides the interior into north and south. In principle, the northern courtyard of the northern government governs the Khitan people, and the southern courtyard of the northern government governs the Han people.One is the "Southern Government", which governs the newly occupied Chinese lands dominated by Han people (such as Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures), and completely imitates the Chinese government structure so that the Han people can adapt. This can fully explain the status of the Han people in the Liao Empire. The desperate battle between the three short-lived regimes Zhu Wen was a stone tiger-type thug who enjoyed killing people and sleeping with his daughter-in-law. He was emperor for six years, but his son Zhu Yougui stabbed him in the stomach.Zhu Yousi was killed by his younger brother Zhu Youzhen soon after.Zhu Youzhen served as emperor for eleven years. In 1923, Li Cunxu, the leader of the feuding Shatuo Corps, attacked Kaifeng (Kaifeng, Henan) in a surprise attack. Zhu Youzhen was helpless and committed suicide.The short-lived Hou Liang Empire lasted only seventeen years. Before the demise of Houliang, changes occurred south of Nanling.Liu Yan, the governor of the Qinghai Theater (Guangzhou, Guangdong) who surrendered to Houliang, announced in 917 that he would break away from the Houliang Empire and establish the Yue Empire, which was soon renamed the Southern Han Empire. Li Cunxu declared that he was the legal heir to the throne of the Tang Dynasty, so he canceled the title of King of Jin and changed his name to Emperor. It was called the Later Tang Empire and its capital was Luoyang.The Jieyan Empire in the north was only a flash in the pan and was destroyed by Li Cunxu long ago.The Qi Kingdom in the west, awed by the prestige of the Liang Empire after Li Cunxu destroyed it, also voluntarily donated its land and canceled its independence.In 1925, Li Cunxu sent General Guo Chongtao to attack the former Shu Empire, and the former Shu Empire also fell.A series of brilliant military victories shocked other countries, and they successively paid tribute to the Later Tang government, thinking that the new unification was inevitable. However, Li Cunxu was just a brave general, not a commander, let alone a political leader. He did not have the ability to govern this rapidly expanding country.He loved drama, and was busy watching plays in the palace every day, trusting only theater actors and some eunuchs who slipped through the massacres in the 1900s.The ministers and generals had to go through these two kinds of people to get Li Cunxu to approve their request, and the power was completely in the hands of actors and eunuchs.This self-destructive situation was exacerbated by Li Cunxu's wife, Liu Yuniang, who knew no other joys in life besides begging desperately for money.The Central Plains suffered severe drought year after year, and those Shatuo soldiers who had fought bloody battles for decades had no food, so their parents, wives and children had to go to the suburbs to dig grass roots to satisfy their hunger. While digging grass roots, they often fell to the ground and starved to death.But Li Cunxu and his wife didn't care about it, hunting and enjoying themselves as before, as if they didn't know that they could sit on the throne entirely because of the loyalty of the soldiers.The prime ministers were aware of the seriousness of the situation.It is suggested to temporarily borrow the gold, silver, silk and satin piled up in the palace, distribute them to soldiers to support their families and save lives, and return them in full when the treasury is sufficient.Empress Liu Yuniang was furious at this suggestion. She sent someone to send out two silver basins and three princes, and told the prime minister, "This is the only thing left in the palace. Please sell it for military pay." The prime minister stayed there in horror, I dare not speak.The problem is that this kind of slaying method can block the mouths of one's own people, but it can't block the fists of the enemy.In 1926, the year after the conquest of the former Shu Empire, the eunuchs united to frame Guo Chongtao, commander-in-chief of the expeditionary army, for rebellion, and Liu Yuniang directly ordered Guo Chongtao to be killed.As a result, the morale of the army was shaken, and another general, Li Siyuan, rebelled in Yedu (Daming, Hebei).Li Cunxu went out to fight in person, but the heartbroken soldiers had already disintegrated. When they moved with the army, they fled to the rebels and surrendered.Along the way, Li Cunxu kept dismounting from his horse, shaking hands and clapping shoulders with the soldiers, and handed out rewards as he said.But this kind of small action that worked in the battle against the Later Liang Empire is no longer effective. The soldiers have already seen through Li Cunxu's heart, and they replied bluntly: "Parents, wives and children have starved to death. Even if there is any reward, We are not grateful if we cannot save their lives." Li Cunxu could only shed tears when he saw the people betraying their relatives.In an instant, the mutiny broke out, Li Cunxu was shot by a stray arrow, and the whole family was slaughtered.Carrying two bags of priceless treasures, Liu Yuniang fled from Luoyang to Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi Province) on horseback, and hid in a nunnery as a nun. The new government sent people to track her down and hang her to death. Other areas outside of the Central Plains have also changed.Gao Jixing, the envoy of the Jingnan War Zone (Jiangling, Hubei Province) to which the Later Tang Empire belonged, and the title of Nanping King, took advantage of Li Cunxu's death to escape and establish the Nanping Kingdom.Meng Zhixiang, the governor of the Xichuan Theater (Chengdu, Sichuan) and the king of Shu, soon left the Later Tang and established the Later Shu Empire. Li Siyuan succeeded Li Cunxu to the throne, and after his death, his son Li Conghou succeeded him.In 1934, Li Conghou ordered Li Congke, the Jiedu envoy of the Fengxiang theater (Shaanxi Fengxiang), to be transferred to Taiyuan (Shanxi Taiyuan) as the Jiedu envoy of the Hedong theater.This kind of post transfer was often a massacre trap at the time. Once the transferred generals left the stronghold and lost their self-defense power, they might be executed midway.Li Congke refused to accept it, and raised troops to capture Luoyang.Li Conghou was killed while fleeing, and Li Congke succeeded him.In 1936, Li Conghe made the same mistake. He ordered his brother-in-law, Shi Jingtang, the Jiedu envoy of the Hedong war zone, to be transferred to Yunzhou (Dongping, Shandong) as the Jiedu envoy of the Tianping war zone. Shi Jingtang refused to accept the order and rebelled. Li Congke rebelled and relied on his own strength.Shi Jingtang rebelled and relied on foreign forces.He asked for aid from the Khitan Empire in the northern part of the Great Wall, and promised to cede the land of sixteen states south of the Great Wall as a reward.Emperor Yelu Deguang of the Khitan Empire (the son of the founding emperor Yelu Abaoji) was so excited that he almost went crazy. He never dreamed that such good luck would fall from the sky.So Yujia went on an expedition in person, defeating the corps of the Later Tang Empire against Shi Jingtang.Li Congke's whole family set themselves on fire and died only 14 years later in Tang Dynasty. When Shi Jingtang rebelled in Taiyuan, Yelu Deguang made Shi Jingtang the emperor of China, and the country was named Later Jin.After the establishment of the Later Jin Empire, the following sixteen prefectures south of the Great Wall were handed over immediately, known as "Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun".Yan refers to Youzhou.Cloud refers to Yunzhou. Youzhou (Beijing) Jizhou (Jixian County, Tianjin) Yingzhou (Hejian, Hebei) Mozhou (Renqiu, Hebei) Shenzhou (Zhuozhou, Hebei) Tanzhou (Miyun, Beijing) Shunzhou (Shunyi, Beijing) Xinzhou (Zhuolu, Hebei) Guizhou (Huailai, Hebei) Ruzhou (Yanqing, Beijing) Wuzhou (Xuanhua, Hebei) Yunzhou (Datong, Shanxi) Yingzhou (Shanxi Ying County) Huanzhou (East of Shuozhou, Shanxi) Yuzhou (Yu County, Hebei Province) Shuozhou (Shuozhou, Shanxi) The sixteen prefectures are about 600 kilometers from east to west, 200 kilometers from north to south, and an area of ​​about 120,000 square kilometers, which can accommodate three Taiwan islands, but Shi Jingtang easily gave them up to foreign countries along with the Chinese on the land.The Great Wall built by the Chinese for more than a thousand years has no effect here, because the enemy has crossed it and entered the mainland of China.From the new border to Kaifeng, the capital of China at that time (Kaifeng, Henan. Shi Jingtang moved the capital here from Luoyang), within 500 kilometers, there was no dangerous pass that could stop the enemy's cavalry, and the gate was completely open.In addition to ceding the land, Shi Jingtang also solemnly called Yelu Deguang "father" and called himself "son" in 1938.That year Yelu Deguang was only thirty-seven years old, and Shi Jingtang was forty-seven years old.A thirty-seven-year-old father adopting a forty-seven-year-old son is truly the greatest political spectacle in the world. Traitors are inevitable in any country, but it is rare for them to take the initiative to find foreign masters, dedicate their land to the door, and call themselves father and son shamelessly.Shi Jingtang left the most embarrassing page in history for China. In the next year (937) when the dynasty changed in the Central Plains, the Southern Wu Empire, one of the short-lived empires in the south, also changed its dynasty.The last emperor of Southern Wu, Yang Pu, was forced by Prime Minister Xu Zhigao to hand over his power, and Southern Wu perished.Xu Zhigao was originally the adopted son of Prime Minister Xu Wen. He restored the original Li surname and changed his name to Li Yi.Claiming to be a descendant of the royal family of the Tang Dynasty, the newly established short-lived regime was called the Southern Tang Empire.He moved his capital from Jiangdufu (Yangzhou, Jiangsu) to Jiangningfu (Nanjing, Jiangsu). Shi Jingtang passed away after only seven years as emperor, and his nephew Shi Chonggui succeeded to the throne. He adopted the advice of his minister Jing Yanguang, and he only called the Liao emperor Yelu Deguang "sun" and refused to call him "chen".That is to say, I am Emperor Sun in personal relationship, but the Later Jin Empire is on an equal footing with this empire and is no longer a subject.This has made Yelu Deguang's seven orifices smoke, but this alone has not prevented a war from breaking out.Shi Chonggui even ordered to kill all the Khitans doing business in China and cut off the trade between the two countries.He also issued an imperial edict to personally conquer, mobilize the whole country's troops, and crusade against "sly captives". The edict said: "Anyone who captures Yelu Deguang alive will be promoted to the largest war zone Jiedushi." Instead, it became a foolish move to provoke a strong neighbor, and it was impossible for Yelude not to react.So the Khitan Corps marched southward, Kaifeng fell, and the Later Jin Empire fell to its benefactor in only eleven years.Shi Chonggui and his family members, including Shi Jingtang's wife and Li Congqi's sister, were all exiled to the desolate and cold Huanglong Mansion (Nong'an, Jilin Province) 2,000 kilometers northeast. No one knows their whereabouts. The year before the fall of the Later Jin Dynasty (945), the Min Empire in the south also fell.This short-lived and small empire, in the thirteen years since its establishment, has been engaged in civil war almost every day, and finally attracted the attack of the Southern Tang Empire, occupying most of its territory, and the Wuyue Kingdom also seized the opportunity to seize the northeast territory. The Headquarters of the Unified China of the Four Song Empires After Yelu Deguang wiped out the Later Jin Dynasty and entered Kaifeng, he announced that he was concurrently the emperor of China. The Chinese people resisted fiercely, erupting in all directions like countless volcanoes.At first Yelu Deguang thought that all the Chinese were Shi Jingtang, but now he was disappointed and said: "I never imagined that the Chinese are so difficult to rule." He had to retreat, looting and slaughtering along the way, as a punishment for the Chinese people's insubordination.When he walked into a forest in what is now Luancheng County, Hebei Province, he fell ill and died.The Chinese named the forest Shahulin to express their hatred and teasing of the barbarian leader. One of the rebels, Liu Zhiyuan, the Jiedu envoy of the Later Jin Hedong Theater (Taiyuan, Shanxi), led his army into Kaifeng and announced the establishment of the Later Han Empire in a political vacuum.He died after only one year as emperor, and was succeeded by his eighteen-year-old son Liu Chengyou.The young and energetic Liu Chengyou hated those ministers who always restricted his unlimited power and prevented him from doing whatever he wanted, and was determined to eradicate them.In the 1950s and 1950s, only four years after the founding of the Later Han Empire, Liu Chengyou framed them for treason and killed them all.One of them was Guo Wei, the left-behind chief of Yedu (a famous name in Hebei), who happened to be in Yedu instead of Kaifeng. Fortunately, he slipped through the net, but his whole family was still slaughtered.So Guo Wei rebelled.This year (950), when Kaifeng was captured, Liu Chengyou was hacked to death by rebels.Next year (951), Guo Wei ascended the throne and established the Later Zhou Empire.But the Later Han Empire did not perish. Liu Zhiyuan’s younger brother, Liu Chong, was the governor of the Hedong War Zone (Taiyuan, Shanxi Province) at that time. He announced his succession to the throne in Taiyuan, and fought against the deadly enemy Houzhou Empire with Taihang Mountain as the boundary. In the same year (951), the Southern Chu Kingdom in the south, after continuous civil wars for the throne, the last king Ma Xichong found that he was in danger of dying in a coup at any time, so he asked the Southern Tang Empire for help.This was also good luck for the Southern Tang Dynasty. The Southern Tang Corps entered Changsha (Changsha, Hunan), the capital of the Southern Chu Kingdom, and pulled Ma Xichong and all the royal families surnamed Ma to Jiangning (Nanjing, Jiangsu).Southern Chu perished. The only wise monarch in the era of the Small Split was Guo Rong (the adopted son of Guo Wei), the second emperor of the Later Zhou Empire.After Guo Rong ascended the throne in 1954, he was engaged in the work of national unification.He first defeated the counterattack of the Later Han Empire, which attacked him aggressively when he came to power. Later Han Emperor Liu Chong was defeated and fled back to Taiyuan, never giving up the idea of ​​restoring the country.Guo Rong then attacked the Southern Tang Dynasty and conquered all the vast land south of the Huai River and north of the Yangtze River.With the worries of the future eliminated, in 959, Guo Rong attacked the Liao Empire to the north, intending to take back the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun in one fell swoop.His soldiers were unstoppable, and they successively captured the two southernmost states among the sixteen states: Yingzhou (Hejian, Hebei) and Mozhou (Renqiu, Hebei).Going further north, it fell into three passes: Yijin Pass (Bazhou, Hebei), Waqiao Pass (Xiong County, Hebei), and Gaoyang Pass (Gaoyang, Hebei).However, when he took advantage of the victory and continued to advance northward, attacking Youzhou (Beijing), the most important of the sixteen states, Guo Rong fell ill and had to retreat.After returning to Kaifeng, he died immediately.The death of the hero ended the hero's career, and Guo Rong's seven-year-old son Guo Zongxun succeeded to the throne.Zhao Kuangyin, the commander of the guards in front of the palace (all checks in front of the palace), together with his family members and subordinates, secretly arranged to seize power from the seven-year-old child.Everything cooperated very closely like acting. On the first day of the first month of 1960, when the central government was celebrating New Year's Day, the northern border reported to the police that the Khitan Corps was moving to the border.Prime Minister Fan Zhi hastily dispatched Zhao Kuangyin to resist.The army went to Chenqiaoyi, ten kilometers northeast of Kaifeng (Kaifeng, Henan), and set up camp; at dawn, the subordinate generals put on Zhao Kuangyin the yellow dragon robe that had been prepared and only the emperor could wear.So the Khitan Corps did not know where to go, and Zhao Kuangyin returned to Kaifeng as the emperor.Guo Zongxun abdicated, and it took only ten years for the Zhou Empire to be established. Zhao Kuangyin changed the name of the country to the Song Empire - it can also be called the Song Dynasty, but in fact it only controlled a part of the Chinese territory.It was a long-lived regime, over three centuries.It's just that no one saw signs of such a long life at the beginning, and a series of child's play changes in the dynasty, it may also be overthrown by a mutiny at any time. The new prime minister, Zhao Pu, raised this question to Zhao Kuangyin, and hinted at the danger of several of his most trusted senior generals, Shi Shouxin and others.Zhao Kuangyin promised: "I treat them with great kindness, and there will never be any problem." Zhao Pu said, "Emperor Guo Rong of the Later Zhou Dynasty treated you with great kindness. How could you have any problems? And I don't mean that they will If they take the initiative to rebel, it means that none of them are good rulers, and if the subordinates are greedy for wealth and honor, and put the yellow dragon robe on them, it is impossible for them not to rebel." This made Zhao Kuangyin wake up like a dream.In the next year (September 1st) when he seized the throne, he convened a banquet for a group of his closest generals, including Shi Shouxin. When the banquet was in full swing, Zhao Kuangyin sighed and said, "If I didn't rely on everyone's support, I wouldn't be where I am today. But when The emperor was too difficult, and he was not happy when he was a Jiedushi. He was worried every day and couldn't rest his pillow." Everyone asked him why, and Zhao Kuangyin said, "It's obvious, who doesn't want to sit on this chair?" Everyone said in amazement: " How can your Majesty say such a thing, now that the destiny is fixed, who would dare to have such unreasonable expectations." Zhao Kuangyin said: "Of course you won't, but once you are supported by your subordinates, how can you have the strength to refuse?" Everyone just now Suddenly, he realized that there were murderous threats everywhere, and he couldn't help but get out of his wits, asking for instructions on a way out.Zhao Kuangyin is a political talent, he will not use massacre methods, he said: "Life is limited, and you will die of old age in a blink of an eye. What is the purpose of striving to make progress and pursue wealth? But you can enjoy being promoted and getting rich, and your children are not poor, that's all. In my opinion, you might as well resign from the military and become high-ranking civil servants, buy a lot of fertile land, build luxurious residences, collect singers and dancers from all over the world, and drink alcohol day and night for fun. I promise with you, intermarriage from generation to generation. Between monarchs and ministers, there is no suspicion What do you guys think?" Zhao Kuangyin's words grasped all the weaknesses of human's low-level sentiments, and everyone accepted it gratefully.Tomorrow, there will be memorials saying that they are sick and requesting to be relieved of their military posts. This is a well-known story in Chinese history, "a cup of wine releases military power", and it is the use of the highest political art.A feast of wine and banquets solved the bane of constant mutiny and dynasties.Zhao Kuangyin sent generals to various places to serve as local heads, but they only had honor and no real power.The central government assigns another deputy head or secretary-general (general judge) to assume actual administrative responsibility.All military finances are collected by the central government.Since the mid-eighth century, the "Jiedushi" official said that he has since withdrawn from the stage of government power. The emergence of the Song Empire brought the era of small divisions to an end.After the Song government stabilized its interior and rooted out the source of habitual mutiny, it set out to unify China.In 1963, the Kingdom of Nanping was destroyed.In 1965, the Houshu Empire was destroyed.In 1971, the Southern Han Empire was destroyed.In 1975, the Southern Tang Empire was destroyed.The Kingdom of Wuyue saw that something was wrong and could no longer continue to be a widow. In 1978, it wisely donated its land.In the end, it was the turn of the Later Han Empire, which retreated to a corner in the north. Knowing that its country was small and weak, it called the Liao Empire "Emperor Nephew" (Liu Zhiyuan was also from Shatuo) in order to seek protection.In 1979, the Northern Expedition of the Song Corps defeated the reinforcements of the Liao Empire and captured Taiyuan. Thirty-three years after the founding of the Later Han Dynasty, it was the longest regime in the Five Dynasties. The destruction of the Later Han Empire announced the end of the seventy-three-year period of minor divisions, that is, the era of the Five Dynasties and Eleven Kingdoms.From the Anshi Mutiny in 755 in the 8th century to the completion of the unification of the Song Empire in 10979 of this century, we can also call it the Great Melee of Dynasty Change in 225 years.Two hundred and twenty-five years, this time is too long, it makes people tremble, but this nightmare is finally over. Secession and Independence of Wujiao Prefecture Jiaozhou is located in the lower reaches of the Yuan River, that is, on the alluvial plain of the Fuliang River (Red River) basin, with an area of ​​about 200,000 square kilometers. The state government is located in Jiaozhi City (Hanoi, Vietnam), and it has eight states under its jurisdiction: Wu'e Prefecture, Aisa, Changzhou, Kouzhou, Fengzhou, Tangzhou, Yanzhou, Luzhou.In the second century BC, the Western Han government of China eliminated the Kingdom of Nanyue and set up Jiaozhi County (Hanoi, Vietnam), Jiuzhen County (Thanh Hoa, Vietnam) and Ribu County (Donghe, Vietnam) in the Jiaozhi area (northern Vietnam), and became the mainland of China at the same time.Later, the government of the Western Han Dynasty established Jiaozhi Prefecture, which included this place.In the seventh century A.D., the Tang government set up Annan Governor's Mansion in Jiaozhou (Jiaozhi City).In the ninth century, it was designated as the Jinghai War Zone and Jiedushi was established. Jiaozhou is located at the southernmost tip of China, protruding into the wilderness like a spoon handle, so it is constantly infiltrated and attacked by barbarians.But China has always maintained its sovereignty. Despite the era of great division, Jiaozhou is still intact.But in this century (the era of Shichuan and the split), as the various feudal towns became independent, Jiaozhou belonged to the Southern Han Empire whose capital was Xingwangfu (Guangzhou, Guangdong). At that time, the Southern Han Empire was so corrupt that it could not be taken into account. The generals in the war zone set off a fierce civil strife. As a result, the governor of Kouzhou (Vinh City, Vietnam) won the victory. War Zone Jiedushi. In 1971, the Song government conquered the Southern Han Dynasty, but the expeditionary army that entered the Xingwang Mansion did not take advantage of the victory and went south to recover Jiaozhou. Two years later (973), Ding Lian paid tribute to China as a vassal, requesting Canonization. The Song government was an incompetent government. It only wanted to be calm on the surface, so it granted Ding Lian the title of Jiaozhi County King. A Jiaozhi Kingdom was established legally with the approval of China. In 1980, Ding Lian passed away, and his youngest son Ding (Wang Rui) was imprisoned by Minister Li Huan.China sent Hou Renbao, governor of Yongzhou (Nanyu, Guangxi), to send troops to calm the chaos. The Song government's army could only go inside, not outside. back.In 1983, Li Huan paid tribute to China to apologize, and submitted a memorial to Shang Ding (Wang Rui) agreeing to abdicate, requesting canonization.The Song government of China refused to allow it at first, and there was a stalemate for three years. In 1986, they had no power to change the fait accompli, so they had no choice but to agree. Therefore, Li Huan was appointed as the commander of the Jinghai theater, and then he was appointed as the king of Jiaozhi County. In 1006 (11th) of the next century, Li Huan passed away, and his son Li Longting came to the throne.In 1010, the minister Li Gongyun launched a coup, killed Li Longting, succeeded himself, and asked China for canonization.China no longer cares about right and wrong for them, so it canonized Li Gongyun as the king of Jiaozhi County.The Li Dynasty continued to pay tribute to China, but this did not prevent border conflicts. The most serious one occurred in 1076 in the 1970s, when King Li Gande (the grandson of Li Gongyun) captured Yongzhou (Nanning, Guangxi) during his reign. , the city's 58,000 residents were all massacred.China dispatched Guo Kui as the marshal and Zhao Kui as the deputy marshal. They sent troops to counterattack and fought a decisive battle on the banks of the Fuliang River in Jiaozhi City.Li Gande panicked and sent ministers to submit a letter of surrender to surrender to the headquarters.Zhao Kou strongly advocated entering Jiaozhi City, which is only a dozen kilometers away, and recovering the original land.But Guo Kui was as timid as a mouse, so he was surrendered and retreated. Since then, the two countries have lived in peace for three hundred years.The Cochin Kingdom also adopted a policy of serving great powers, and its level of obedience to China was even higher than that of the Koryo Kingdom (Kasong, North Korea).The only difference is that the Cochin Kingdom was originally Chinese territory, and the Cochin people were originally Chinese. Six Song Jiang Confrontation Europeans believe that Khitan (Chendan) is China, because the influence of the Liao Empire to the west reaches Tianshan Mountains, and there are more opportunities for direct contact with Western countries.The Song Empire, which was really established by the Han nationality and lived in the central part of China, was blocked by the Huihe tribe in the west, and was isolated from the west.However, the Song Empire always regarded the Liao Empire as the same as the Xiongnu and Turks, and regarded them as barbarians. In fact, although the cultural level of the Liao Empire was far higher than that of the Huns and Turks, it was much lower than that of the Han people.The founding monarch Yelu Abaoji once ordered his ministers to produce Khitan characters, but if the economic situation cannot reach a certain level, the need for characters is not urgent.Once it reaches a certain level, the Chinese language has an advantage over the Khitan language.At the same time, this nation, which has evolved from a tribe to a country, does not really understand the meaning of progress, so reading has always been strictly prohibited in the court of the Liao Empire.They think that reading is not only a waste of time, but also complicates one's mind too much.If princes and nobles want to obtain knowledge, they have to risk the crime of "private reading".So their culture developed very slowly. The most obvious example is that people only have first names but no surnames.Only two major tribes have surnames, one is the Yelu tribe of the emperor's family, and the other is the Xiao tribe of the queen's family. "Yelu" was determined by myself, and "Xiao" was created by the Chinese on their behalf.These two tribes still retain the habit of intermarriage among the early people in ancient times, matching each other from generation to generation. The Liao Empire acquired China's Yanyun Sixteen States out of thin air, which increased a lot of wealth and national power, but also seriously hurt China's self-esteem.Moreover, the Great Wall has been lost, and the north of the Yellow River is like a vast courtyard with an open door. There is no important barrier to prevent outsiders from intruding, which naturally makes it impossible for China to rest.Therefore, the Yanyun area has always been the fuse of the conflict between the two countries.In the (10th) and 1950s of this century, Guo Rong, the emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty, used troops to recapture two states - Mozhou and Yingzhou, but there were still 14 states in the hands of the Liao Empire. Between Song and Liao, four important wars took place between the two countries. For the first time, in 1979, Zhao Guangyi (the younger brother of Zhao Kuangyin), the second emperor of the Song Empire, was excited to regain the lost land after the elimination of the Later Han Empire and the completion of the reunification of mainland China.But the Liao Empire is different from the withered Later Han Empire, and the Chinese soldiers are exhausted after the battle. They had hoped to get rest and rewards after conquering the Later Han, but now they are all in vain. Taihang Mountains, to attack the huge and powerful enemy.They strongly objected to this, but Zhao Guangyi refused to accept any objection. He firmly believed in the maxim that "the one who achieves great things is not seen by others".A month later, the army arrived at Youdu Prefecture (ie Youzhou, Beijing) and attacked the city.辽帝国大将耶律体哥反击，在城东高梁河会战，宋帝国愤怒的士兵乘酣战时叛变，攻击赵光义，于是全军崩溃。赵光义腿部受伤，狼狈逃回球州（河北涿州），追兵赶到，赵光义已不能骑马，只好爬上驴车奔驰，才算逃脱，留下一万余具士兵的尸体。 第二次，明年（九八）），辽帝国为了报复宋帝国的无端攻击，耶律休哥进围瓦桥关（河北雄县），宋军大败，辽军追到莫州（河北任丘）才撤退。赵光义下令亲征，走到大名（河北大名），距莫州直线还有二百八十公里，却不敢再进，潦草结束。 第三次，九八六年，赵光义经过六年的准备后，向辽帝国发动总攻。东路由征服南唐帝国名将曹彬率领，出琢州（河北涿州）；西路由征服南汉帝国名将潘美率领，出雁门（山西代县）但两位都是对内有余、对外不足的“窝里凶”人物。东路军在歧沟关（河北高碑店西北）被辽兵团迎头痛击，像山崩一样溃散；西路军在飞狐口（河北涞源）也失败，大将杨继业正在前方节节胜利，听到消息，即行护送归附的汉人，向内地撤退。杨继业是这次战役中唯一的胜利者，潘美答应他在陈家谷（山西朔州南阳方口）留下重兵接应，杨继业一路血战，勉强抵达，却远远发现谷口无一兵一卒，他知道被他的统帅所出卖，不禁放声大哭，结果全军覆没。 杨继业是中国抵抗北方蛮族最杰出的将领之一，他的骁勇和被出卖后的壮烈殉国，使他成为中国民间传说中的祖父型英雄。很多作品都在描述他和他的妻子佘太君，以及他的诸子诸女，即“杨家将”一门，在跟辽帝国无数战役中，所表现的可歌可泣的事迹。 第四次，下世纪（十一）第一年（一○○○），辽帝国进攻瀛州（河北河间），击败宋军，生擒大将康保育，深入齐州（山东济南）、淄州（山东淄博），大掠而归。宋帝国大将范廷召一直在尾随，不敢进击，等到辽兵团退出边界，他才上奏章说是他把敌人赶走的。新即位的皇帝赵恒（赵光义的儿子，赵光义终于死于腿伤），十分高兴，还作了一首《喜捷诗》，搞得群臣们不得不一窝蜂表示庆贺。 ——范廷召告捷，赵恒喜捷，这个新兴的宋政府，很快地就习惯于上下互相欺骗。 从这些战役可以看出，宋帝国根本不是辽帝国的对手，所以每战必败。但辽帝国也没有强大到能够消灭宋帝国的程度，两国遂形成紧张的对抗，只不过宋帝国承当的要沉重而危险。 seven east west world 九○九年（后梁帝国建立第三年），（一）穆罕默德女儿法提玛的后裔，攻陷北非洲突尼斯城，建萨拉森王国，称法提玛王朝（绿衣大食），阿拉伯帝国遂分裂为三。（二）新罗王国高僧弓裔叛变，建后高句丽王国，跟新罗、后百济，三分朝鲜半岛（后高句丽王国不久改称摩震王国，又改称泰封王国）。 九一八年（前蜀帝国皇帝王建病率），弓裔暴虐，被杀，部将王建（跟中国王建同名同姓）继位，改国号为高丽王国。 九三五年（后晋帝国建立前一年），新罗王国以疆土日缩，不能自存，举国合并于高丽王国。新罗王国亡，立国九百九十二年。 九三六年（后晋帝国建立），高丽王国灭后百济王国，朝鲜半岛再行统一。 九六二年（南平王国灭亡前一年），罗马教皇约翰十二世，加冕日耳曼国王鄂图一世为罗马帝国皇帝，称神圣罗马帝国。 九八七年（杨继业陈家谷战死的次年），西法兰克国王胖查理逝世，无子。由法兰西公爵卡佩特继位，改国号为法兰西王国。