Chapter 32 Chapter 24 Eleventh Century-2

Establish the Xixia Empire in Liuding Difficult War Zone Since the eleventh of this century, the Song Empire has reconciled with the Liao Empire, and the internal society is quite stable. The scholar-bureaucrats are singing and dancing, and everything looks good.However, the Dingnan War Zone (north of Jingbian, Shaanxi), located in the northwest border and south of Hetao, broke away from the Song Empire government in the 1930s and established the Xixia Empire. This is a country of the Dangxiang nationality, which belongs to a branch of the Qiang nationality.In the seventh century four hundred years ago, a chief named Tuoba led them out of the Qaidam Basin at the southern foot of the Qilian Mountains and took refuge in China.At that time, Emperor Li Shimin specially allowed them to settle in the south of Hetao.In the ninth century, because of his meritorious service in helping the Tang government fight against Huang Chao, the Tang government appointed the then chief Tuoba Sigong as the commander (Jiedushi) of the Dingnan War Zone (Jingbian North, Shaanxi), and authorized him to change his surname to the royal family's Li.In the future, like other feudal towns, it will be inherited from generation to generation.At the beginning of the 11th century, although they appeared to be obedient to the government, in fact they still maintained the separatist regime and plundered other states and counties outside the war zone from time to time.

In 1032 in the 1930s, Li Deming, the governor of the Dingnan War Zone, passed away, and his ambitious son Li Yuanhao succeeded him, and began to use his own reign name.In the age of eras, changing the era is tantamount to changing the political position.Li Yuanwu formulated the Xixia script, translated a large number of Chinese books, and improved the cultural level of party members.On the one hand, it expands westward, and conquers the Hexi Corridor, which has been in the hands of the Huihe tribe for more than a hundred years, including Liangzhou (Wuwei, Gansu), Guazhou (Anxi, Gansu), Shazhou (Dunhuang, Gansu), and Lanzhou (Lanzhou, Gansu). Qing (Yinchuan, Ningxia).In 1038, Li Yuanwu declared that he was the emperor of the Xixia Empire, and submitted a memorial to the Song government, requesting canonization.On the map of China, a third country appeared.

Of course, the Song Empire could not tolerate rampant traitors. Emperor Zhao Yiyi ordered a reward, whoever captured and killed Li Yuanwu, ordered him to be the envoy of the Dingnan War Zone.Li Yuanwu responded by launching a series of non-stop attacks.In 1040, the Xixia Corps attacked Yanzhou (Yan'an, Shaanxi). The Song army was defeated, the main general was captured, and Fan Yong, the governor of Yanzhou (known as Yanzhou), was demoted.The central government appointed two well-known civilian ministers, Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan, to the west to preside over the military affairs, and appointed Fan Zhongyan as governor of Yanzhou.Fan Zhongyan is a layman to the military, but he has the unique internal propaganda skills of the scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty.After taking office for only one month, he declared that the Xixia Empire had warned his countrymen: "Little Fan Laozi (Fan Zhongyan) has tens of thousands of armored soldiers in his chest, unlike Dafan Laozi (Fan Yong) to be bullied." Next year (1041) , The Xixia Corps attacked Weizhou (Pingliang, Gansu). Han Qi, who was patrolling Zhenrong (Guyuan, Ningxia), sent a large army to fight against it. He contacted Haoshuichuan (Tianshuihe) in Liupanshan (Longde, Ningxia). There were 10,300 people. completely annihilated.Han Qi fled back in embarrassment. Thousands of family members of the fallen soldiers stopped the horse's head, wailed and called out their souls, and cried loudly: "You followed the commander to go out safely. Where are you when the commander comes back today? May you be lonely, Follow the commander back home!" The cry shook the world, Han Qi was afraid and ashamed.But within a few months, someone claimed that the people in the border area sang everywhere: "There is Han (Han Qi) in the army, and the western thieves are terrified when they hear about it. .” The problem is that internal publicity is just a nasty and funny little trick, and it can’t solve practical difficulties.The next year (1042), Zhenrong fought again, and the Song army was defeated again. More than 9,400 people were all killed or captured.

Under the situation that every battle must be defeated, the Song Empire had no choice but to seek reconciliation.In 1044, the Xixia Empire was officially recognized as independent, and it paid 130,000 bolts of silk, 50,000 taels of silver coins, and 20,000 catties of tea to the Xixia Empire every year.Every year on festivals (such as New Year's Day, the birthday of the Chinese emperor), an additional 23,000 pieces of silk and satin, 20,000 taels of silver coins, 100,000 catties of tea, and 2,000 taels of silverware will be added. For the sake of face, the Song Empire insisted that this payment was a "reward", and only recognized Li Yuanwu as the king of Xixia, not the emperor of Xixia.

Thirty-six years of unstable peace remained between Song and Xia.In the 1970s, Wang Anshi, the Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty, selected Wang Shao, the first commander-in-chief since the founding of the Song Empire, to serve as the commander (pacifier) ​​of the Taohe Theater (Lintan, Gansu).Between 1073 and 1074, the former territory of China, which had been trapped in the Tubo Kingdom for more than 200 years, with an area of ​​200,000 square kilometers and five islands of Taiwan, including Xizhou (Lintao, Gansu) ), Hezhou (Linxia, ​​Gansu) and the entire Hehuang area (northeast of Qinghai Province), the purpose is to cut off the right arm of the Xixia Empire, as a preparation for the general attack on the Xixia Empire.However, two years later (107), Wang Anshi resigned, and Wang Shao was also accused by the new prime minister Sima Guang of "making trouble on the sidelines", and he was dismissed and relegated, so that all previous achievements were wasted.

But the Song Empire still couldn't forget Xixia's smallness and poverty. In 1081, the sixth emperor Zhao Xu stopped paying money.All the power of the whole country was sent to attack the Xixia Empire in five ways, and they were scheduled to join forces in Lingzhou (Lingwu, Ningxia). However, he appointed eunuch Li Xian as the commander-in-chief.As a result, the Fourth Route Corps arrived as scheduled. Only the commander-in-chief did not arrive after the troops were stationed in Kefu Lanzhou (Lanzhou, Gansu).The four-way army that arrived was under the city of Lingzhou. The dragons had no leader, and they had no siege tools, so they couldn't attack the city.Xixia took the opportunity to counterattack and decided to open the embankment of the Yellow River to flood the enemy. The Song army collapsed and more than 200,000 people died.Next year (1082), Xixia captured Yongle City (northwest of Mizhi, Shaanxi), and the Song defenders and more than 200,000 residents were completely wiped out.

— To throw a mob army of ignorant generals into battle under the idiotic command of civilian officials (even eunuchs) is nothing more than a brutal massacre, like driving a poor lamb into a pack of wolves.However, in the three hundred years since the founding of the Song Empire, it has been like this, making people cry for thousands of innocent soldiers who died. So Song and Xia reconciled again. In the last year of this century (Eleventh), in 1099, the Song Empire continued to "reward" the Xixia Empire. In the next century (twelfth), conflicts continued to occur on the border between the two countries, and the conflicts did not stop until the eve of the large-scale invasion of the Jin Empire.The Song Empire was entangled by such a small country, and its national power was exhausted.

Seven Kings Anshi One of the main reasons why the Song Empire was able to pass the bottleneck was that its second emperor was Changjun. Zhao Guangyi was thirty-eight years old when he came to the throne, and he was able to cope with the complicated political situation.If Zhao Kuangyin's young son succeeded to the throne, we have reason to believe that it would have been overturned long ago.However, although the emperor surnamed Zhao has arrived in a safe and stable state, he still has nightmares about being overthrown at any time.This nightmare made the government unable to do anything but try to prevent mutiny.The humiliating wars against Liao and Xixia proved that they can only exploit the people's property and contribute to foreign countries, but they are powerless to defend the people.Under heavy taxation and strong annexation by literati and landlords in the vast rural areas, a large number of serfs and domestic slaves of literati and bureaucrats were produced.The number of government officials is expanding every year, and there are more scholar-bureaucrats.The more people are out of production.With 3% or 4% of the people, they occupy more than 90% of the land and wealth of the whole people, and they still plunder.This paradise that the scholar-bureaucrats are happy with is actually a big gunpowder magazine that is getting hotter and hotter.

Thus came the reform movement. Wang Anshi, one of China's greatest politicians, followed the example of Gongsun Yang, another great politician in the fourth century BC, and used revolutionary overall reforms to save the bad luck of the Song Empire and the scholar-bureaucrats themselves. The civilians hanging upside down in the water and fire, his views were adopted by the emperor Zhao Xu.Zhao Xu is an emperor who grew up in a deep palace, and he is one of the few outstanding wise monarchs.In 1069, Zhao Xu appointed Wang Anshi as prime minister, and the reform began immediately. The reform is comprehensive, including economics, politics, military affairs, and education.We summarize his most important measures into ten items and make a brief description.

1. Establish a budget system and control the budget.Wang Anshi set up a "Planning Department" (three divisions and regulations division. Three divisions: Duzhi Division, Household Department Division, and Salt and Iron Division), who will also be the head, make reasonable improvements to administrative management, and strictly prevent private embezzlement or embezzlement of public funds , resulting in an annual savings of 40% for the country. 2. To establish a system for the government to save grain.In the past, each administrative region (road, state) paid a certain amount of food-based taxes to the central government every year: in a good harvest year, you can’t pay more; in a bad harvest year, you can’t pay less—all by forcing poor farmers plunder.Moreover, it has to travel thousands of miles to transport it to the capital Kaifeng, which costs a lot.Wang Anshi promulgated the equal transportation method, using currency instead of physical objects to pay taxes, so as to avoid transportation difficulties.Each administrative region will set up special warehouses in the capital, and buy them in large quantities during good harvests, so that farmers don’t have to be forced to search for them during bad years.

3. Establish a government loan system.Most of the hardest days for Chinese farmers occur when they are "lean and yellow".That is to say, the rice and wheat have just grown green seedlings, and have not yet turned yellow and mature. The grain stored in the farm is often used up, and the new grain has not been harvested. The need for money is the most urgent.Wang Anshi ordered the government to lend to the peasants at a much lower interest rate than they had received from the landlords.Wait until after the harvest, and then return.Because this loan is guaranteed by the young crops in the field, it is called the "green crops method". 4. Inspect tax-evaded cultivated land and sort out land taxes.When scholar-bureaucrats and landlords annexed the cultivated land of poor peasants, they often concealed their land registration and did not pay taxes.Wang Anshi carried out an inventory of cultivated land across the country, and the result of the inventory was as much as 3.6 million mu.He also promulgated the Law on the Average Tax of Square Fields to re-evaluate the cultivated land across the country and divide it into five grades according to the fertile and barren land. Fifth, establish a price stabilization system and set up a price stabilization agency "Shi Yi Wu".It was first implemented in Kaifeng, the capital. When prices were low, the government would buy them; wait until prices rose, and then sell them. The "Shiyiwu" institution also runs a bank concurrently, and the people grant loans with gold, silver, silk or real estate as collateral.This is a great economic progress, known as the "Law of Exchange". 6. Establish a fair labor system.Wang Anshi promulgated the "Exemption Law", stipulating that every adult man in the country has the obligation to serve the country.If you apply for exemption from labor service, you must pay a substitute service fee, called "exemption money", which is paid by the government on behalf of someone hired. Seventh, strengthen the training of the National Defense Forces and weed out old, weak and disabled soldiers.The National Defense Forces of the Song Empire were partly concentrated in the capital and partly in the frontiers, and were transferred in turn. The purpose was to make the soldiers familiar with each other and avoid rebellion. 2/2.But going out to fight is vulnerable.Wang Anshi forced the old and the weak to retire, abolished the "more garrison law", and the National Defense Forces no longer rotated, but permanently assigned them to important areas, appointed full-time commanders (town generals), responsible for training in peacetime, and led troops out in wartime, so that the upper and lower Get to know each other like fingers.The reason why Wang Shao was able to recover the lost land in Hehuang (northeast of Qinghai Province) was because the troops he led were after the reform.Compared with the troops before the reform, it seems to be from two planets. Eight weapons were updated, and the equipment of the National Defense Forces was fully modernized.Corruption in the Defense Forces is even worse when it comes to weapons.Not only is the number insufficient, but most of them are rusty. Ten thousand bows with broken strings are like no bow at all.Wang Anshi set up a central arsenal (Army Supervision) to solicit patterns and designs of new weapons and eliminate all obsolete weapons. Ninth, establish and strengthen the grassroots organizations of the people, and gather "management", "teaching", "raising" and "guarding" in a unit called "protection".Wang Anshi promulgated the "Baojia Law", stipulating that ten families organize one "Bao", fifty families organize one "Da Bao", and five hundred families organize one "Du Bao".Watch and help each other, picket at any time to see if there is anyone who breaks the law.When there are two young people in a family, one is selected to act as a "baoding", and concentrated military training is used during the slack season. 10. Improving examination subjects and school curricula.Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been two main examination subjects: one is poetry and prose;This kind of talent has nothing to do with the administrative talents needed by the country, but it has been practiced for about 400 years.Wang Anshi canceled all of them and changed them to examinations and argumentative essays to cultivate young people's ability to think independently.In addition to teaching the "Three Classics" written by Wang Anshi (Three Classics:, "Book of Books", "Zhou Li"), the school also teaches geography, economics, history, law, and medicine. This is the main reform in Wang Anshi's reform. However, a person with superhuman wisdom is always lonely, even sad, and his reform finally failed. Eight Struggles Between the Old and New Parties The internal crisis of the Song Empire is well known to everyone, and everyone believes that it must be reformed.However, there is a prerequisite, that is, the reform must be carried out without damaging one's own vested interests.Twenty-six years before Wang Anshi's reform, that is, in 1043, Prime Minister Fan Zhongyan also implemented reforms.He started from a small place first, and only slightly eliminated a few officials, limiting the number of future "shadows".Yinzi, a system in which the children of senior officials become officials without passing school and examinations.Some officials are not yet married, but their sons have been appointed by the government, and even the babies in their arms are often section chiefs and county magistrates.Fan Zhongyan only narrowed down this absurd abuse, requiring that he must have a son and be at least fifteen years old.But this immediately aroused the public outrage of senior officials, and he was included in the villain system.Fan Zhongyan is a smart person, and before incurring a more serious blow, he immediately resigned and everything went back to old. Wang Anshi's reform scope is more than a hundred times larger than that of Fan Zhongyan, and his moral courage makes him unswerving.As expected, what he attracted was not only public indignation, but a crazily pounced by all the vested interests. They were called the "old party". Light, was enshrined as a leader.The reform group led by Wang Anshi is called the "New Party", and Wang Anshi is naturally the leader of the New Party.Although Wang Anshi also belonged to the Confucian school, he lifted the shackles imposed on him by Confucianism.Sima Guang was an orthodox Confucian, opposed to anything that was not in ancient times, opposed to any measures to reform the status quo.There was a vivid dialogue between Sima Guang and Emperor Zhao Xu, which fully demonstrated this kind of thinking.Zhao Xu once asked him: "If the Western Han Dynasty in the second century BC had kept the laws and regulations formulated by its first prime minister Xiao He without changing them, do you think it would be okay?" Sima Guang replied: "Of course. Not only the Western Han Dynasty can That is, the laws and regulations formulated by the emperors in the 23rd century BC and their Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties are the most perfect even today. Emperor Liu Che of the Western Han Dynasty changed the laws of his ancestors, and the bandits Then spread all over China. Liu Shuang changed his father's law, and the Western Han Dynasty was weakened because of it. Therefore, the laws and regulations formulated by the ancestors must not be changed in any way." Two more things can help our understanding: There was no written law in the Song Dynasty. When the royal teachers (waiters, storytellers) taught the emperor (jingyan), the emperor always sat and listened, while the teacher stood and spoke.The year before the reform (1068), Wang Anshi suggested: Confucianism has always advocated respecting teachers, and teachers should be allowed to sit and explain.This suggestion was immediately counterattacked. Minister Liu Fenqan believed that teachers standing up and giving lectures was a system established by the ancestors, which had been implemented for more than 50 years and must not be changed.Another minister, Lu Heo, was more interesting. He said in the impeachment memorial: "Wang Anshi actually wanted to sit and lecture, sacrificing the dignity of the emperor, in order to show the dignity of the teacher. .” He demanded that Wang Anshi, a treacherous man, be severely punished. ——In the world, there is indeed a kind of slavish and very firm person, which makes us sigh. After the Second Reform Movement began, the Liao Empire proposed to redefine the border of Daizhou (Daixian County, Shanxi) to the west of Taihang Mountain (behind the mountain).Emperor Zhao Xu ordered the ministers to put forward their opinions, and the retired prime minister Han Qi (that is, Yihan who had "one Han in the army" in the Battle of Haoshuichuan) suggested: "We have the following seven things to anger the enemy: 1. The Koryo Kingdom has long since separated from China. Becoming a vassal of the Liao Empire. But we used merchants to restore the old relationship with it. Of course, the Liao Empire thought it was not good for it. Second, we used force to seize the Hehan region of the Tubo Kingdom. Of course, the Liao Empire believed that it must be the next target. Three. 1. We planted a large number of elms and willows along the border of Daizhou. The purpose is obviously to prevent the cavalry of the Liao Empire from galloping. 4. We also implemented the Baojia system in the country, integrating soldiers into agriculture and teaching people fighting skills. 5. The states and counties north of the Yellow River actively We built city walls and dug deep moats. Sixth, we set up arsenals to manufacture new weapons and update the equipment of the armed forces. Seventh, we placed thirty-seven generals in the important states north of the Yellow River to strengthen the training of the national defense forces stationed in the villages. The above seven items are all measures to stimulate the Liao Empire and make them feel disgusted. There is only one way for us to convince the Liao Empire of our peace and sincerity and continue to live in friendly relations with us. That is, immediately abolish all these measures (with Koryo The kingdom cut off commerce, returned the Hehan area to the Tubo Kingdom, eradicated the elms and willows along the border that restricted the enemy's cavalry from entering, disbanded the Baojia, and stopped the people's military training. Construction. Abolish the arsenal, stop the manufacture of weapons, stop updating equipment, stop the modernization of the army. Cancel the thirty-seven generals north of the Yellow River, and stop army training). After the above-mentioned seven measures are all abolished, Your Majesty will support the people and select talents Incompetent (he and Sima Guang), estrangement from treacherous evil (Wang Anshi), and employing Zhongliang (he and Sima Guang), the Liao Empire naturally said it." This is the famous "Han Qi Seven Items Memorial", which was presented to Zhao Xu in 1074.Because of the "Pu Yi" case, Han Qi has been included in the villain system, and now he is sent back to the gentleman system because of his unanimous stand against reform. It is certainly an instinctive reaction for scholar-bureaucrats to oppose reform.But more importantly, the reforms hurt themselves.Like the budget system, if the state expenditure is reduced by 40%, the officials supported by this 40% will either be eliminated or can no longer be corrupted, and they will naturally be angry.Like the "Young Crops Law", scholar-bureaucrats relied on usury to acquire the land of poor peasants legally when the farmers were in urgent need. Now that the government has issued loans at low interest rates, blocking their way of annexation, they are naturally angry.Like the "Exemption Law", when the "Meritorial Service Law" was implemented in the past, the families of scholar-bureaucrats did not perform hard labor at all, and the construction of cities and roads and the local supply of any labor were all undertaken by civilians.Now adding this kind of labor, which they have always despised, makes them equal to the common people, and naturally they are all the more angry.Of course, they will not be so stupid as to blatantly shout for the protection of vested interests, but they can shout for the maintenance of "ancestral law".However, when you are in a hurry, you can't help but show your face.One day, when Zhao Xu told Wen Yanbo that the people all welcomed the reform, Wen Yanbo asked back: "Your Majesty, are you ruling the country with literati? Or are you ruling the country with small people?" Zhao Xu couldn't answer immediately. In the end, the old party infiltrated the palace even more, so that Zhao Xu's old mother, Empress Dowager Gao, also stood by them, and kept warning her son: the new law will harm the country and the people, and the laws of the ancestors should not be changed lightly.In fact, the new law itself encountered irreparable difficulties: First, a series of droughts happened to happen in the 11th and 1970s of this century. The situation in exile was painted into a picture and presented to Zhao Xu and his mother, Empress Dowager Gao, claiming that this was the result of the reform. If the reform and reform were not stopped immediately, the drought would expand and the number of hungry people would increase.The other is that Wang Anshi did not have the power to expel the old parties who opposed the new law from the government, let alone eliminate them all.He could not get the strong support of Gongsun Yang, and the emperor Zhao Xu could not jump out of the tradition of founding the country in the Song Dynasty. He could only demote the old party from the central government and relegate it to the local government to serve as the head of the local government. .This is where the problem arises, because all reforms in the new law must be fully implemented by local governments.So there was a strange scene that can only be seen in cartoon films, that is, a group of people who opposed the new law were responsible for implementing the new law.Inevitably, they used various methods to destroy it, deliberately forcing farmers to hate the new law to prove the crime of the new law. In 1076, Wang Anshi finally stepped down. He only served as prime minister for six years.After he resigned, his assistant Lu Huiqing continued to be in power, but was attacked and resigned soon, and only the emperor Zhao Xu persisted.In 1085, Zhao Xu died, his ten-year-old son Zhao Xu came to the throne, and his grandmother, the Empress Dowager Gao, came to power.She immediately recalled Sima Guang, the old party leader who had been demoted to Luoyang, as prime minister.In an instant, the reforms stopped, the reforms stopped, all the new laws and systems were revoked, and everything returned to the original state, which was the original state that Han Qi applauded. Sima Guang was a well-known scholar-bureaucrat at that time. In addition to the "Pu Yi" that made him famous, he edited a very detailed Chinese political chronicle from 403 BC to 959 AD. Until the twentieth century, this masterpiece of about six million words was still one of the most valuable historical books.In this great work, Sima Guang asked the country's leaders to have a great mind in order to accept unpleasing opinions.He gives the impression that if he is the leader of the country, he must be, because it is the right and honorable path.However, once he came into contact with actual power, he couldn't do what he asked others to do.Power is like a touchstone, immediately revealing his self-willed character.When he was determined to revoke the "Exemption Law", which even the old party had to admit was the best reform, Su Shi tried again and again, and Sima Guang was furious. Today you just became the prime minister, and you are not allowed to speak." Another minister, Fan Chunren (who later became the prime minister), also believed that the "exemption law" has been unanimously supported, but it is only inconvenient for a few powerful people and must not be changed. .Sima Guang immediately turned his face, Fan Chunren said: "You are so stern, but you are just blocking people's mouths so that people dare not speak. In everything, you should listen to everyone's opinions with an open mind, and you don't have to follow your own." But all this is not enough to sway Sima Just the determination to go back. Split of the Nine Old Party Sima Guang died the next year (1086) as chancellor, and his successor continued his policies and, at one point, attempted to massacre the new party. - In 1989, Cai Que, the former prime minister of the New Party who had been demoted to be the governor of Dengzhou (Henan Dengzhou), wrote a poem while visiting Chegai Pavilion in Anzhou (Hubei Anlu) Scenic Area.The old party immediately provoked that it was satirizing the Empress Dowager Gao who was in power.Empress Dowager Gao was stimulated and immediately became furious like a tigress.Fortunately, some people feared that the massive bloody suppression might lead to massive bloody retaliation, so they changed to a lighter punishment. Only more than 30 figures who presided over the reform, including Wang Anshi, were listed as "treacherous parties" and announced that they would be punished nationwide. Know.Cai Que fled to Xinzhou (Xinxing, Guangdong), 1,500 kilometers away from the capital, where he died. This is the climax of the old party swoop. However, the old party split in due course, so that their strength could not be concentrated.The fuse was related to the death of Sima Guang.Government officials were gathering for a ceremony when news of Sima Guang's death broke.Everyone thought that we should go to mourning immediately, but Cheng Yi, the royal teacher (storyteller in Chongzheng Palace), objected, saying: "Confucius said that the day of crying is not happy." Someone refuted him: "Confucius did not say that happy Don’t cry that day.” Su Shi silently said to him, “These are all strange rituals invented by Uncle Sun Tong, the ghost of the Western Han Dynasty.” Cheng Yi couldn’t bear this kind of ridicule, and decided to take revenge, ordering his students Jia Yi, Zhu Guangting impeached Su Wu for deliberately slandering the government when he presided over the National Library official (library) examination.This impeachment caused a reaction, and Su Shi's friend Kong Wenzhong also impeached Cheng Yi for being dirty and insidious.He is the chief of the five ghosts.The old party then split into the following three parties: The name of the party depends on the place of origin of the leader.Cheng Yi, a native of Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan).Su Wu, a native of Meishan (Meishan, Sichuan), belongs to the ancient Shu land.Liu Zhi, a native of Dongguang (Dongguang, Hebei), belongs to the Heshuo area.The struggle between them is all emotional struggle, but it is very fierce, and they naturally put themselves into the gentleman system, and drive each other into the villain system, hating each other to the bone.In addition to the large-scale exile of the new party members, the Song government was also busy expelling the old party that had failed in the internal struggle. In 1093, the empress dowager Gaoda, the protector of the old party, passed away. The 18-year-old emperor Zhao Xu had long endured enough of this old grandmother who interfered in state affairs.Just like his old grandmother who couldn't wait to recall Sima Guang, the leader of the old party, he also couldn't wait to recall Zhang Dun, the leader of the new party, restore the new law, and demote the old party—with one exception, Cai Jing, one of Sima Guang's most powerful henchmen.When Sima Guang issued an order to revoke the "Exemption Law" and restore the "Certain Service Law" within a time limit of five days, everyone worried that the time would be short and it would not be easy to do so.Cai Jing, who originally belonged to the new party, was serving as the mayor of the capital Kaifeng (known as Kaifeng Prefecture), but it was completed as scheduled, so that Sima Guang called on people from the old party to follow Cai Jing.Now he sees the old party losing ground, defecting from the old party, and joining the new party. We can make a list of the situations where the two parties alternate in power: This century (11th) ended with the new party regaining power, and in the next century (12th), the old party was completely defeated and the new party deteriorated from within. The Mainstream of the Ten Confucian Schools - the Birth of Neo Confucianism Finally, we will describe Cheng Yi, the leader of the Los Angeles Party, who was an important figure.At the end of this century (the eleventh), a new branch of Confucianism emerged (this branch later developed into the mainstream)—Confucianism, which was founded by Cheng Yi.His elder brother Cheng Hao was his comrade, who was called "Er Cheng" at that time.His teacher, Zhou Dunyi, is an idealist philosopher who has special research and insights into "Wuji", "Tai Chi", "Yin and Yang", "movement and stillness" and their interaction.Cheng Yi obtained idealism philosophy from his teacher, and then absorbed the mysterious thoughts of Buddhist and Taoist schools to form the Neo Confucianism he advocated.Neo-Confucians believe that life should be serious, and it must be very serious. Apart from working hard day and night to train oneself to become a saint, no other ideas are allowed.Games and humor were both considered sins, more severely than Christian Puritans and Buddhist ascetics.This can be illustrated with an example. When the seventh emperor Zhao Xu ascended the throne (1085), he was only ten years old. He was just a playful child. Zheng Se stopped and said: "In spring, everything grows, and you should not pick it casually, it will harm the harmony of heaven and earth." Zhao Xu threw the willow branch away angrily, shaking with anger.To suppress a ten-year-old naughty boy like this, it is no wonder that Su Shi's faction resented him, thinking that he lost his humanity.Even the most stubborn Sima Guang sighed and said: "It is people like Cheng Yi who make the emperor unwilling to get close to Confucianism." Let us describe three more things to enhance the understanding of Neo-Confucianism First, the main ideological basis of the Confucian school was mentioned earlier - the "Five Classics".In addition, there are a number of auxiliary books, such as the collection of Confucius' remarks, which occupy a position second only to the Five Classics.But in the next century (twelfth), Zhu Xi combined Mencius with Meng Ke's speech collection, and the two articles "University" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" in "Book of Rites" into one book, named "" "Four Books".The Four Books stood side by side with the Five Classics and were called "Five Classics and Four Books". Later, they gradually replaced the "Five Classics" and became the only classics of Chinese intellectuals. The second Cheng Yi firmly advocates the suppression of emotion and spirituality, and believes that morality without emotion and spirituality is the highest morality.So he is against anything related to emotional spirituality, including art and literature.Someone once recited a poem to him: "Menghun is used to being unrestrained, and he stepped on Yanghuaxie Niangqiao again." Cheng Yi changed his face and said: "Ghost talk, ghost talk." What he asked was that human beings can only do one thing, That is, reverence for the saints, and any behavior that cannot help this project is evil. Third, China has always had a wide range of standards for women's chastity.For example, the mother of Fan Zhongyan, who was a prime minister for a short time, remarried immediately after Fan Zhongyan's father died, and no one despised her.It was Cheng Yi who began to persecute women and set a one-sided and harsh standard, that is, men can remarry at will, but women are absolutely not allowed to remarry.Someone once asked him, "Can a widow be poor and helpless, can she remarry?" Cheng Yi said flatly, "Absolutely not. Some people use hunger and cold as an excuse because they are afraid of freezing to death. Death from starvation is a minor issue, but injustice is a major issue." It is another characteristic of Neo Confucianism, that is, it is very impassioned about sacrificing the life or happiness of others. Neo Confucianism did not play a major role in this century (11th). Instead, it hit a wall at the beginning, namely Su Dongpo's attack and Cheng Yi's expulsion from the government.But it was not until the end of the next century (twelfth) that his disciple Zhu Xi, after the government took power, officially bore fruit. Eleven Eastern and Western Worlds In 1031 (the year before the founding of the Xixia Empire), the Western Arab Empire (White Yi Dashi) had no heirs, the Omiya Dynasty died out, and the caliphate changed to elections. In 1040 (the year before the Battle of Haoshuichuan), the chieftain of the Turkic Seljuk tribe, Togz, called the Sultan (emperor), and established the Seljuk Turkish Empire in Central Asia (now northern Afghanistan). In 1073 (the year before the famous general Wang Shao recovered the Hehuang area), Pope Gregory VII of the Catholic Church reformed the church, prohibiting priests from engaging in business and marrying wives, and not paying homage to the monarch.Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV denied the ban and intended to depose the Pope.Gregory VII ordered Henry IV excommunicated. In 1077 (the year after Wang Anshi's resignation), since Henry IV was excommunicated, there have been rebellions in the country.As a last resort, he went to Rome in the heavy snow, dressed in sackcloth of repentance, and stood barefoot in Fort Cannossa (Holy See) for three days and nights, before Gregory VII pardoned him. In 1084 (quoted by Empress Dowager Gao! The year before Sima Guang, the leader of the Japanese Party, abolished the new law), Henry IV attacked Rome in order to avenge his punishment.Gregory VII asked for help from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, but Henry IV was defeated.After the Two Sicilians surrounded the city of Rome, they looted the two In 1094 (the new party constitution stopped serving as prime minister and the new law was restored), the Seljuk Turkish Empire banned Christians from making pilgrimages to Jerusalem and was preparing to attack Constantinople.The Emperor Alexus I of the Eastern Roman Empire was terrified and asked Pope Urban II for help. In 1095 (the year after Zhang Ting became prime minister), Pope Urban II convened a religious meeting in Clement, calling for the organization of crusades to fight against Islam. 1096 (unjust imprisonment occurred in the Chinese court, Zhao Xu’s wife, Empress Meng, was imprisoned, 30 eunuchs and court ladies were tortured, their limbs were mutilated, some had their tongues cut off during interrogation, and all of them were beheaded in the end) , the rise of the first Crusade in Europe, led by the French nobles. In 1099 (the year before the Empress Dowager Xiang came to power and the old party's second counterattack), the first crusade ended and lasted four years.Captured Jerusalem, established the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and elected Prince Gofri of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies as king.