Chapter 24 Chapter Eighteen The Fifth Century-2

Six Tyrants of the Southern Qi Empire Xiao Daocheng's Southern Qi Empire produced seven emperors in only twenty-four years.Among the seven emperors, three were tyrants: the third was Xiao Zhaoye, the fifth was Xiao Luan, and the sixth was Xiao Baojuan.However, the direct and indirect harm to the people was heavier than that of the Southern Song Dynasty. ——Chinese tyrants, with the most in this century (5).In the northern kingdoms, the tyrants also have their voices.Like Murong Sheng and Mu Kexi of the Houyan Empire; Lu Long of the Houliang Kingdom; Murong Chao of the Southern Yan Empire; Helian Bobo and Helianding of the Huxia Empire; Xun; Feng Hong of the Northern Yan Empire; Qipan of the Western Qin Kingdom.Together with the nine people from the Southern Dynasty, there are twenty people in total.Although this number is slightly inferior to that of the thirty tyrants of the Roman Empire, it is still surprising.It would not be an exaggeration to call this century (5) the century of tyrants in China.

In 493, Xiao Yu, the second emperor of the Southern Qi Dynasty, passed away. The crown prince Xiao Changmao died early, and was succeeded by the 21-year-old grandson Xiao Zhaoye.Xiao Zhaoye is smart enough to make all kinds of successful performances.When his father died, he grieved greatly, especially in front of others.But as soon as I got back to my own house, I was very happy.Then ask the witch named Yang to use magic to curse the grandfather to die quickly, so that she can become emperor in advance.Grandfather Xiao Yu soon fell ill. Xiao Zhaoye entered the palace to serve. When writing letters to his wife, he wrote thirty-six small "Xi" characters in a row, forming a circle around a large "Xi" character.But in front of his dying grandfather, he had a sad face and shed tears before opening his mouth.Xiao Yu was deeply moved, took his grandson's hand, and said: "If you miss Grandpa, do it well." After Xiao Yu died, the first thing Xiao Zhaoye did was to reward the witch surnamed Yang heavily. Curse the credit of the grandfather.Then, the brothers and uncles who had competed with him for the throne were massacred in batches.Xiao Zhaoye was extravagant, and every time he rewarded his cronies, the amount was more than one million.He often said bitterly about money: "I used to think you didn't have ten, how about today?" In less than half a year, the treasury was empty.Prime Minister Xiao Luan is the son of the elder brother of the founding emperor Xiao Daocheng and the uncle of Xiao Zhaoye.Xiao Zhaoye tried to kill Xiao Luan several times, but was dissuaded when he hesitated several times.In 494, Xiao Luan launched a coup, killed Xiao Zhaoye, and made Xiao Zhaoye's younger brother Xiao Zhaowen emperor.Only four months.Xiao Jia then killed Xiao Zhaowen and took the throne.

Xiao Luan was an evil person with a lot of petty actions. His throne was untenable in legal terms at the time because his royal blood was too distant.In order to eliminate future troubles, he slaughtered all the descendants of Xiao Daocheng and Xiao Yu.Whenever he burns incense and prays at night, and weeps and sheds tears, the people around him know that there will be massive bloodshed tomorrow.The most noteworthy thing was the time before his death in 19498, when he killed ten princes including Xiao Xuan in one go.After they were killed, they ordered the relevant units to report the ten princes for treason and demanded their execution.The strange thing is here, after Xiao Luan received the report, not only did he not approve it, but he complained sternly and refused to refute it.So the relevant units stood on the sacred legal standpoint, risked the emperor's wrath, made another request, and insisted on the previous discussion.Xiao Luan had no choice but to submit to the law.

——This is one of Xiao Luan's little tricks, but this matter can at least give us a revelation, that is, no historical data can be considered absolutely correct just because it comes from the first-hand or the person concerned, and only listen to one-sided words.If we judge that Xiao Luan is a kind person or that the tenth prince is still alive at that time based on the edict that was rejected in the preceding paragraph, it will be a mistake, and this is exactly what the evil people hope for. Xiao Luan died after slaughtering the ten princes, and was succeeded by his sixteen-year-old son Xiao Baojuan.Xiao Baojuan was introverted, he seldom spoke, he didn't like to contact the ministers, he only liked to go out of the palace to hang out, but he didn't allow anyone to see him.Every time he leaves the palace, martial law is imposed first. In order to prevent people from peeking through the cracks in the door, all the streets and houses on both sides of him must be vacant.As soon as the drums of the Royal Guard's vanguard sounded, the civilians rushed out to escape in all directions as if they had heard an emergency air raid siren.Xiao Baojuan travels in this way more than 20 times a month, and the direction is uncertain, from south to north, from east to west.Especially at night, when drums shake the roof tiles, candles illuminate the sky, guards fill the roads, and civilians wake up from their dreams and run to escape.However, there is martial law everywhere, and it is impossible to pass through.Men and women, old and young, ran left and right, crying and crying in response, not knowing where Yu Jia passed by.There was a pregnant woman who had no time to escape. Xiao Baojuan saw her and ordered a caesarean section. Both mother and child died.Another sick old monk was unable to escape and hid in the grass. Xiao Baojuan ordered to shoot arrows, and the old monk died under the random arrows.

Xiao Baojuan is the most murderous tyrant in this century (five). His evil father often mentioned Xiao Zhaoye's hesitation towards him in the past, and warned him: "Move quickly, don't fall behind." Xiao Baojuan remembered this lesson deeply, so he was as quick as lightning when killing people.The moment of suspicion, the intent to kill is there; and the intent to kill is acted at once, without any consideration, without any warning or sign.This policy of terror, within two years of Xiao Baojuan's accession to the throne, that is, the last year of this century (5) (499) and the next century (6) first year (500), has been provoked four times in succession. Great mutiny.The first time happened in 499, when Xiao Baojuan's cousin, Prince Xiao Yaoguang, raised troops to attack the palace, but failed.The second time happened in the same year, when General Chen Xianda attacked Jiankang from Jiangzhou (Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province) and failed.These two defeats were quickly put to rest, adding to Xiao Baojuan's arrogance, thinking that God's will and the people's hearts were on his side, and the massacre intensified.

Seven Northern Wei Empires Moved Capital and Sinicization The Northern Wei Dynasty was an empire established by the Tuoba tribe of Xianbei. Compared with the messy Yan, Nanyan, Xiyan and Zhuyan empires established by the same tribe, the Murong tribe, the level of education was lower.The so-called country, in the minds of the chiefs, is nothing but an expanded tribe.Therefore, officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty had no salaries, and relied entirely on corruption and extortion from the people, and the methods were extremely brutal.Therefore, the civil uprising in the Northern Wei Dynasty was the most numerous dynasty in Chinese history.It was not until 484 in the 1980s (5) of this century that the Northern Wei Dynasty began to pay official salaries, ninety-nine years since the founding of the country.

The emperors of the Northern Wei Dynasty, like most of the emperors of the Five Hus in the Nineteen Kingdoms, always had the legacy of tribes and the cruelty of barbarians. ——Note that the tyrants of the Han nationality are very different from the tyrants of other ethnic minorities in terms of methods and degrees.But the Northern Wei Dynasty also relied on this impetus to unify Northern China.However, by the time Northern China was unified, the Northern Wei Dynasty had been continuously engaged in the 54-year war, and most of all the elite troops and generals who had risen from the masses at the founding of the country had been consumed.Moreover, the ruling class has been deeply satisfied with the expansion from a small area of ​​bitter cold in the northern part of the Great Wall to the huge area of ​​the North China Plain, and is content with the status quo of confrontation between the north and the south.Therefore, the four consecutive attacks on the Southern Song Empire were all defensive in nature and did not have the great ambition to unify the whole of China.

In the 1950s and 1970s, the seventh emperor, Tuoba Hong, came to the throne. He was the first well-educated monarch of the Northern Wei Empire. Of course, he received a purely Chinese education, because Xianbei had no written language.This made Tuoba Hong blindly worship the culture of the Han nationality, thinking that everything about the Han nationality is progressive and good, while everything about his own Xianbei nation is backward and bad.Once the worship has been upgraded from rational respect to emotional belief, he will be ashamed of himself and refuse to admit that the Han nationality has shortcomings and the Xianbei nation has advantages.Therefore, Tuobahong was determined to make his nation fully accept the civilization of the Han nationality.

——Tuobahong's admiration for the culture of the Han nationality is crazy.When Xiao Chen and Fan Yun, envoys of the Southern Qi Empire, met Tuo Bahong, Tuo Bahong talked with them for a long time, and then said to the officials: "What a good minister in the Southern Dynasty." A good minister changes the emperor once a year. There are no good ministers in the Northern Dynasty, and the emperor changes every hundred years." This made Tuobahong blush. The first step of overall Sinicization is to move the capital, from Pingcheng (Datong, Shanxi) where the majority of Xianbei people live, to Luoyang, where the Han nationality is the majority 600 kilometers away to the south.This is a big event. Tuoba Hong was isolated in the Sinicization movement, and only his younger brother, Prince Tuobaxie, had to help him under his persecution.Tuoba Hongming knew that he could not get support for the important event of moving the capital, so he resorted to deception.In 493, he mobilized the Southern Expedition, declaring that he would attack the Southern Qi Empire, which had just been established fifteen years ago.He personally commanded an army of 300,000, starting from the capital Pingcheng (Datong, Shanxi).At this time, the Northern Wei Dynasty has been 107 years since the founding of the country, and the long years have made the country's decline deep. The nobles have reached the third and fourth generations, and they have long been accustomed to the enjoyment of life. They have completely forgotten that there are still enemies in the south, let alone expanding the country. I am full of fear in my heart for this sudden military action.After finally arriving in Luoyang, there was continuous heavy rain, and morale was even lower.Tuoba Hong just chose the day with the heaviest rainfall, put on his armor and mounted his horse, and ordered him to move on.The princes and ministers gathered around and begged for the cancellation of the attack.Tuo Bahong refused at first, but later expressed his concession. However, he said: "We went south with great fanfare to conquer, but it ended in such an unclear way. How can we explain to the people of the country? If we must cease the army, it is better to move the capital to Luoyang, which can also be justified." The prince and minister opposed moving the capital, but they were even more opposed to the Southern Expedition.The lesser of two evils, they reluctantly agreed to move the capital.

The reason Tuobahong put the moving of the capital in the first step of overall Sinicization was, on the one hand, to speed up the absorption of Han culture, but the more important reason was psychological. He did not want to be not only the monarch of barbarians, but also the monarch of the Chinese people.If you want to be the monarch of the Chinese, you must set up the government in the place where the orthodox capital of China is located. After the capital of the country was established, a series of Sinicization measures followed: 1. It is forbidden to wear traditional Xianbei clothes and wear Han clothes instead.

2. It is stipulated that Chinese is the legal national language of the empire, and the Xianbei dialect is prohibited.People over the age of 30 are not easy to learn, so they are allowed to continue using Xianbei dialect, but people under the age of 30 must use Chinese. 3. Cancel the Xianbei surname and change it to the Han surname.Tuo Bahong himself changed his surname to "Yuan" (we will call him Yuan Hong in the future), others such as "Wu Thui Yu" changed his surname to "Yu", "Dugu" changed his surname to "Liu", "Qiu Muling" changed his surname to "Mu", "Bu "Liu Gu" was changed to "Lu", and all 118 surnames were changed from polysyllables to monosyllables or double syllables. 4. People who moved their capital to Luoyang from Pingcheng (Datong, Shanxi) became Luoyang people. After death, they were buried in Luoyang, and they were not allowed to be buried in Pingcheng.For a nation that worships ancestors, ancestor graves are an important centripetal force. 5. Encourage intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. These five measures prove that the Xianbei nation still has a vigorous life potential to absorb high-level culture. Only a nation that is waiting to die will use various excuses to resist change.However, Yuanhong made the wrong choice for the following two measures: The first Yuanhong used political power to restore the family system of scholar-bureaucrats that was completely destroyed in the era of Wang Hu's Nineteen Kingdoms, and combined it with the political system.In the social structure of the Xianbei people who were originally sparsely hierarchical, a new family status was created bluntly.The surnames of Xianbei nobles are called "national surnames". The most distinguished ones are Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji, and Wei, which are called "eight surnames" in total.The Han nationality takes the county as the unit, and each county selects the surname with the largest number of officials and the highest official position, which is called "county surname". The Zheng surname in Xingyang (Xingyang, Henan), the Wang surname in Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi), and the Li surname in Longxi (Longxi, Gansu), are collectively called the "five surnames".The vast majority of ruled civilians belong to the "common surname".The country's surname and the county's surname have the family name of the country's surname and the county's surname. This family is passed down from generation to generation and becomes a family.The only way out for the children of the aristocratic family is to become an official, and the government official position will always be in their hands.Common surnames have no family status, let alone establish a family. They are born to be the ruled class. Even if they have great knowledge and talents, they can only be low-level employees and cannot be promoted.Some thoughtful ministers once argued with Yuan Hong about this, but Yuan Hong insisted on the principle; the government only asks about family background, not talent when employing people.And the aristocratic families are divided into six classes: First class: Jiaoliang Family.There have been three prime ministers (San Gong) in the third generation. Second class, flamboyant family.In the third generation, there were three academy-level heads (Shang Shu Ling, Zhong Shu Ling, and Shang Shu Pu She). The third class, A's family name.There have been important ministers (shangshu) in the third generation. The fourth class, B's family name.In the third generation, there were minor ministers (Jiuqing) and governors (Cishi). The fifth class, family name C.In the third generation, there were advisers or state officials (Sanqi Changshi, Taizhong doctor). The sixth class, with the family name of Ding.In the third generation, there were officials at the vice-ministerial level (wailang, member of the Ministry of officials). The children of each level have their own standards and guarantees for being an official.For example, the position of deputy minister must be held by the first-class Jiaoliang children or the second-class Huayu children.The Secretary-General of the State Government (Chang Shi) and the Secretary-General of the County Government (Chief Registry) must be the children of the four surnames (A, B, C, D). Second, Yuan Hong fully accepted the main essence of the Confucian school of the Han nationality - ritual education.Xianbei comes from the desert and has its own nomadic way of life. Of course it is relatively simple, but it is straightforward, kind, simple and lovely.Yuan Hong observed from the perspective of ideology and ethics bred from the aristocratic class in agricultural society, and he naturally believed that simplicity is backwardness, straightforwardness is rude, and kindness is disrespectful.Yuan Hong admired the Confucian school's red tape, so he first changed the organizational structure of his court and government. The majesty of the emperor and officials increased day by day, and the relationship between the emperor and princes and ministers became more and more distant with the establishment of the court system. .Princes and ministers are also increasingly isolated from their subordinates, lower-level officials and the people.As a result, the life of the ruling class inevitably became increasingly corrupt.The second is the wedding and funeral ceremonies, which are also extremely complicated. Xianbei people died of their parents in the past, so he can work as usual.After Sinicization, he had to resign and go home to mourn for three years.Unless he is a large landowner, he will starve immediately.Therefore, most officials must be crazily corrupt and save enough wealth to prepare for six years of unemployment after the death of their parents. These two items are the worst part of Chinese culture, but Yuan Hong regards them as treasures.In this century (five), it is not obvious that in the next century (six), his empire will pay the price. Eight bizarre parasitic groups When the family system of scholar-bureaucrats in the Northern Dynasties was rebuilt, the system of the Southern Dynasties, which had not been hit at all, was flourishing day by day. The states of the Southern Dynasties inherited the regime of the Jin Empire, and at the same time inherited the social structure of the Jin Empire.The upright and prosperous family of the Nine Ranks, along with a large number of exiles, transplanted to the south of the Yangtze River in the fourth century of the last century.But not all family families can maintain their original status. For example, the surnames of He and Du were unknown after the Jin government moved to the south, because the family family is built on the official position and land, which is a combination of "official" and "land". Products, once there is no official and no land, the family and family will disappear.The wealthy family among the exiles is called "overseas Chinese surname", and the wealthy family among the aborigines in the south of the Yangtze River is called "Wu surname".Among the surnames of overseas Chinese, Wang, Xie, Yuan, and Xiao are the most distinguished.Among the Wu surnames, Gu, Lu, Zhu, and Zhang are the most distinguished.Since the political power is in the hands of the Qiao family, the status of the Wu family is of course lower than that of the Qiao family. With the strong support of the emperors of all dynasties, the system of family status and family status has become increasingly strict and sophisticated.Among the surnames, there are further grades, such as the surname Wang, who lives in a branch of Wuyi Lane in Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) because of the large clan and the small clan.Therefore, it is impossible for an official with a common surname to be promoted to the middle class. Although the Wu surname may be promoted to the high class, he cannot be promoted to the highest class.Xiao Daocheng, the first emperor of the Southern Qi Empire, once considered appointing Zhang Xu as the right supreme executive of the State Council (Shangshu Youpushe), but the prime minister Gongjian objected, saying: "Zhang Xu is certainly a suitable candidate, but he has the surname of an indigenous Wu. You cannot occupy such a high position." Minister Chu Yanhui protested: "The Jin Empire also appointed Gu He and Lu Wan as prime ministers." Wang Jian said: "The Jin Empire is a declining dynasty, and it is not enough to follow." Xiao Daocheng had no choice but to give up. Wang Jian is just an example. There is a certain limit to the concessions made by the exiled overseas Chinese surname to the native Wu surname.Of course, the attitude towards common surnames of ordinary civilian origin is even stricter.In order to consolidate their vested interests, the high-ranking families used marriage as a means to form a strong and unique scholar-bureaucrat group.I would rather marry my daughter to a well-matched Bai Feng than intermarry with a commoner.If someone intermarries with common people, it will shock all the literati and bureaucrats, and they will not hesitate to use political power to destroy it.As a high-ranking family, but relatively poor Wang Yuan, greedy for a huge dowry, married his daughter to Fuyang (Zhejiang Fuyang) rich man's family. "Man" is a standard commoner, and even a standard common surname.As a minister, Shen Yue formally impeached the emperor. He said: "Confucianism withered, and the family degenerated." He believed that it would seriously harm the hearts of the world and the lifeline of the country. Since the high-ranking families were combined into a group, they became the scholar-bureaucrats among the scholar-bureaucrats.The distance from the common people is getting farther and farther, and it is even a great shame to make friends with the common people.We illustrate this phenomenon with the following two examples: One is that during the Southern Song Empire at the beginning of this century (5), Wang Hong, the most trusted minister of Emperor Liu Yu, although his surname was Wang, was a king with a common surname.Liu Yu told him: "If you want to be a scholar-bureaucrat, you must allow Wang Qiu to sit with him. You might as well say that you follow my order and go try it." Wang Qiu was the prime minister at that time, and when Wang Hong was When he was about to sit down, Wang Qiu stopped him with the fan in his hand: "You can't sit down." Wang Hong fled back in embarrassment, and Liu Yu apologized, "I can't help it either." Another thing is that Ji Sengzhen, the most trusted minister of the second emperor of the Southern Qi Dynasty, Xiao Yu, asked Xiao Yu: "My background is no more than a military officer in this county. Please allow me to be a scholar-bureaucrat." (Xuepo) is the master, begging me is useless, you can go to him." Jiang (Xuepo) is the Minister of Justice (Douguan Shangshu), Ji Sengzhen went to visit, just about to sit down, Jiang (Xuepo) ) immediately ordered the servant to move his seat away.Ji Sengzhen complained to Xiao Yu, and Xiao Yu said: "Scholar-bureaucrats cannot be appointed by the emperor." ——In fact, on the contrary, scholar-bureaucrats are the result of the appointment of the emperor. For families like Wang Qiu and Jiang (Xuepo), if they don’t serve as officials for two generations, their status and status will all be wiped out. Another thing is that Lu Qiongzhi, the nephew of Empress Dowager Lu, visited Zhongshujin (prime minister level) Wang Sengda.Lu Qiongzhi's father used to be the guard of the royal family, so he is not only from the family of common surname, but also from the family of servant.Wang Sengda didn't respect him because he was a minister and his aunt was the empress dowager.After Lu Qiongzhi left, Wang Sengda ordered someone to throw away the small bench that Lu Qiongzhi had sat on to show his contempt.However, the result of putting on airs this time was not ideal. The Empress Dowager Lu reacted violently and ordered her son Liu Jun to arrest Wang Sengda and hang him. Scholar-bureaucrats are a kind of hereditary nobles without titles. The system restored by the Yuan Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty is based on the current system of the Southern Dynasty as a blueprint, and it is bigger than a gourd.The only occupation of this kind of noble is to be an official, and the level of official position or ability is determined by the level of family and family.During the Southern Song Dynasty, a descendant of a family with the surname Jia, who took office for the first time after becoming an adult at the age of 20, was about to be a section chief official (Secretary Lang) of the central government.It was a natural result of this situation that they cherished their birth and family very much.Although they stand high above the vast number of common people, they also stand outside the government and the country.It is a purely snobbish parasitic group that only enjoys power and has neither obligations nor moral responsibilities.They do not pay any taxes in peacetime, and do not perform any military service or labor service in wartime. Instead, they only stand on the side of the victor, helping to maintain a stable situation, and thus become officials, using political power to safeguard their vested interests. The scholar-bureaucrats not only despise the common people, but also despise the monarch, the government, and the country.The emperor was killed and expelled, and the dynasty was changed, no matter whether it was the Jin Empire, the Southern Song Empire, the Southern Qi Empire, or any other regime, they were indifferent to the rise and fall of the regime, and only cared about their own family.Therefore, scholar-bureaucrats are never loyal to any monarch or any government, let alone the country.Because any allegiance will lead to the danger of sacrifice, they do not need to be loyal, they can still hold power, so they only need to be loyal to their own family, because the family is the foundation of their political power, social status, and economic wealth. energy. The development of the Nine Buddhas and Taoism When Buddhism and Taoism sprouted in China in the second century after the Era, they came out of a method of magic spells.Buddhism was first passed on to people, and its strength was weak, so it has always been attached to Taoism, and it seems to be a branch of Taoism.This situation has lasted for more than two hundred years. Although it has been believed by many people, it has no classic basis.In the last century (fourth), the eminent monk Zhu Fotucheng received the greatest respect from Shi Hu, the tyrant of the Later Zhao Empire, and made great contributions to the promotion of Buddhism. However, his respect was entirely due to his miracles. In any era, people in suffering have only two paths to take.One is to resist tyranny, and the other is to seek future happiness through religious belief.Since the Yellow Turban peasant uprising in the second century, wars have never stopped in China.Those who engage in war go to war, and those who do not engage in war, such as women, children, and the elderly, mostly devote themselves to religion, hoping that the gods will kick the children who are fighting on the battlefield and their families at home.Because there are so many people who believe in Buddhism, Shihu once considered ordering that only emperors and nobles are allowed to believe in Buddhism, and ordinary people are not allowed to believe in Buddhism. In the fourth year of the fifth year of this century (403), the eminent monk Kumarajiva of the Kingdom of Kucha (Kuqa, Xinjiang) arrived in Chang'an, the capital of the Later Qin Empire. Later Qin King Yao Xingzun honored him as a national teacher.In the following thirteen years, he turned the Later Qin Empire into a Buddhist empire, and nine out of ten people became Buddhists.Although the worship of Buddha could not save the empire from its demise, Kumarajiva translated as many as thirty Buddhist scriptures.Before that, although there were also translations of scriptures, they were all fragments. It was not until Kumarajiva officially completed the system of Buddhist scriptures, which made Buddhism present its solemn appearance. Taoism came into existence earlier than Buddhism, but it was not until the 1950s that Kou Qianzhi, a famous Taoist priest, established a formal structure.Tuoba Tao, the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Cui Hao, the prime minister, were all devout Taoists.As a result, the Northern Wei Empire became a Taoist empire. When the emperor ascended the throne, Taoist rituals were adopted and Taoist priests blessed him.Buddhism never reached such a pinnacle in China. All beliefs are exclusive, and Buddhism and Taoism will inevitably conflict.In 446 (five) of this century, the year following the civil uprising in Xingcheng (Huangling, Shaanxi), Tuo Batao stationed in Chang'an and found weapons in Buddhist temples.This was a very good excuse. He immediately accused the Buddhists and Gai Wu, the leader of Xingcheng's rebellion, of conspiring against each other, and ordered the whole country (he had unified northern China at this time) to burn down all the temples.Monks and nuns, regardless of age, will be executed.This massacre was a disaster of the famous "three martial arts disasters" in the history of Buddhism (Tuo Batao was known as Emperor Taiwu).However, Tuoba Tao's grandson, Tuoba Guhe, believed in Buddhism. After he ascended the throne in 452, Buddhism revived. ——The other two disasters of the Sanwu disaster: 1. In the next century (6) in 574, the third emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yu Wenyong (known as Emperor Wu), banned Buddhism.2. In 845, the 18th emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Li Yan (known as Emperor Wuzong) banned Buddhism.But the second time there was no bloodshed, and the third time Taoism and other religions that were prevalent at that time, such as Nestorianism and Jackoism, all suffered bad luck. In southern China, Buddhism and Taoism did not cause political interference.The two religions have developed independently among the people, and each has been quite successful.The Five Dou of Rice School of Taoism is believed by the masses.In Buddhism, there is a legendary figure——Shi Faxian. Taoism is a Chinese religion, and its classics are in China.Buddhism is an Indian religion, and its classics are in India.The number of Buddhist sects and classics ranks first among all religions in the world.So at that time, every eminent monk in China hoped to go to India, the holy land where Shakyamuni was born, to seek the original classics.Shi Faxian was a native of the late Qin Empire. In the last year of the fourth century (399), he set off from Chang'an, passed Congling in the Western Regions, and entered North Tianzhu (North India).The Buddhist scriptures in Northern India are only passed down orally, and there are no written records.So he went south again, and in 404 (5th) of this century, the year after Kumarajiva arrived in Chang'an, Shi Faxian also went to Zhongtianzhu (Central India) to learn Sanskrit.Six years later (April 10), Shi Faxian took eleven kinds of Buddhist scriptures and returned to China by boat from the Kingdom of Shizi (Sri Lanka). He planned to go to Guangzhou first, but unexpectedly encountered a hurricane in the sea. Blow his ship to Laoshan (Qingdao, Shandong), two thousand kilometers north of Guangzhou.Laoshan was under the jurisdiction of Qingzhou (Qingzhou, Shandong), which was the territory of the Jin Empire at that time. Shi Faxian could not return to Chang'an, the capital of the Qin Empire, and had to go to Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu), the capital of the Jin Empire.Shi Faxian was the first foreign student in Chinese history, and he was the most successful and contributed most. When Kumarajiva translated Buddhist scriptures in northern China, Shi Faxian also translated Buddhist scriptures in southern China. Because of the translation of scriptures, Buddhism has had an epoch-making influence on Chinese culture. China has not only absorbed new ideas—the scholar-bureaucrats are still talking about it, but the content has changed. In the past, they talked about Lao Zhuang and now they talk about Buddhism.Moreover, for the first time, China's square Chinese characters have exposed its shortcomings: poor vocabulary and monotonous syllables. Many things expressed in Sanskrit, including thoughts and artistic conceptions, are often not expressed in Chinese.As a result, a large number of newly created vocabularies emerged, such as "Bodhi", "Nirvana", and "Shana", which are purely transliterations of Sanskrit, injecting new blood into Chinese.The new style of writing created by translating scriptures, that is, a mixture of half classical Chinese and half vernacular, had a great impact on Chinese characters, so that after the sixth century of the next century, vernacular finally broke away from classical Chinese and appeared independently.Some eminent monks could not write, but could only dictate. Some disciples who had not been trained in classical Chinese for bureaucrats recorded their discussions in a simple style, which became a kind of aphoristic "quotation style". ——This style of quotations has been widely adopted by the Confucian school. Its beauty is that only a few fragments of words are needed to form a scholar, and it is not necessary to work hard to establish a rigorous system of thought and logic. In terms of language, Chinese people are restricted by square Chinese characters and cannot develop into multi-syllables, while monosyllables will inevitably produce a large number of homophones, and Chinese characters with a large number of homophones are only suitable for writing, not for reading. Buddhist scriptures need to be read to the audience.The situation prompted them to switch to the vernacular, but they had to make amends in tone.The aforementioned Shen Yue and his friends, who fought to protect the family status of scholar-bureaucrats, determined four tones for Chinese square Chinese characters based on the inspiration of Sanskrit. richer than before. ten east west world In 410 (the fall of the Nanyan Empire), the Visigothic tribe captured the city of Rome, slaughtered and burned it, blood flowed all over the streets, and looted everything except the property of the Christian church.The Western Roman Empire withdrew its occupiers from Britain to aid them. The Anglo and Saxon tribes took advantage of the situation to invade Britain and established seven small kingdoms to attack each other. In 427 (Northern Wei captured Tongwancheng, the capital of the Huxia Empire), the Goguryeo Kingdom moved its capital from Wandu (Jilin Ji'an) to Pyongyang, and the country flourished.Together with the Kingdom of Baekje and the Kingdom of Silla, the Korean Peninsula was established as a tripod, which is the era of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 435 (the year before the demise of the Northern Yan Empire), Attila, the Khan of the Huns Khanate, came to the throne.Fear in Europe, especially in the Western Roman Empire, called it "God's Whip". In 439 (the Northern Liang Kingdom perished and the era of the Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms ended), the Vandal tribe established the Jiangdar Kingdom in North Africa. In 455 (the second year after Emperor Liu Yilong of the Southern Song Dynasty was murdered), the Vandal Kingdom captured the city of Rome, plundered for 14 days and nights, and took away more than 30,000 people including the queen and princess of the Western Roman Empire. In 476 (the year before Liu Yu, the tyrant of the Southern Song Dynasty, was killed), the Western Roman Empire fell. In 486 (eight years before the Northern Wei Empire moved its capital to Luoyang), the Frankish tribe invaded Gaul (France), established the Frankish Kingdom, and changed Gaul to Francia, which historians call Merovingian.