Chapter 25 Chapter 19 The Sixth Century

At the beginning of this century, the Southern Qi Empire died in a mutiny.The Nanliang Empire rose up instead, but was forced by internal and external troubles, and shrank and became a vassal of the Northern Dynasty.The Chen Empire rose again, and the separatist regime came to an end.The Northern Dynasties and the Northern Wei Empire withered in the civil uprising and split into two empires, the East and the West.Soon, the Eastern Empire was usurped by the Northern Qi, and the Western Empire was usurped by the Northern Zhou.And the Northern Qi Dynasty was annexed by the Northern Bureau, and the Northern Zhou Empire was then usurped by its royal uncle Yang Jian and renamed the Sui Empire.

In the 1980s, the Sui Empire conquered the Southern Dynasties, and the era of great division came to an end.China has returned to unification, and it will be a long-term unification. The Northern Expedition of the Southern Liang Empire Emperor Xiao Baojuan of the Southern Qi Empire provoked the third mutiny since he ascended the throne in the first year of this century (6) (500). General Cui Jinghui besieged Taicheng (imperial city) and was put out by another general Xiao Yi.But Xiao Baojuan soon killed Xiao Yi again, so the fourth and last mutiny broke out.Xiao Yan, Xiao Yi's younger brother, governor (inspector) of Yongzhou (Xiangfan, Hubei), rebelled in Xiangyang and led his army eastward along the Yangtze River.Xiao Yan appointed Xiao Baojuan's 14-year-old younger brother Xiao Baorong as emperor in Jiangling (Jiangling, Hubei).But Xiao Baojuan didn't care. In the palace, he paved the ground with gold and chiseled it into a lotus flower. He taught his favorite concubine Pan Yunu to walk on it, and praised: "Lotus grows with every step." To support this step The gold of the lotus flower is exhausted, and the treasury is exhausted.Xiao Yan's rebel army advanced to the capital Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) in October of the second year (501) of this century (6) and completed the siege.Xiao Baojuan was as calm as before, and the three mutinies were defeated. He believed that there was no reason for the fourth mutiny to be an exception.So he concentrated on expanding his palace during the siege. A good tree or a good bamboo among the people was destroyed, the walls were demolished, and the house was transplanted into the palace.Some of his cronies on the left and right were relatively sober, and they saw that the situation was serious, and hoped that Xiao Baojuan would calm down.One of them, taking advantage of Xiao Baojuan's horse's sudden hissing, remonstrated him, "I saw your father, he was very upset, and blamed you for always wandering out of the palace." Xiao Baojuan was furious, drew his saber, Find his daddy's ghost.Since he couldn't find it, he tied a portrait of his father with grass, beheaded, and hung his head at the gate of the palace to make it known to the whole country.The generals asked him to take out the treasures in the palace to reward the army, Xiao Baojuan jumped up and shouted: "Why do you only teach me to spend money, and the enemy only kills me when they come?"In December, when Xiao Baojuan was playing music and listening to songs carefree in the palace, the city defense commander Wang Zhenguo led his troops into the palace, and an eunuch stabbed him in the knee.Xiao Baojuan fell to the ground, and Zhang Qi, another mid-level officer (junior soldier joining the army), cut off the head of the 19-year-old young man and welcomed Xiao Yan into the city.

Next year (502), Xiao Yan ordered Xiao Baorong to abdicate, and the Southern Qi Empire came to an end in only twenty-four years.Of course, Xiao Baorong and the royal family surnamed Xiao could not escape the fate of a subjugated monarch and be slaughtered like pigs. Xiao Yan's country name is Nanliang. Soon after he ascended the throne, he became ambitious and planned to unify China.During the twenty-four years of the Southern Qi Dynasty, international peace was maintained with the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the borders were fine. Xiao Yan broke this situation. In 505, Xiao Yan ordered his younger brother, Prince Xiao Hong, to be the commander-in-chief to lead the Northern Expedition.Only four years ago, Xiao Hong was still an insignificant low-level employee of a commoner in the Southern Qi Empire (Gong Cao Shi), but since he became a prince, power is ability, so he became the supreme commander of the large corps. Huaihe, into the enemy's territory.But he was terrified in his heart. After advancing for more than ten kilometers, he reached Luokou (Huaiyuan, Anhui), but he dared not go any further.Next year (506), when the Northern Wei counter-offensive forces gathered one after another, Xiao Hong was even more disturbed, and had to retreat several times, but was held back by some generals.However, on a stormy night, night terrors occurred in the camp. Anyone who is a little familiar with military life knows that night terrors are common.Xiao Hong was so heartbroken that he abandoned the army he was commanding.Secretly escaped in a small boat.It wasn't until dawn that the soldiers realized that they had lost their marshal, and the whole army immediately collapsed. They raced across the Huaihe River and rushed south, fighting and killing each other, killing and injuring more than 50,000 people, but they didn't even see the enemy.But the most strange thing is that Xiao Hong's senior officials and nobles remain the same.

Xiao Yan refused to admit defeat. Nine years later, in May 14, he was determined to capture Shouyang (Shouxian, Anhui). Shouyang was an important military town where the Northern Wei Empire broke into the south bank of the Huaihe River.Xiao Yanming built the Hengduan Dam near Fushan (Wuhe, Anhui), 130 kilometers downstream of Shouyang.After the completion of the planned dam, the water level in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River will rise, and Shouyang will be submerged.This method is good, but the problem is that dam, it must be able to withstand the pressure of the reservoir.Officials from the engineering department warned that the river bed of the Huai River was full of sand and flowed erratically, and the foundation of the dam would not be stable.But Xiao Yan insisted on his opinion, so he started construction.More than 200,000 people were mobilized from the north and south banks of the Huaihe River.Build them separately and close them in the middle.Construction started in November 514 and was completed in April 515.Unexpectedly, just after the completion, the water in the reservoir was only a little accumulated, and the dam was about to collapse.Fortunately, Haruyuki hadn't melted yet, so the loss wasn't too big.However, Xiao Yan did not accept this lesson and ordered the reconstruction. From April 515 to April 516, it lasted one year and one month, and was completed for the second time, with a length of about four and a half kilometers.This is a staggering length, and even in the 20th century after 1,500 years, it was one of the longest dams in the world.

Initially, the Northern Wei Empire panicked about the dam and prepared to send troops to attack the dam workers.But Prime Minister Li Ping understood the nature of water, and believed that the dam would never be able to withstand the pressure of the reservoir, and it would resolve itself naturally without sending troops.So the Northern Wei Dynasty did not even evacuate the residents of Shouyang, but Xiao Yan got busy, arranging a shelter for the victims of the disaster on the hills near Shouyang, preparing to accommodate the victims who escaped when the Shouyang land sinks.Five months after the completion of the dam, when September came, the water level of the Huaihe River soared and the reservoir was full.Then, there was a loud bang, which could be heard as far as 150 kilometers away, and the dam collapsed for the second time.The barracks built on the dam and the villages along the lower reaches of the Huaihe River, a total of more than 100,000 people, including soldiers, women and children in sleep, were all swept away by the flood and buried in the East China Sea for Xiao Yan's ignorant and self-willed actions.

There are very few monarchs in history who start a business, such as Xiao Yan. The 1920s and 1920s - the Northern Wei Dynasty resisted riots everywhere Thirty years after the Northern Wei Empire moved its capital in the 1950s and 1990s, it was the heyday of the empire.Calligraphy and relief sculpture, the greatest cultural contribution of the Northern Wei Dynasty, were completed during these thirty years.Among the Chinese inscriptions, "Wei Stele" is the most famous because of its extraordinary calligraphy. A fat type of calligraphy was popular in the Northern Wei Dynasty, but its bones are uniform and its muscles are strong, so that the square Chinese characters fully express its luxury and beauty.As for the relief, it is the product of the most prosperous period of Buddhism.Buddhism reached an unprecedented peak in this century (6). There were more than 2 million monks and nuns throughout the empire, and more than 30,000 monasteries—1,367 in Luoyang alone.In addition to burning incense and donating to the temple to pray for blessings, believers also pray for blessings by carving Buddha statues.The carving of Buddha statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty was the highest artistic achievement.There are tens of thousands of Buddha statue reliefs on the world-famous Longmen Cliff (also known as Yique, 20 kilometers south of Luoyang).A finger of several colossi is as big as an ordinary person.This relief has been maintained until the 20th century, and it still stands there for future generations to pay tribute to.

But at the same time that the empire was in its heyday, it also gave birth to the seeds of the empire's demise. In order to resist the southward invasion of the Rouran Khanate, a newly emerging barbarian nation in the first Northern Wei Dynasty, some military towns were established along the border, six of which were the most important, called six towns, namely Huaishuo Town (Guyang, Inner Mongolia), Wuchuan Town (Wuchuan, Inner Mongolia), Fuming Town (Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia), Huaihuang Town (Zhangbei, Hebei), Rouxuan Town (Xinghe North, Inner Mongolia), and Yuyi Town (Chicheng, Hebei).When these six towns were established in Pingcheng (Datong, Shanxi Province), the most elite troops in the country were stationed.The children of the nobles are proud to serve in the six towns, and the six towns have become the lifeline and main stabilizing force of the empire.Since the capital was moved to Luoyang, the six towns have gradually become the borderlands of the desert, abandoned by those in power with eyes like beans.In particular, Yuan Hong's resolute and vigorous family system, the same family, people who moved to Luoyang with the government became a noble family with the surname of the county and the surname of Gao, and they were born rich.However, those who stayed in the six towns to kill the enemy and sacrifice their lives for the country became poor families with low family surnames, became slaves of the defense commander (town general), and were subjected to inhuman abuse.They were not allowed to be promoted, not allowed to leave the country, not allowed to study, and not allowed to intermarry with people of high family status.Too much tyranny made the border residents hate the Northern Wei government.Foresighted ministers such as Wei Langen, Secretary-General of the Military Region Command (Governor of the Metropolitan Government), have repeatedly pointed out the crisis, but no one paid attention to it.The frontier people have nothing to save themselves except mutiny.

The organization and power of the court of the second government are expanding day by day. In addition to possessing unlimited dignity, those in power must also possess unlimited wealth in order to maintain and exert unlimited dignity.So soon, as on the eve of the collapse of the Jin Empire at the end of the third century, officials boasted about each other's extravagance.Prime Minister Yuan Yong had more than 500 maidservants and more than 6,000 male servants.Another prince, Yuan Chen, his mangers were all made of silver, and his eating utensils were imported from the Western Regions (Xinjiang).He once said with emotion: "I don't hate that I haven't seen Shi Chong, but I only hate that Shi Chong hasn't seen me." Shi Chong was a governor-level official of the Jin Empire, who became rich by corruption, murder and looting.Too many Yuanyong and Yuanchen will inevitably force the people to rebel against the government, and the people will have to be killed except to kill the officials to save themselves.

Since the beginning of this century (6), there have been intermittent riots.In the 1920s, civil reforms sprung up like mushrooms after rain.Let us also list the important civil uprisings in the 1920s to illustrate the degree of people's anger.All listed are peasant revolutions, and those with the added number are mutinies, and mutinies are mostly caused by unbearable tyranny. The Split of the Three Northern Wei Empires The Northern Wei Empire had a barbaric tradition, probably inspired by Liu Che, the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty in the first century BC.When Liu Che was about to make his son Liu Fuling the crown prince, he first killed Liu Fuling's mother, Mrs. Gou Yi, to prevent her from interfering in politics in the future as the Empress Dowager.The Northern Wei Empire clearly defined this accidental event as a system.Therefore, there were more tragedies in the court of the Northern Wei Dynasty than in other dynasties.Whenever a prince is elected, the young mother is forced to take poison, and the cry resounds inside and outside.Until the beginning of this century (sixth), when the eighth emperor Yuan Ke made his son Yuan Xu the crown prince, Yuan Xu's mother, Hu Guipin, should have been executed, but Yuan Ke couldn't bear to do so.It took more than a hundred years of barbaric customs to be abolished.Yuan Ke died in 515, and Yuan Xu came to the throne at the age of six. Hu Guipin became the empress dowager and took control of the government.

The behavior of the young and beautiful Empress Dowager Hu after she came to power is a sharp irony to her husband Yuan Ke's kind legislation.The first genuine empress dowager to appear in a hundred years proved with facts that the barbaric custom was indeed necessary for its existence.Since Empress Dowager Hu came to power, except for building Buddhist temples and statues, almost all her energy was devoted to harming the empire.Most of the violent riots in the 1920s were aroused or triggered by her.Luoyang is isolated on the south bank of the Yellow River, and has already lost ground, but politicians like maggots are still crowded around the magic wand of power, fighting endlessly.In the 1950s, Prime Minister Yuan Kou launched a coup and imprisoned Queen Mother Hu, but Yuan Kou was more corrupt and violent than Queen Mother Hu.Five years later (525), Empress Dowager Hu fought back, killed Yuan Kou, and regained power.Her only reflection is that she can no longer trust outsiders, but can only trust her two lovers, Sun Yan and Xu He.For civil uprisings in various places, adopt the same policy as Hu Hai and Wang Mang, that is, cover your ears with your hands.When the Empress Dowager Hu asked them about the officials who entered the court, everyone knew what she wanted to hear, so they replied in unison: "A small group of thieves, but some social scum, the local government will clean them up, and there is no need to worry about it." After seeing that her observation was correct, she became even more unscrupulous.In 528, Yuanxu's concubine gave birth to a daughter. Empress Dowager Hu announced that she had given birth to a boy, and she gave amnesty to the world as a celebration.Yuan Xu was nineteen years old this year, and felt that his mother was about to bring the empire to ruin, and planned to drive her two hot lovers away.Looking around, he chose Er Zhurong, the general guarding Jinyang (Taiyuan, Shanxi).This is the same as Dong Zhuo, the general who was selected to guard Hedong (Xia County, Shanxi Province) in 1899 when the prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty, He Jin, history began to repeat itself.Yuan Xu ordered Er Zhurong to march to Luoyang to coerce his mother, Queen Mother Hu.Er Zhurong led his troops to the south and arrived at Shangdang (north of Changzhi, Shanxi). For some unknown reason, Yuan Xu ordered him to stop.But the news still leaked out, and the Empress Dowager Hu and her two lovers poisoned Yuan Xu to death.

——Unlimited power can turn people into beasts.In power struggles, it is no surprise that fathers kill their sons, and sons kill their fathers; but now mothers kill their own sons.And he is the only son. Queen Mother Hu poisoned her own son to death. She was not only vicious and cruel, but also stupid. She dug up the root of her own life.China is not like Europe. In China, wives and daughters cannot legally inherit the throne.After Yuan Xu's death, since it had been announced that a boy was born, the boy would of course succeed him as the next emperor, but Queen Mother Hu knew that she could not hide it, so she had to announce it again immediately. , Yuan Zhao, who was just three months old, became the emperor.Such a major event is so child's play. Empress Hu took politics too simply.Er Zhurong was the first to launch an attack. On the one hand, he declared that he would investigate the cause of the death of Emperor Yuanxu, on the other hand, he refused to recognize the Queen Mother Hu's government, and supported Yuanxu's uncle, Yuan Ziyou, as emperor, and attacked Luoyang.The army that Empress Hu sent out to meet them surrendered to Er Zhurong instead, so her lover fled, Luoyang fell, and Empress Hu and the baby emperor were put into bamboo cages by Er Zhurong and thrown into the Yellow River to drown.It was only two months since she poisoned her own son to death. Then Er Zhurong invited all the government officials to go to the suburbs to meet the new emperor Yuan Ziyou, lured all the civil and military officials to Heyin Taozhu (a place name between Luoyang on the Yellow River), surrounded them with cavalry regiments, and declared the crime: "The reason why the country is in chaos You should be responsible." The massacre was ordered, and under the ravages of the cavalry, more than two thousand high-ranking nobles and high-ranking officials from high-ranking families were all killed and trampled under the ravages of the cavalry. Die, the government is empty.This is a kind of revenge from the people to the corrupt officials in power, and also a kind of revenge from the common people to the scholar-bureaucrats. It naturally makes people happy, but it also brings terror to the society. , thought it must be removed.This gunpowder warehouse situation lasted for two years. In 530, Yuan Ziyou lured Er Zhurong into the palace and killed him. Before Yuan Ziyou killed Er Zhurong, he had carefully considered the possibility of Er Zhurong's powerful private army mutiny.He studied the past events in the 1990s, when Wang Yun, the prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty, killed Dong Zhuo, and because he refused to give amnesty to Dong Zhuo's subordinates Li Kou and Guo Si, he provoked the rebellion.Yuan Ziyou believes that the amnesty and the iron certificate (an edict made of iron to guarantee eternal wealth and pardon for crimes) will prevent him from repeating this mistake. The thing is, the social sciences are not the same as the natural sciences, and historical developments are not the same as chemical equations.For the same stimulus, different people, different times and different environments have different reactions.So people must be very careful when looking for historical revelations or lessons. After the news of Er Zhurong's death spread, Er Zhurong's wife escaped from Luoyang, assembled the armed forces of the Erzhu family scattered all over the city, and began to attack the city.They scoffed at the amnesty decree for Wu Ziyou, and even more contemptuously sent out the iron coupons, telling the envoys: "General Erzhu supported the emperor and made great achievements, but they were all murdered. What's the use of two lines of iron words?" Not long after Luoyang fell, Yuan Ziyou was hanged by the rebels, only three months after he killed Er Zhurong. Some generals of the Er Zhurong family were just a group of thugs, more corrupt and corrupt than the officials killed in the Heyin tragedy.Gao Huan, who once followed Du Luozhou's rebellion, surrendered to Ge Rong, and later surrendered to Erzhu Rong, was appointed by the Erzhu family to be the governor (inspector) of Jizhou (Xindu Jizhou, Hebei) and saw the decline of the Erzhu family. The next year (May 31st) when Yu Yuan Ziyou was killed, he raised troops in Xindu and declared to crusade against rebellion. Next year (532), the Erzhu family was defeated.Gao Huan entered Luoyang and appointed Yuan Ziyou's nephew Yuanxiu as emperor. Gao Huan is a Han Chinese, but he lived in Huaishuo Town (Guyang, Inner Mongolia), one of the six towns, and is a typical poor frontier dweller.The six towns are dominated by the Xianbei people, and Yuanhong's sinicization policy can't affect that far, so Gao Huan is culturally a Xianbei person through and through, and can speak Xianbei language fluently.He was uneducated, in fact he could not read at all, but he trained himself hard and made himself a hero.He paid the utmost respect to the emperor Yuanxiu whom he single-handedly supported.However, Yuan Xiu was only twenty-three years old when he became emperor. He was frivolous and impetuous. He didn't understand his situation and was extremely dissatisfied with the restriction of his power.Like Yuan Ziyou, he also wanted to restore the unlimited power that the emperor should have.So he secretly formed a relationship with Yu Wentai, the general guarding Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi).In 534, when Gao Huan was in Jinyang (Taiyuan, Shanxi), Yuanxiu set off from Luoyang, went west to Chang'an, and took refuge in Shouwentai. Gao Huan appointed the eleven-year-old Yuan Shanjian, the son of a prince, as the emperor. Because Luoyang was too close to the border of Chang'an and the Liang Dynasty, it was easy to be threatened by the military. To Yecheng (Linzhang, Hebei).The Northern Wei Empire then had two governments, each of which regarded itself as orthodox.Historians call the Yecheng government the Eastern Wei Empire and the Chang'an government the Western Wei Empire. ——Yuan Xiu's ending was quite unexpected. He galloped to Chang'an, and Yu Wentai greeted him with the most solemn scene. He thought he could enjoy the fun of unlimited power now.But for an emperor, once the unlimited power is lost—especially after a long-term loss of more than two generations, it will never be recovered, just like a poisonous snake, once its fangs are lost, it will never be revived.Gao Huan is more lenient, at least not interfering with Yuan Xiu's private life.Otherwise, Yu Wentai expelled all the sisters of Yuan Xiu who were notorious and lived with Yuan Xiu all the time from the palace, and killed Princess Mingyue, one of them.Yuan Xiu was furious and wanted to attack Yu Wentai, but Yu Wentai poisoned Yuan Xiu to death without hesitation.It was only five months since he escaped from Luoyang full of hope. (Some people think that Yuan Baoju wanted to become emperor and conspired with Yuwentai to poison Yuanxiu to death, so it was an incident of seizing the throne. ——Editor) The Melee in South China Caused by Si Xiaoyan and His Son In 547, Gao Huan passed away. The biggest shortcoming of this hero was that he allowed his sons to be arrogant and violent.His eldest son, Gao Cheng, succeeded his father as chancellor.Hou Jing, the general guarding Yingchuan (Changge, Henan) far south of the Yellow River, was Gao Huan's poor and humble partner in his childhood. He always hated Gao Huan's sons who were not good enough, and those sons naturally looked down on his father's generals .As soon as Gao Cheng succeeded to the throne, Hou Jing announced that he would leave the Eastern Wei government and surrender to Nanliang together with the thirteen states south of the Yellow River under his jurisdiction. Xiao Yan, the founding emperor of the Southern Liang Empire, dared not talk about reunification after repeated failures in the northward expansion policy. Instead, he turned his attention to the country and staged a series of farces in the country—sacrificing his life in Tongtai Temple four times.Tongtai Temple was the largest temple in the capital Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) at that time, with thousands of monks.In 527, when Xiao Yan went to Tongtai Temple to offer incense, he suddenly took off the emperor's dragon robe, put on a monk's cassock, and became a monk.After three days, I can go back to the palace.This was the first time he sacrificed his life, and he was fairly calm.But two years later, in 529, when Xiao Yan went to Tongtai Temple to die for the second time, he deliberately deceived him. Not only did he become a monk, but he also resolutely refused to return to the palace.After a stalemate for seventy-three days, the ministers finally understood what he meant, and donated 100 million yuan to "redeem" the "Emperor Bodhisattva" from Tongtai Temple.After Xiao Yan tasted the essence, he sacrificed his life for the third time in 546 and the fourth time in 547, each time at a price of 100 million yuan. Xiao Yan's political success is all due to luck, he is a kind of character who is pushed to the top of the wave by the tide.But once he took power, he began to enlarge himself, obliterating all the factors in the situation, and overestimating his own intelligence and moral standards.In fact, he is selfish and mediocre, and he cannot appreciate the views of higher realms.He didn't take the trouble to sacrifice his life again and again, and he didn't feel that others were numb all over, which is an example.He is so obsessed with the reputation of "kindness" and "generosity", so no matter how serious the crimes of the imperial relatives and officials are, he will not be held accountable.But for ordinary civilians, he has a hideous side. When a person is convicted of a crime, his parents and wives are implicated.One person fled, and the whole family was arrested and imprisoned, without any holiday. Hou Jing's return was the year when Xiao Yan sacrificed his life for the fourth time (May 47). If it wasn't for Hou Jing, he might have to sacrifice his life next year, and he would never end.Hou Jing's surrender was the same as the return of Feng Ting, the guard general of Shangdang (the eldest son of Shanxi) of the Kingdom of Han to the Kingdom of Zhao in the third century BC.All blessings without roots are dangerous, and the consequences of the Zhao Kingdom can be used as a lesson for the past.But the land of 110,000 square kilometers in the thirteen prefectures south of the Yellow River is as big as three Taiwan islands. With Xiao Yan's IQ, not only was he powerless to refuse, but he was already fascinated by the temptation.So, like Zhao Languo, he accepted this hot potato and announced that the thirteen states would be merged into the territory. The Eastern Wei Empire immediately launched an attack on Hou Jing, and Hou Jing retreated to Xuanpiao (Runan, Henan).Xiao Yan had to send troops to support him. He ordered his nephew Xiao Yuanming to be the commander-in-chief, and together with Hou Jing's troops, he attacked Pengcheng (Xuzhou, Jiangsu).However, Xiao Yuanming, like Xiao Hong, was also a person who believed that power meant ability. He was defeated by the Eastern Wei Dynasty in Hanshan, nine kilometers away from Pengcheng. Not only was the entire army wiped out, but Xiao Yuanming was also captured.Hou Jing retreated to Guoyang (Mengcheng, Anhui), but couldn't resist the pursuit of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and his entire army was wiped out.Leading hundreds of pro-army, seeing thirteen states turn into smoke, and there is no place to live, so I don't know where to go.Finally, he attacked Shouyang (Shouyang was established in the 1930s, and Nanliang took advantage of the Northern Wei Empire's busy schedule to seize it and changed it to Nanyuzhou), and expelled Wei An, the acting governor (supervising state affairs).Xiao Yan did not blame or punish Hou Jing for expelling the head of the local government. Instead, he immediately appointed Hou Jing as governor (state pastor). Hou Jing was overjoyed.However, he was also deeply impressed by Xiao Yan's stupidity. After Xiao Yuanming was captured, Gao Cheng asked him to write a letter to Xiao Yan, suggesting that the two countries should reconcile, and Xiao Yan replied and agreed.Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Si Nongqing) Fu Qi warned: "Since Gao Cheng was not defeated, why did he seek peace? It is obviously a countermeasure, hoping to stimulate Hou Jing. If Hou Jing becomes suspicious, he will definitely change. We must not jump into this trap. "Of course Xiao Yan would not accept it, so the envoys of the two countries began to communicate.Hou Jing was really scared, he wrote a memorial and said: "If the two countries reconcile, I'm afraid I will not be able to avoid Gao Cheng's murder." Xiao Yan promised: "I am the master of the world, how can I break my trust with others, you must know my heart. "Hou Jing wrote a letter to Xiao Yan in the name of Gao Cheng, proposing to exchange Xiao Yuanming for Hou Jing.Xiao Yan showed his true face at this time, and wrote back: "You send back Xiao Yuanming in the morning, and I will return Hou Jing in the evening." Hou Jing's grief and indignation can be imagined. He gathered his troops and went south from Shouyang to the capital Jiankang ( Nanjing, Jiangsu).When Xiao Yan heard Hou Jing's rebellion, he laughed and said, "I'll break a branch and kill him." In Jiankang, a hundred ways attacked the city.Under the command of the prince and his cronies, the soldiers from all walks of life in the Nanliang Empire gathered outside the city, drinking and feasting with beauties every day, not daring to fight.Xiao Yan tied the emperor's edict to the kite and ordered them to attack and clear the siege, but no one listened to his order.In March next year (May 49), Jiankang fell.In May, Xiao Yan, who was eighty-six years old, was starved to death.When he died, he was left lying alone on the bed, wanting to beg for a cup of honey water, and called out "He He" twice with great difficulty before dying.This was his last voice, just like Liu Ziye's last voice "Ji Ji", no one knew what it meant.Xiao Yan's death was only two years since he accepted Hou Jing's surrender, and only nine months since he said he had broken a branch. Prince Xiao Yi, one of Xiao Yan’s sons, succeeded to the throne in Jiangling (Jiangling, Hubei) in 552. He was one of the sixth tyrants in this century, and his knowledge level was very high, but the level of knowledge is not equal to the level of wisdom, let alone the level of wisdom. equal to the spiritual level.Before he ascended the throne, the first thing to do was to eliminate those brothers, uncles and nephews who might compete with him for the throne.Prince Xiao Yu, the nephew who guards Changsha (Changsha, Hunan), is the eldest grandson of Xiao Yan, and is closer to the throne than Xiaozong Xiao Yi in the patriarchal system.Xiao Yi sent an army to capture Changsha and kill Xiao Yu.Xiao Yu's younger brother Xiao Jing, guarding Xiangyang (Xiangfan, Hubei), sent troops to rescue his elder brother, but was defeated by Xiao Yi.Xiangyang is a place with the size of a palm, and could not resist Xiao Yi's pressure, so Xiao Yu surrendered the land to the Western Wei Empire in the north.After Xiao Yi finally killed all the imaginary enemies he could kill, he ordered his general Wang Sengbian to go east to attack Hou Jing, who had occupied Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) for four years.Hou Jing was defeated and was stabbed to death with a spear by his cronies on the way to escape.The chaos finally subsided, and Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor.However, southern China has been dilapidated. In order to avoid wars, droughts and locust plagues, the people have fled to valleys and lakes to dig grass roots and leaves to satisfy their hunger.Famine and disease cause people to die anytime and anywhere.All over the mountains and plains, corpses meet each other.The millionaire family, dressed in silk and satin and carrying rare jewels, slept in a brocade tent and starved to death.There are more than a thousand kilometers from east to west, with vast bones and no smoke from cooking. ——There is a story about the family status of scholar-bureaucrats.When Hou Jing was in Shouyang (Shou County, Anhui Province), he once proposed marriage to Wang and Xie, the most distinguished surnames of the Southern Dynasties. Xiao Yan said: "Wang Xie's family status is too high to match, so you might as well try asking the surnames below Zhu and Zhang. Hou Jing replied: "What kind of family? I teach them to be my slaves." He did it.After Hou Jing entered Jiankang, Wang Xie's two families were massacred and humiliated the most, almost extinct.The family status and aristocratic family of the second surname have since disappeared. Xiao Yi's constant victories made him dazzled, forgetting his own fragility.In 554, he wrote a very arrogant letter to Yu Wentai, the prime minister of the Western Wei Empire, demanding that the border be redrawn.Yu Wentai lost his voice and said: "God wants to destroy a person, and no one can save him." That is to say, Yu Jin was ordered to be the commander-in-chief, Xiao Kou was the leader, and went south in a large scale.When the expeditionary force of the Western Wei Dynasty had already entered the country, Xiao Yi deliberately showed his grace. The generals were on guard, and at the same time they were fully armed and went to the Jinluan Hall to listen to his explanation of Li Er.The expeditionary army of the Western Wei Dynasty arrived in Jiangling not long after, and within a few days, the city of Jiangling was destroyed. Xiao Yi usually asked others to die for the country, but when it came to him, he humiliated and surrendered to survive.But before surrendering, Xiao Yi did a few things: The first thing is that there are about 7,000 prisoners in Jiangling Prison.During the siege, the city defense forces were insufficient, and the military requested that they be released as soldiers, which is a customary method used in ancient times.Not only was Xiao Yi not allowed, but he ordered all of them to be killed.Fortunately, the city fell before the warders could carry it out.The second is that Xiao Yi set fire to all the 140,000 books in his collection.Many out-of-print rare books have been turned into ashes, and Chinese culture has suffered an irreparable loss.Xiao Yi turned his anger on the book because he thought the book had harmed him.The country was ruined and the family was destroyed, all because of reading too much.The third thing is that when Xiao Yi burned the book, he performed a small trick. He drew his sword and chopped the pillar, and howled: "The way of civil and military affairs is up to today." their sacred duty.Another meaning is that the Chinese orthodoxy passed down from the Zhou Dynasty founder Ji Chang (nicknamed Wenwang) and the founding monarch Jifa (nicknamed Wuwang) in the 12th century BC came to an end because of his failure. These three trivial incidents exposed Xiao Yi's incurable stupidity, but the punishment he received was also very appropriate.The Expeditionary Army of the Western Wei Dynasty deliberately handed him over to his enemy Xiao Kou who hated him to the bone. After Xiao Kou insulted the poisonous uncle who had lost his fangs in retaliation, he crushed him to death with a sandbag.With the support of the Western Wei Dynasty, Xiao Kou became the emperor of Nanliang. However, Wang Sengbian, the general under Xiao Yi, was far away in Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu), and he still had a large army, and refused to recognize Xiao Kou as the puppet emperor.He welcomed Xiao Yi's thirteen-year-old son Xiao Fangzhi to Jiankang, and planned to make him emperor.At this time, the Northern Qi Empire, which had just seized the power of the Eastern Wei Empire, seized the opportunity and dispatched a large army to send back Xiao Yuanming, who had been captured for eight years, and demanded to inherit the throne.Xiao Yuanming was the son of the founding emperor Xiao Yan's elder brother, and he had no possibility of inheriting the throne in blood, but the Northern Qi Corps that escorted him made up for this shortcoming with several victories in a row, and Wang Sengbian had no choice but to accept it.However, Xiao Yuanming's emperor only lasted for four months. Wang Sengbian's subordinate Chen Baxian mutinied, killed Wang Sengbian, returned Xiao Yuanming to the throne, and supported Xiao Fangzhi to succeed him. Chen Ba first followed Liu Yu who overthrew Huanbai in the early fifth century.It's the same type of person.His political call was: "Although Xiao Yan has many descendants, Xiao Yi is the only one who can defeat Hou Jing. Why abolish his son?" However, in 557, Chen Baxian ordered Xiao Fangzhi to abdicate.After abdicating, Xiao Fangzhi was killed again.It has only been two years since he rebelled generously and pledged his death allegiance to the royal family surnamed Xiao, and he is even more impatient than Liu Yu.Since then, the Southern Liang Empire has only a small piece of land in Jiangling. Under the rule of Xiao Kou, as the tail state of the Northern Zhou Empire (the usurper of the Western Wei Empire), it will no longer appear on the stage of history. Chen Ba first changed his country name to Chen.In the 1960s and 1950s, there were four kingdoms in China. Except for the Nanliang Empire, which could not be considered an empire, the Chen Empire was the weakest. Five Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties When the Southern Dynasties changed their dynasties in the melee, the Northern Dynasties also changed their dynasties in the melee. In the year when Hou Jing captured Jiankang (549), Gao Cheng was stabbed to death by his cook, and his brother Gao Yang, who was suffering from madness, took over as prime minister.Emperor Yuan Shanjian of the Eastern Wei Dynasty cheered innocently: "God bless, the royal authority can be restored." But Gao Yang's attack was even more ferocious.Next year (550), Gao Yang ordered Yuan Shanjian to abdicate and changed the name of the country to Northern Qi. If there is a country in the world established by a group of lunatics, then it is the Northern Qi Empire.Gao Yang has a pot and a saw on the Golden Temple. Whenever he gets drunk, he must kill someone to be happy.And he was drunk from morning to night, so he had to kill people from morning to night.Palace maids, eunuchs and cronies died tragically every day under his wrath.In the end, the judiciary sent the prisoners sentenced to death to the imperial palace for use by Gao Yang in killing people. Later, too many prisoners were killed, and the supply of death row prisoners was insufficient, so the defendants who were being interrogated in the detention center were filled up, which was called "for imperial prisoners." ".Not only was he sent to the palace, but even when Gao Yang went on tour, the imperial prisoner followed Gao Yang's ass. As long as he survived for three months, he was released as innocent.When Gao Yang was young, Prime Minister Gao Longzhi was not very polite to him, but now remembering his former hatred, he ordered Gao Longzhi to be killed.Suddenly he hated him even more, called Gao Longzhi's twenty or so sons to the front of the horse, lightly buckled the whip on the saddle, and the guards all came down with their knives, and their heads fell to the ground at the same time.When Prime Minister Li Xian died of illness, Gao Yang went to Li Xian's house to pay homage to him. He asked Li Xian's wife, "Do you miss your husband?" He replied, "Why don't you miss your married couple?" Gao Yang said, "Since I miss you, why don't you go. "He drew out the matching knife, chopped off her head, and threw it over the wall.Gao Yang dotes on Xue Guipin, a former prostitute, and has an affair with her sister.One day, when she was having a drink at her sister's house, her sister begged Gao Yang to give her father a high official. Gao Yang was so angry that he asked the guards to hang her up and saw her to death with a saw.Another day, I suddenly remembered that Xue Guipin had slept with another man, killed her, hid the bloody head in her arms to attend a banquet, and at the climax of the banquet, she took it out and threw it on the table. Turn pale.Gao Yang dismembered her body again, made a pipa out of leg bones, played and sang: "A beautiful woman is hard to come by again." When she was buried, Gao Yang followed behind, disheveled and crying loudly. When Gao Yang was violent, he treated his mother in the same way. Once he overturned the small stool (hu bed) that his mother Empress Dowager Lou was sitting on, causing the old woman to fall and injure her.Another time he lost his temper and declared that he would marry his mother to a Xianbei slave.Gao Yang went to his mother-in-law's house, shot his mother-in-law in the cheek with an arrow, and shouted, "I'm so drunk that I don't even know my mother. What are you?"Gao Yang imprisoned his two younger brothers, Gao Jun and Gao Huan, who were usually persuaded by the routine, and imprisoned them in an iron cage in the cellar. Gao Yang went to see them in person, sang loudly, and ordered the two to reconcile. ，声音颤抖。高洋听了，不禁流下眼泪，然后提起铁矛，向二人猛刺。卫士们群矛齐下，两个弟弟用手抓住铁矛挣扎，号哭震天，不久就被刺成一团肉酱。连同铁笼，一齐烧毁。高洋最后作的一件事是，把北魏帝国元姓皇族，全部屠杀，婴儿们则抛到空中，用铁矛承接，一一刺穿。 高洋的暴行不是孤立的，整个北齐帝国的官员，几乎全有高洋般的兽性。这个微不足道、只不过二十八年的短命政权，却拥有世界上最野蛮的刑事诉讼法。法官审理案件时，把耕田用的铁犁烧红，教被告赤足站在上面。或者把被告的两臂伸到车轮之中，用火炙烤。在这种酷刑之下，当然要什么口供就有什么口供。 北齐帝国建国六年后的五五六年，西魏帝国宰相宇文泰逝世，十五岁的儿子宇文觉继任宰相，三十五岁的侄儿宇文护辅政，也教西魏最后一任皇帝拓拔廓禅让。明年（五五七），宇文觉即位，改国号为北周。北魏立国一百七十一年而亡。北周帝国也是短命政权之一，而且建国之初，宫廷中就接二连三发生政变。首先是宇文觉想排除专权的堂兄宇文护，宇文护反把宇文觉杀掉，立宇文觉的哥哥宇文毓继位。五六○年，宇文护又把宇丈毓毒死，另立宇文毓的弟弟宇文邕继位。宇文邕是一个英明的君主，他等到政权确实可以控制的时候，即杀掉宇文护，然后向东方乱成一团的北齐帝国虎视眈眈，寻觅征服良机。 高洋于五五九年逝世，十五岁的儿子高殷继位。高洋的弟弟高演，把高殷杀掉，自己继位。高演比较头脑清醒，但只当了一年余皇帝，即行病死。弟弟高湛继位。高湛的狂暴荒淫，不亚高洋。然而集高家劣根性之大成的，却是高湛的儿子高纬。高纬最惊人的一件事是，诬陷他最忠心的宰相和军事天才大元帅斛律光谋反，屠灭三族。北周皇帝宇文邕听到斛律光的死讯，高兴地跳起来，下令大赦，以庆祝敌人这桩冤狱。宇文邕最畏惧的人既被清除，他可以实行他统一北中国的计划了。五七六年，北周大举向北齐进攻，包围晋州（山西临汾）。年方二十岁的高纬，亲自从北方二百公里外的晋阳（山西太原）南下救援。救兵如同救火，理应刻不容缓，可是他率领重兵，却沿途停顿，同他最宠爱的妃子冯小怜四出打猎。晋州告急文书，雪片飞来，宰相高阿那肱说：“边疆小小交兵，是平常之事。主上日理万机，偶尔乘暇游猎，我们不应轻率转奏。”等到晋州失守，他才不得不向猎场中的高纬报告。高纬想马上回营，但冯小怜要求再杀一围，于是就再杀一围。一围的时间，从人马鹰犬展开，到驱逐合拢，少则一日，多则二日三日。北周就利用这一围时间，加强晋州城防工事。 一围之后，高纬抵达晋州城下，北齐兵团仍很强悍，日夜攻城，把城墙攻陷了一个十几步的缺口。正要冲进去的时候，高纬却下令暂停，请冯小怜前来参观这个肉搏的壮观场面。冯小怜对镜化妆，不能马上就来。等到化妆已毕，花枝招展来了，北周军已堵住缺口，无法攻入，这样僵持了一个月，北周皇帝宇文邕亲率援军到达，两国在晋州城外决战。高纬与冯小怜并骑站在高冈上观看，双方大军刚刚接触，杀声震天，冯小怜心惊肉跳，失声说：“败了败了。”一个亲信大臣在旁说：“主上快走。”高纬魂不附体，拍马就逃。北齐兵团遥遥望见，斗志全失，霎时崩溃。高纬逃回首都邺城（河北临漳），还生出花样，传位给八岁的儿子高恒。明年（五七七）春天，北周兵团到达，攻陷邺城，高纬向东逃走，想投奔南朝的陈帝国，但一脸忠贞的宰相（右丞相）高阿那肱暗中早已投降北周，要把他献出作为晋见礼物，所以用巧言花语使高纬打消南奔的念头，等北周追兵赶到，高纬遂被擒获。这个只二十八年的短命北齐帝国，在人间制造了无数罪恶之后灭亡。 高纬被送到长安，封为侯爵。九个月后，像他诬陷斛律光谋反，屠杀三族一样，北周皇帝宇文邕也诬陷高纬谋反，所有高姓皇子皇孙，全被处斩。冯小怜沦落为奴，给人舂米。其他贵不可言的皇后公主，流落到益州（四川成都），贫穷无依，靠着在街头卖“取灯”（古时一种火柴）为生。 北周帝国统一了北中国之后，下一个目标当然是统一全中国。但并吞北齐的明年（五七八），宇文邕逝世。二十岁的荒唐儿子宇文(上斌下贝)继位，宇文(斌贝)跟南齐暴君萧昭业同一类型，平常老爹管教严格，他只好非常规矩。一旦老爹去世，世界上就再没有一个力量能拘束他。宇文(斌贝)在宝座上凶暴肆虐了九个月后，把帝位传给七岁的儿子宇文阐。而他自己因荒淫过度，于二十二岁时死掉。死掉的明年（五八一），他的岳父杨坚从孤儿寡妇手中，轻易的把政权接到手中。然后效法宇文皇族当初屠杀西魏元姓皇族的前例，把宇文皇族也全部屠杀。北周帝国建立二十五年，距宇文邕征服北齐，气势如虹的日子，不过四年。 六大分裂时代终结 杨坚的国号是隋，他继承了北周强大的国力，一俟内部安定，即开始统一全中国之战。五八七年，杨坚征召南梁帝国最后一任皇帝萧琮入朝，在萧琮到了长安后，即下令把南梁撤销，南梁立国八十六年。 明年（五八八），杨坚向陈帝国发动总攻。 陈帝国是南北朝唯一没有出过暴君的政权，但它最后一任皇帝陈叔宝，却是声名最响亮的昏君之一。他喜爱宫廷生活，每天沉湎在酒和女人之中，而不问国家大事。他最宠爱的姬妾有八人，在经常举行的宫廷宴会上，每次都邀请十余位诗人，跟八位美女杂坐在一起，饮酒作诗，互相赠答。再挑选最艳丽的数首，谱成歌曲，由千余宫女歌唱、其中以《玉树后庭花》、《临春乐》为最有名，内容都是赞扬八位美女的美丽和风情。八位美女之中，陈叔宝尤其宠爱两位：张丽华和孔贵嫔。其中张丽华更是美人中的美人，秀长的头发可以垂到地面，光彩焕发。她性情宽厚而绝顶聪明，政府中大小事件，都了如指掌。陈叔宝头脑不清，凡事不太了了，批阅公文时，张丽华就常坐在他膝上指点。于是大臣透过宦官，跟她勾结，从事买卖官爵和制造冤狱。宰相孔范，更与孔贵嫔结为兄妹，引进一批很有才华但不识大体的官僚，像玩弄木偶一样，玩弄陈叔宝。 五八八年，杨坚命他的次子杨广当元帅，宰相（尚书左仆射）高囗当元帅府秘书长（长史），动员五十二万兵力，向陈帝国进军。陈叔宝听到消息，大笑说：“王气在建康（江苏南京），北齐侵略过我们三次，北周侵略过我们两次，都被击败，杨坚为什么不接受历史教训？”孔范在旁打边鼓说：“长江本是天险，自古隔断南北，敌人岂能飞渡？边将贪功，往往夸张战报。我总嫌我的官位太小，敌人如果真的过江，我早就封侯了。”有人报告消息说，隋军战马大批死亡，孔范愤怒地喊：“那些都是我们的马，为什么让它们死？”陈叔宝的信心因孔范的丑角动作而日益加强。明年（五八九）正月，隋军在大雾中渡过长江。陈军溃散，建康（江苏南京）陷落。陈叔宝正在金銮殿上坐朝，听到敌人入城，急向后逃。大臣拦住他，建议他衣冠整齐，在正殿上等候变化。陈叔宝大惊说：“刀枪之下，非同儿戏，我自有妙计。”他的妙计是，跑回后宫，躲进景阳殿一口深井之中。隋军入宫搜索，在井上呼唤，不见回答，扬言要向井中投掷石头，这才听到应声。士兵们抛下绳索把他拉出来时，震惊怎么如此沉重，等到拉出井口，才发现竟然有三个人，除了陈叔宝外，还有张丽华和孔贵嫔。就在同时，士兵搜查皇宫，在陈叔宝床底下，发现很多将领们向政府告急的十万火急文书，还没有拆封。陈帝国立国只三十三年。 陈叔宝被送到长安，封为公爵，陈姓皇族也都无恙。只有隋军大将王颁，是王僧辩的儿子，进入建康（江苏南京）后，把陈霸先的尸体从坟墓中掘出，打数百皮鞭，成为中国历史上第二次鞭尸事件。孔贵嫔的下落不知道，张丽华的下落是个悲剧。隋军参谋长高囗认为她应该负陈帝国亡国的全部责任，竟把她砍头。杨广久已羡慕她的花容月貌，派人传令留她性命。高囗拒绝说：“从前姜子牙蒙面杀苏妲己，这种祸水，绝不可留。”杨广大怒：“古人有言，无德不报，我将来会报答阁下。”下世纪（七）杨广当了皇帝后不久，就把高囗同样砍头，妻子儿女没入官府为奴，为这位绝代美女复仇（此为一说。杨广杀高囗与政治有关，非为美女报仇。——编者）。 陈帝国亡后，大分裂时代后期的南北朝时代，同时终结。中国在隋政府之下，又归统一。中国人民经过二百八十六年的离乱隔绝和互相仇恨之后，恢复同一国度的手足之情。而且大分裂像一个大火炉。中国境内各民族结合成一个新的中华民族，从此再没有鲜卑、匈奴、揭、氏、羌之分。这个新的中华民族因含有新的血液，充满了生命的活力。 ——这次重归统一，再次显示汉字的凝聚力。欧洲自上世纪（五）西罗马帝国灭亡后，四分五裂的现象，并不比中国大分裂时代更严重。欧洲人民和若干雄才大略的君主与天主教教皇，也都怀着再统一的愿望。可是欧洲失败而中国成功。即令是一个民族，如果分离过久，因言语和文字的不同，都会成为两个截然不同的国家。罗马帝国拉丁文是一种拼音文字，一旦土地隔绝，言语相异的人，各自用字母拼出各自的言语，不同的各种文字，遂纷纷出现。各地区人民，不可避免的差距日增。我们可以说，自从纪元前腓尼基人发明拼音字母，欧洲就注定了不能统一。中国境内的言语分歧，比欧洲更甚。可是中国没有字母这个工具，不能用拼音的方法制造各自的文字。在广大辽阔的中国领域之内，中华字像一条看不见的魔线一样，把言语不同，风俗习惯不同，血统不同的人民的心声，缝在一起，成为一种自觉的中国人。虽然长久分裂，都一直有一种心理状态，认为分裂是暂时的，终必统一，所以国与国合并之后，人际之间，马上水乳交融，不像欧洲，合并之后的国家或民族，立刻就发生言语文字上爆炸性问题。因之我们有一个推断，假定拉丁文也是方块字而不是拼音字的话，欧洲早已统一为单一的国家。 七突厥汗国崛起沙漠 中国虽然统一，但外患来自北方如故。 匈奴汗国于二世纪破灭后，塞北瀚海沙漠群地带，成为真空。发源于东北地区的乌桓部落和鲜卑民族诸部落，纷纷侵入。等到这些部落或被并吞，或南下进入中国本土建立王朝帝国后，拓拔部落所属的柔然部落，乘虚兴起。 柔然部落于上世纪（五）四○二年，建立柔然汗国，跟北魏帝国不断发生战争。柔然汗国的文化水准比北魏更低，所以没有留下像匈奴汗国那么多史迹。北魏帝国鲜卑兵团的战斗力一向很强，但对柔然汗国却无法施予有效打击。北魏一连几个皇帝都亲自统军北伐，深入沙漠，但始终不能获得决定性的胜利。只要大军一退，柔然立即跟踪而至。所以北魏帝国无可奈何之余，就为它起了一个丑陋的名字“蠕蠕”，形容他们像毛虫一样无知。 然而，柔然汗国所属居于金山（新疆阿尔泰山）的一个匈奴血统的突厥部落，日渐茁壮。柔然汗国最初不在意这个叛乱集团，但不久就被它连连击败。突厥部落酋长阿史那（姓）土门（名），于本世纪（六）五五二年，称伊利可汗，建突厥汗国。三年后（五五五），伊利可汗的儿子木杆可汗，大举进攻柔然汗国，柔然兵团溃散，第十八任可汗郁久阎（姓）邓叔子（名），投奔当时的西魏帝国。突厥木杆可汗向西魏施用压力，坚持索取郁久阎邓叔子的人头。西魏宰相宇文泰不得已，把郁久闾邓叔子以及随他一齐投降的部属，共三千余人，交给突厥使节，就在长安城外，被突厥使节全部屠杀。第十九任可汗郁久闾艹奄罗辰向西逃亡，以后再没有消息。柔然汗国立国约一百五十四年而亡。 我们可看出突厥汗国在兴起之初，即足够强大，西魏帝国不得不向它屈服，为它杀降。突厥在灭掉柔然汗国后，即完全统治匈奴汗国的故地，东方跟新崛起的契丹部落接壤，西方到葱岭、中亚。北齐、北周都没有力量跟它抗衡，只好竞争呈献珠宝财货和公主美女，希望获得援助。木杆可汗骄傲的说：“我在南方有两个孝顺儿子，我想要什么，他们就会送什么。”隋王朝统一中国后，仍不能马上摆脱它的威胁。 可是，突厥民族却缺少建立一个稳定的国家的能力，在汗国之内，同时竟并存着两个或数个可汗，元首固称可汗，特别大的部落酋长也称可汗。这等于一个国家有数个元首，不能避免的一定会发生内斗和因内外太多而导致汗国瓦解。为了辨识，我们称元首可汗为大可汗，酋长可汗称小可汗。 突厥汗国开国后不久，就爆发意料中的内斗。隋王朝皇帝杨坚对突厥采和亲政策，但他的目的不是和解而是分化。杨坚把安义公主嫁给小可汗之一的突利可汗，突利可汗遂偏向中国。本世纪（六）最后第一年（五九九），当大可汗都蓝可汗准备攻击中国大同城（内蒙古乌拉特前旗东北）时，突利可汗向中国报信告警。都蓝大可汗大怒，跟另一小可汗达头可汗，联合攻击突利可汗，突利可汗部众溃散，投奔中国。杨坚改突利可汗为启民可汗（启民，在突语中是智慧健壮之意），那时安义公主已经去世，杨坚再把义成公主嫁给他，又在朔方地区（河套）筑大利城（内蒙古和林格尔），划出河套地区三万方公里，安置启民可汗陆续来归的部众。另派边防军驻屯黄河北岸，防御都蓝大可汗和达头小可汗的攻击。——这跟纪元前一世纪匈奴呼韩邪单于投奔中国后的情形，几乎完全相同。 都蓝大可汗不久被他的部下所杀，达头可汗继位当大可汗，先后数次进攻启民可汗，都被中国边防军击退。启民可汗对中国的感激，出自内心。 八东西方世界 五二七年（南梁皇帝萧衍第一次舍身同泰寺），东罗马帝国皇帝查士丁尼即位。 五二九年（萧衍第二次舍身同泰寺），《查士丁尼法典》完成。 五三三年（北魏军阀尔朱家族战败，全灭）《罗马法典摘要》、《查士丁尼法制》完成。 五三四年（北魏皇帝元修自洛阳出奔长安，帝国分裂为东西），东罗马大将贝利沙留灭江达尔王国，收北非人版图。 五五三年（西魏乘南梁内乱，袭取益州（四川》，贝利沙留攻克罗马城，灭东哥德王国，收意大利半岛人版图。东罗马帝国重振国威，几乎恢复未分裂前罗马帝国疆域和光荣（非常像刘裕连灭西蜀、南燕、后奏）。 五六二年（陈帝国建国第六年），突厥汗国与波斯王国，南北夹攻(口厌)哒王国（阿富汗），(口厌)哒亡。突厥若干部落开始向西移殖，为现代土耳其人始祖。 五六五年（陈帝国建国第九年），查士丁尼大帝逝世，东罗马帝国的复兴大业中止。收复的土地，陆续丧失。 五六八年（陈帝国建国第十二年），伦巴部落侵入东罗马帝到意大利境，于北部建立伦巴王国。社会秩序混乱，基督教罗马城主教，渐代替罗马帝国皇帝，成为安定力量，世人开始尊称他为教皇。 五七一年（斛律光冤狱前一年），（一）穆罕默德诞生。（二）日本钦明天皇逝世，敏达天皇继位。高句丽王国使节呈递国书，三日无人认识，唯中国人王辰尔认识，敏这天皇大悦，下诏褒奖。是为“乌羽之表事件”。 五九二年（大分裂时代终止后第三年），日本崇峻天皇被大臣东汉直驹刺死。钦明天皇的女儿丰御食炊屋姬继位，称推古天皇。