Chapter 19 Chinese Educational System and Educational Thought-7

seven Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty studied in Kaijun, Wuzhou, before he decided to rule the world.And immediately the throne, ordered all counties and counties in the world to establish schools.The government has one professor and four instructors.The prefecture set up the first school and the third school.The county set up teaching instruction one and instruction two.The number of students ranges from twenty to forty.According to statistics at one time, there are more than 4,100 instructors in government, prefectures, yamen, and institutes across the country, which is nearly a hundred times more than the number of instructors in the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty.Therefore, it is not ineffective to pay attention to the establishment of schools in the early Ming Dynasty.

The local students were promoted to Guoxue, which was called Guozixue at first, and later called Guozijian.The supervisors were sent to various divisions to study official affairs first, and they were called calendar supervisors.There are also expatriates.After studying for more than ten years, he was born.In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, sixty-four of the sons and daughters of the state were promoted as chief ministers, inspectors, envoys, and other senior officials.It is also necessary for students to be admitted before they enter the school, so the two systems of school and examination are also integrated into one, which is better than that of the previous generation.That is to say, after that, in the Ming Dynasty, the North and South Supervisors, and the Minister of the Changjian University, the Minister of the Book, was Si Cheng.At that time, the Confucianist was the president of the National University, and his back was facing each other.In the daytime, the students will have dinner together in the hall, and at night, the lights will be bright.There are many talented people out of it.The national strength of the Ming Dynasty was comparable to that of the Han and Tang Dynasties, and talents came forth in large numbers, which was also related to the government's emphasis on education.

However, the school is run by the government, and the rise and fall of the school will ultimately be judged according to the ups and downs of politics.Therefore, although the educational system of the Ming Dynasty is praiseworthy, the educational effect is ultimately limited. In addition, the government of the Ming Dynasty had a large number of scholars who could live up to the actual administrative positions. This also has an educational significance.Jinshi and the first rank, the first class can enter the Imperial Academy, and the second and third class can be selected as Shu Jishi.Because he hasn't changed anything, let's observe politics first and study at the same time.This system, in terms of its origin, is actually quite similar to the doctoral officers in the Qin and Han Dynasties.Hanlin is like a doctor, and Shujishi is like a doctor's disciple.Go back to the Xiang government, reserve talents and support them.This system was followed in the Qing Dynasty.In terms of its system, there are tensions and relaxations.In terms of its role, there are obvious and obscure.In terms of its significance, it is highly valued to have an institution and organization for cultivating talents and accumulating talents within a political group.This measure of the government of the Han Dynasty was influenced by the lectures given by the philosophers of the Warring States Period.This measure by the government of the Ming Dynasty was influenced by the lectures given by Confucians in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.The governments of the Tang and Song dynasties also had measures similar to those of the Han and Ming with minor differences.It can be seen that there is no time or time for Chinese politics to attach importance to the traditional spirit of academics and education.This is a major feature of Chinese political history, so it should be written in a special book for the reference of future generations.

However, when the government promotes academics and cultivates education, its highest significance will always be biased towards politics.This can no longer meet the ideal requirements of the academic community in the field.Moreover, in traditional Chinese politics, school elections are equally important.The school is making talents, and the election is picking talents.Both schools and elections inevitably use examinations as the standard.The examination system in China has undergone many changes, but finally its shortcomings cannot be overcome.In the Tang Dynasty, poetry was used to select scholars, and its disadvantages were as mentioned above.In the Ming Dynasty, scholars were selected based on classics and righteousness, which became stereotyped, and the abuse was even worse.Therefore, folk lectures must still be opposed to those advocated by the imperial court.

Although folk lectures in the Ming Dynasty were inherited from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, they flourished when Wang Xuete started in the Wuzong era.Yangming was in charge of government affairs, and also engaged in lectures.Wherever it goes, apprentices gather.It is advocated to cherish the yin, and wants to make scholars gather from time to time to talk about research.And behind him, the wind is even better.Societies everywhere have their own organizations.His big disciples go to various places at regular intervals every year.On the one hand, take this gathering to exchange ideas and discuss new ideas.Gather the crowd and give a public speech.It is called a meeting, also known as a meeting.This is different from the lectures given by Zhu and Lu Academy.A lecture is similar to a society, where scholars and comrades can learn from each other.A lecture is aimed at publicizing and popularizing, which is closer to a kind of social education.Over time, improvement and deepening have been replaced by popularization.Therefore, although this kind of lecture meeting was once turbulent and turbulent, it was also a source of abuse, and it will not last long in the end.

Finally, Donglin Academy appeared.The regulation of this academy is more similar to that of a society.Scholars Chang Chuan gathered and gave lectures in turn, focusing on mutual learning.And what he said also touched on the politics of the time.Caught that this society spread all over the country, and even had a branch in the capital, which caused great political disturbances, until the Ming Dynasty was destroyed, and the disaster of the party began to come to an end. Down to the Qing Dynasty, government public schools, both at the central and local levels, have traditionally existed in name only.There is no definite purpose as a rule, as a call.The style of scholars in the field has also changed, and there is no return to the style of giving lectures in the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties.The academy system, on the other hand, is still going on.Those who presided over the academy were called Shanzhang. At that time, most of the academies were already in the city, unlike the monks and temples in the past, which occupied mountains and forests.There are window classes in the academy, but only for scholars to write essays and send them to the dean of the mountain for review.There are tuition fees, just like there are scholarships in modern times.At that time, the main contribution of the Academy was in the collection and engraving of books.For example, Guangzhou Xuehaitang has interpretations of the Qing classics, and Jiangyin Nanshu Academy has interpretations of the Continuing Classics.Those who are engaged in proofreading are now working-study students.

However, the academy still had its influence at that time.For example, Zhu Ciqi gave lectures in Guangzhou Xuehaitang, and then gave lectures in Lishan, where Kang Youwei once studied.Zhang Binglin studied under Yu Yue at the Jingjing Jingshe in Hangzhou, and Wu Zhihui was also a student of Nanjing Academy. Talking about China's old education system should end here.In the late Qing Dynasty, the abolition of imperial examinations and the promotion of schools were one of the main items of the New Deal in modern China.Almost all the relics of academies in various places passed down by the previous generation have been converted into new schools.For example, the Donglin Academy in Wuxi, the author's hometown, was first changed to Donglin Primary School, and later changed to the County No. 2 Higher Primary School. The name of Donglin also ceased to exist.However, the final fate of the academies that have existed for a thousand years since the end of the Tang Dynasty is not as good as that of a monastery.There are still many ruins, and they have been repaired one after another.The academies and monasteries were built on behalf of each other, but today there are almost no traces for people to pay tribute to.However, Hong Kong became a British colony. Except for the University of Hong Kong, all schools initially used the name of academies.This is also an example of seeking wildness after loss of etiquette.