Chapter 18 Chinese Educational System and Educational Thought-6

six In the Song Dynasty, both public and private education flourished.It starts with social private education.For example, Fan Zhongyan, Hu Yuan, and Sun Fu all completed their studies in temples first, and then returned to private lectures at the lower levels of society.Fan Zhongyan succeeded Qi Tongwen in Suiyang Academy, Sun Fu in Taishan Academy, and Hu Yuan's lecture in Suzhou Huzhou Academy is the most important one.In Huzhou, it set up Jingyi and Zhishi two studios, just like the liberal arts and science branch system of today's universities.Jingyizhai cultivates general talents, and Zhishizhai guides expertise.All of a sudden, talent came out.The imperial court ordered Suhu to adopt its law as the Taixue system, and called Yuan to be a professor.The National Taixue of the Song Dynasty adopted education from the lower classes of society, which is also rare.

The so-called academies at that time gradually changed from private to public.In the early Song Dynasty, there were four major academies, none of which were established by the government. Later, Ruseng Temple was also granted by the government.Another example is that Fan Zhongyan was hired by Yan Shu to give lectures at Suiyang Academy, and Hu Yuan was hired by Fan Zhongyan and Teng Zongliang when he lectured at Suhu Academy for more than 20 years. set.After hearing the news for a while, schools were established in all states and counties.However, in the time of Shenzong Yuanfeng, there were fifty-three academic officials in all the states and prefectures in the world, which was very few.The main condition for building an academy is still the selection of teachers.But it pays attention to teachers, so having a system is equal to having no system.Because good teachers don't come often, you may not necessarily get them.If the teacher is not the same person, the scholar will not be able to get there.Even if there is one, the reputation of the school is not good.Therefore, it is better to lack than to overuse, and there are empty buildings instead of schools, and local education finally becomes fashionable and discontinued.

Taixue in the Song Dynasty established the Sanshe Law during the reign of Emperor Shenzong.At the beginning of school, it was a foreign dormitory, with a quota of 700 students.Promoted to Neishe, with three hundred members.The inner house is promoted to the upper house, with hundreds of people.If you get an excellent grade in the monthly exam, you will be promoted.Slightly like modern schools have a grade system.However, since the Taixue is run by the government, the political pollution will make the school poor, and the preparation of Sanshe has been criticized.In other words, in the history of Chinese education, government-run education has never been valued.

Therefore, although the government of the Song Dynasty deliberately established schools, the educational forces at that time finally dominated private lectures.But at that time, there were only Lu and Fan in the family, and they had no influence in society.The rise of Neo-Confucians was due to their struggle with monastery monks for the right to education.Its first example is that Ercheng is in Yiluo, Hengqu is in Guanzhong, the atmosphere is just opening, and the gathering of disciples is not flourishing.However, their teaching stories and teaching spirit are comparable to those of the Warring States scholars.It should be private and free, free from political influence, and not bound by family status and monasteries.Down to the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Zhuzi and Xiangshan, lectures began to flourish, and became popular for a while.That is to say, when local governors build academies, they must also enshrine the sages of the society, just as temples must enshrine the statues of patriarchs and Buddhas.In particular, Lianxi and Ercheng are almost enshrined by most academies.

Academy is also known as Jingshe, the name of Jingshe, which originated from the private teaching of Confucianism in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Later, the residence of the monks was also called Jingshe, and finally Neo-Confucians used this name for their lectures.It can be seen that the social education in China since the Middle Ages has been dominated by the rise and fall of Confucianism and Buddhism. Even the name of this monastery can also reveal the news of it.It can be seen from this that Chinese education actually takes the place of religious education. At that time, there was one more thing worth noting, which was the official system of lectures on scriptures in the emperor's palace.Royal family education has begun to pay attention to the education of the royal family since Emperor Qin Shihuang envoy Zhao Gao to teach his youngest son Hu Hai, and Han Gaozu envoy his uncle Sun Tong to teach the prince Xiaohui.Now Jia Yi insisted that the prince's education should be solemn, which was actually inspired by the promotion of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty.Because education is important, Confucianism must be emphasized.Emperor Jingdi and Emperor Wu all had teachers, and Emperor Wu's teacher Wang Zang was a Confucian student.Emperor Wu's respect for Confucianism was influenced by his childhood education.Both Jia Yi and Dong Zhongshu are teachers of the prince.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Ming and Emperor Zhang respected their teachers and learned from them when they were princes in the palace, which is especially passed down as a historical story.However, in the Song Dynasty, the emperors also studied under the teacher, and there was an arrangement of Jingyan lecturers.The name of Jingyan also started Buddhism, but in the Song Dynasty, it was said that the ministers who served as lecturers and ministers gave lectures for the emperor.King Jinggong spoke for his attendants, saying: "What the ministers say is the way, and the emperor should respect the way. If you don't speak standing up, the emperor should sit and listen." Shenzong agreed and allowed him to sit and talk.And Cheng Yichuan, who was a lecturer, also competed to be a lecturer, and Zhezong agreed.Later, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were feasts of scriptures and lectures.As well as the system of educating princes in the East Palace in history, they are all worthy of attention.

In the Yuan Dynasty, when Mongol came to rule, the Chinese cultural tradition was only aggrieved politically, but it was still maintained socially.And Xu Heng was the teacher of the state, and the Mongolians he taught served the noble and close children, and all of them later became important ministers.This can also be said to be influenced by the traditional Chinese education system.In particular, academies spread all over the country, more than in the Southern Song Dynasty.Although there may not always be famous sages giving lectures everywhere, but for a while, famous sages hide in academies, and the lifeblood of Chinese culture is actually passed on.Therefore, when the country was founded in the early Ming Dynasty, the style of writing in the imperial court was far superior to that in the Han and Song Dynasties, but it was not comparable to that in the early Tang Dynasty.