Chapter 20 Chinese Educational System and Educational Thought-8

Eight Looking back now based on the above, the governments of all dynasties in China, regardless of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, have almost all paid attention to the achievements of the country's public education.However, the Taixue of the Han Dynasty was the most durable and achieved success.The Guozijian in the Ming Dynasty can no longer be compared.Others, such as the Tang and Song dynasties, tried their best to promote it, but the emphasis on national education was only a flash in the pan.In addition, these rates are all in name only, and no performance has been seen.In the history of Chinese education, most of the truly influential people gave private lectures in society.The Confucianism of the Warring States Period and the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties have the most outstanding sound and light, and the performance is also great.Even the family status and Buddhist monastery education in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties can not be said to have no contribution, this is one of them.

Moreover, public and private education are often in opposition.When it comes to the origin of Chinese culture, there is Zhou Gong first, and then Confucius, and these two people have made the greatest contributions.However, the Duke of Zhou was at the top, and the so-called official school in the pre-Qin Dynasty was founded by him.Under Confucius, hundreds of private schools in the pre-Qin period followed his path.The Taixue of the Han Dynasty taught the six arts. This was written by the Duke of Zhou and passed on to Confucius. Therefore, the Han people respected both Zhou and Confucius, integrating public and private, and the Duke of Zhou should be above Confucius.Therefore, it is only listed in elementary school, and the Five Classics can only be awarded a doctorate and entered a university.It means that the official respects the private, and it was still the same until the Tang Dynasty.Since the Song Dynasty, Zhou and Confucius were renamed Confucius and Mencius, and they used the "Four Books" to refer to the Five Classics.In the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the "Four Books" and the Five Classics were the first to select scholars, which is a definite proof for private studies and official studies.This second.

The Chinese often call it Zhengtong and Daotong.Respecting the rule of government means leading academics through politics, and respecting orthodox rule means leading politics through academics.Since the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the confidence of political leadership and academics has been destroyed.Down to the Song Dynasty of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the national Taixue was established, it was divided into four schools of Xuan, History, Wen, and Confucianism.This has actually seen the intention of Taoism to be respected by Zhengtong. At that time, Lao Zhuang was regarded as the righteousness of Taoism, while Zhou and Confucius seemed to be in the list of Zhengtong.The Tang Dynasty also worshiped Taoism and Buddhism, and when Buddhism came to the East, there was a saying that monks did not worship kings.The emperors of the Tang Dynasty regarded monks as national teachers, and the emperors turned to monks.Although what Taixue teaches is Confucianism, Confucianism belongs to politics, Buddhism belongs to Taoism, and Confucianism is inferior to Buddha, which has become a common opinion for a while.In the examination of the Tang people, the duty is divided into two categories: classics and poetry, but Mingjing's background is far inferior to that of a Jinshi.Jinshi examines poetry and fu, and people at that time regard poetry and literature as above Confucianism.The people of Tang also revered Lao Tzu, which is different from the Han people.Han people worship Huang Lao, and their focus is on politics.The metaphysics of Lao and Zhuang in the Wei and Jin Dynasties is not focused on politics, but purely in metaphysics, and its value is higher than that of Confucian Zhou and Confucian classics.The Tang people came here with this intention.Therefore, this period has become a period in which orthodoxy is higher than political orthodoxy.Taoism and interpretation of world law are regarded as the place of Taoism.Zhou and Confucian classics are the methods of entering the world, and they can only be used to lead politics, not to lead people.Therefore, at that time, monks, Taoists and priests could call themselves teachers, but Confucians did not dare to call themselves teachers.Han Yu was in charge of teaching at Taixue, but he was only a school official.It is "Teacher's Discussion", which stands up and assumes the role of a teacher, saying: "The reason why a teacher preaches, teaches, and solves doubts", but Han Yu is only an ancient writer.He claimed: "Loving ancient writings is the way of loving ancients." Si Ze Han Yu also did not escape the opinion that people at that time valued "Wen Xuan", but advocated ancient writings, and still wanted to guide people from writing to Taoism.It is also "Original Dao Pian", which exhaustively discusses Dao in Zhou and Confucius, not in Lao and Shi.This theory is the harbinger of inheriting the old tradition from the top and opening up Neo Confucianism in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.In short, the people of the Tang Dynasty believed that Taoism and Buddhism were Taoism, while Wen and Confucianism were all inferior.Examinations are based on literature, and schools use Confucianism as their teaching. These are all on the side of Zhengtong, while Zhengtong is under Taoism.Therefore, Han Yu's theory will not be very popular in the world.This is the third.

The rise of Song Dynasty scholars is to respect Confucius and Mencius as the orthodoxy.Lao and Shi do not talk about political affairs, and the political system is subservient to the Taoist system, so there is no dispute between them.Confucius and Mencius discussed Taoism as well as politics.If politics is to be led by academics, there will eventually be a struggle between the two.The Luo school was banned in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Zhu school was also banned in the Southern Song Dynasty.During the Ming Dynasty, Yangming was repeatedly suppressed by the government.But Donglin set off a big dispute among the governments.The suppression of scholars in the Qing Dynasty was even worse. Scholars fled to the pile of old papers.However, it has become public opinion that orthodoxy is superior to political orthodoxy, and the Qing court was helpless.The last son was in the Southern Song Dynasty, and he was banned by false studies.In the Qing Dynasty, it was highly worshiped by the court.Scholars opposed Zhu with exegesis and textual research, and their intention was to oppose the imperial court's imperial examinations.In terms of the general trend of history, giving lectures in the field often has more influence than what the government advocates, and the government has to bow to it.The pre-Qin philosophers are especially famous.The Jinwen Confucianism of the Ph.D.s of the Han Dynasty was eventually replaced by the folk Classical Confucianism.The examinations of the Tang Dynasty emphasized anthology, and the Korean and Liu ancient prose movements also emerged to replace them.The Qing court selected scholars based on the righteousness of the "Four Books" of Confucianism, but eventually lost to the opposition Sinology.These are all big ones.However, as far as Chinese cultural history is concerned, the lifeblood of academic education is always at the bottom, not at the top. This is the fourth.

However, in the Chinese historical tradition, although everyone knows that education is important, there has never been a solid school foundation.To put it bluntly, especially in the lower strata of society, except for local and rural primary schools, it can be said that there are teachers and apprentices, but there is no school.Apprentices are also mostly adults.The main thing is to have lectures from masters.If there is a teacher, the apprentices from all over the world will respond to Wuji.The main purpose is to obtain a goal for learning and return to self-study.When the teacher's morality falls, the learning will also fail.This is the fifth.

The characteristics listed above, if you ask why, then behind these characteristics, it can be seen that the Chinese national character, Chinese cultural traditions, and the general trend of Chinese history have some spiritual power, which makes it so.In the meantime, there must be gains and losses.However, those who are engaged in new education today must not be ignorant of these items. It can be explained and improved, so that the current new education will not be out of touch with the general trend of the national culture, tradition and history of the country, or even go against the deviation. Those engaged in education today should work together.