Chapter 14 Chinese Educational System and Educational Thought-2

two The above describes the general situation of schools from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. Next, we will talk about the period from Confucius to the Warring States Period, which lasted about 300 years.In this period, there is a special situation in education, and it can be said that it is a period of education but no schools.It can also be said that education was liberated from the school and included in the period of private gatherings of friends.Due to the eastward relocation of the Zhou family, the central government has long been ignored by the public. The officials of various countries gradually dislike learning, and local schools have gradually been abolished.As a result, schools and education were gradually subsumed into civilian society.

The rise of Confucius, as a commoner, began to transfer the aristocratic education that had been passed down to the commoner society, and opened up the style of commoner lectures.Later generations called Confucius "the most holy teacher".In the history of Chinese education, Confucius can actually be called a great man who opened up the world and turned the world around.Because of my previous education, I was limited to political circles.In the future, education should be separated from the political circle and transferred to the society to develop on its own.However, education in China today is still closely related to politics, which is where the great tradition of Chinese history and culture lies.Those who govern China's educational thought and educational system should pay special attention to this section.

There are more than 70 disciples of Confucius from all over the world.Or from Lu, or from self-defense, or from Qi, or from Song, or from Chen, or from Wu, this has been from the Yellow River Valley in the north, across the Huai River, and the Yangtze River Valley in the south.Therefore, Confucius' teaching was really international at that time, and it was not limited to one country or one place. Confucian students include father and son, nobles and commoners.Some are poor, some are rich.There are also some people who are not of good background and do not do good business, but after the education of Confucius, they have become a group of people who have become scholars and respected, outstanding, outstanding at that time, and passed on to later generations.The great changes in ancient Chinese society have to be said to have been inspired by the education of Confucius.

Confucius taught rites, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics, which were called the six arts at that time.All these six arts are the talents that must be experienced in the daily affairs of the aristocracy at that time.Therefore, the estranged class of nobles and the handsome folks must first learn these six arts before they can serve in the noble circle.At that time it was called Confucianism.Confucianism was a profession in the society at that time.Confucius himself was proficient in the six arts. In addition to the six arts that were routine at the time, his disciples were either good at political affairs, or good at financial management, or they were good at military affairs, or they were good at diplomacy.In short, they can all become political figures for practical political application at that time.But more importantly, Confucius has developed some great principles based on these practical skills in the political circle.With this great principle, private ones can cultivate one's morality and family, and public ones can govern the country and the world.And it will always be kept and followed by future generations of China.Therefore, a new ideal of Confucianism was added to the new profession of Confucianism.Since Confucius, the content of Chinese education has gone beyond political careers, and has become an ideal item for all behaviors of social life and culture, and Confucius is also known as the most holy teacher.

But Confucius preached at that time, and there was really no school.Later generations called it private lectures by opening doors to apprentices, and its decent creation actually began with Confucius. "Zhuangzi Yufu Pian" has a saying: "Confucius wandered in the forest of black curtains, and sat on the apricot altar. His disciples read books, and Confucius sang with strings and drums." Qian Qi of the Tang Dynasty wrote a poem: "I feel more pity for my disciple Yichun clothes. Find a teacher to Xingtan." Xingtan is just a highland with apricot blossoms, neither a school nor a classroom.I think Confucius came here occasionally for an outing in spring.In fact, it is just teaching at home.In addition, when Confucius died in the Song Dynasty, he also practiced etiquette with his disciples under the big tree.It can be seen that Confucius did not slack in teaching everywhere, and there is no place for teaching.Traveling and sitting and resting is also the reason for teaching.Do not forget teaching in life, teaching is life.The teaching of Confucianism can more than replace any major religion in the world.Therefore, education in China can actually be described as a religious undertaking.

Below Confucius there was Mo Zi, whose disciples were three hundred, far surpassing Confucius in number.When Confucius came out, there were two horses in one cart, frugality was not polite.He and his disciples were hungry between Chen and Cai.Mozi traveled thousands of miles in vain, until he tore his clothes and bound his feet.Confucius and Mo all gave lectures to common people. At that time, it was a kind of freelance job with unofficial support, and it was suitable for such a poor life.However, it shocked the first life and had a great influence on future generations. Going down to Mencius, there are dozens of chariots behind, hundreds of followers, passing on food to the princes.Compared with Kong Mo, his living conditions are already very generous.And there are many fashions who are more generous than Mencius.That is to say, Mr. Jixia of Qi was supported by Qiwei, Xuan, and Min kings in successive dynasties, and he was bestowed with the salary of a doctor.He didn't bother with political affairs, but devoted himself to recruiting disciples, lecturing and writing books, and there were more than 70 people who called him Mr.Friends gathered, hundreds of thousands of people.At this time, education has far surpassed politics.But it also comes from political respect.Even if he is hidden and does not show up like Zhuang Zhou, he still has his disciples.Calmly studying and writing books, this is by no means just borrowed from Qi Yuan's meager salary.At that time, the educational circles held a lot of anti-real politics, while the political circles tried their best to respect the lecturers of this generation. This aspect should also be paid attention to by those who study Chinese historical and cultural traditions.

At that time, private lectures not only became an academic group, but also an economic group.Confucius once said: "There is nothing wrong with self-cultivation." Shuxiu is just a piece of dried meat, which is used as a gift of opinion.The tuition fee for the disciples of later generations to respect the teacher is still called Shuxiu, or salary, both of which mean extremely meager.And not only do disciples respect their teachers, but teachers also have a friendship with their disciples to help each other with money.When Yan Yuan died, his father Yan Lu wanted to hire Confucius' chariot as his coffin.This is by no means begging for no reason.For example, when Confucius traveled around, all the disciples followed each other, and they all ate from Confucius. It can be seen that the teachers and disciples usually make money.Although Confucius did not follow Yan Lu's invitation, the disciples of Confucius eventually raised funds for Yan Yuan's funeral.It is not uncommon for Mozi to raise his disciples.Therefore, Mozi is not only an economic group, but also a labor group.The common cause of communism, and the fact that future generations have gangs, has come from the Mohist group.By the time of Mencius, there were hundreds of followers, all eating from his teacher.In this way, private lectures, at the same time, wouldn't they become private apprentices.A free lecturer, but also a free trainer, whose power shocked the upper aristocratic class, was the beginning of the system of Qi Wei and Xuan Lai Jixia.For example, the four sons of Mengchang, Xinling, Pingyuan, and Chunshen who raised scholars were actually the disciples of Mu Xiao who was a master lecturer at that time.Until the time of Chu and Han, the world was in turmoil, and the uncles and grandsons voted for Han Gaozu, and they still had a generation of students with them.If it weren't for the support of Uncle Sun Tong, how could he follow each other.This is also a unique phenomenon in ancient Chinese society.

Moreover, at that time, the master gave lectures and must also write books, and books must be written with bamboo and silk.Even in terms of economic conditions, it is not easy.And when writing books at that time, many of them did it collectively, and some of them did it for many lifetimes.For example, a book was recorded and compiled collectively by the disciples of Confucius and his disciples, and it was not completed until the middle of the Warring States period. Books in "Mozi", such as "Tianzhi", "Shangtong", "Jianai", etc., are divided into three parts: the upper, middle and lower, which are written by the three schools of Mohism.There are also "Mojing" and other benefits published later.There are inner chapters, outer chapters, and miscellaneous chapters, which were not written by Zhuangzi alone, nor were they completed by Zhuangzi's disciples in a short time.There must be those who retransmit and pass on three times to join, such as the example of "Mozi". The seven chapters of "Mencius" were also discussed and integrated with his disciples Wan Zhang and Gongsun Chou.However, the group of lectures in the pre-Qin period was also a group of writings.Lu Buwei was proud in Qin Dynasty, invited guests from all over the world, and co-authored "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", which is also the fashion of the times.Collective writing was a common thing at that time, and it is absolutely impossible to know the names of the respective authors of each book and chapter at that time.It was an academic group at that time, neither for profit nor for fame, but to jointly promote an idea and theory.This is also a special phenomenon in ancient Chinese society, which is the pioneer of historical and cultural traditions in the future, and deserves our attention.

At that time, he wrote a book and spread it very fast.A family writes a book, and each family reads it together, so there are many disputes and refutations among each other.But at this time, the circulation of a book depends on the copying of banknotes, which is not easy.Among the philosophers, Xunzi came out late, he is the most comprehensive in ancient and modern books, and he is the most widely self-authored book.His disciples, such as Han Fei, the son of South Korea, and Li Si, the scribe of Chu State, also traveled all the way to join him.Gou Zi was the younger generation of Mr. Jixia in Qi State, and at that time, he had repeatedly occupied the top seat of Mr. Jixia.He also traveled all over the world, and his whereabouts were very extensive. He thought that his friends and disciples would accompany him, and he should provide for him just like Confucius, Mo, and Mencius.Therefore, its economic support is definitely not weak, so it was able to have such a large scale of lectures, books and parades at that time.At the same time, there was Zou Yan, who was favored and respected at that time, and seemed to be more important than Xun Qing.At that time, all the books written by the philosophers could be carefully preserved and passed on for a long time.Qin destroyed the six kingdoms, Han continued to destroy Qin, wars and disasters continued, people's livelihood was not peaceful, and it lasted for a hundred years.However, as far as the Han Dynasty, all the words of the philosophers have been preserved, which can be seen in the books collected in "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi·Zhuzilue".This is not what private individuals can do.

People in recent times call it the Warring States Period, and believe that the contention of a hundred schools of thought can conquer the freedom of thought at that time.This is just a mantra for a while, and I would rather be able to grasp the true historical facts of the year.Since Confucius taught privately as a commoner, a hundred schools of thought have prospered, and friends and disciples have gathered together.Although each of them does not have a dedicated school, each has a private school group.Based on mutual common ideology and academics, arouse common practical vitality.Today we should not only discuss the content of its theory, but also pay attention to its economic reality and real life.Only with the turmoil of such a new collective in its society can it succeed the aristocratic class that was declining at that time, and create a new society of the four peoples under the Qin and Han Dynasties, including soldiers, farmers, workers, and merchants.This is a great change and a great creation in Chinese history, all of which are controlled by the warring states.The so-called Hundred Schools is just like Sima Qian's "Historical Records", Lu, Wei, Qi, and Jin are called aristocratic families, but they are actually a large unorganized group, and they are also called families.It is definitely not a home for a couple and children.It is called Zhuzi, and it also borrows from the ancient aristocratic class to divide dukes, marquises, uncles, sons, and sons of men.Although this generation is a commoner, it is roughly equivalent to a feudal noble.Aristocrats own the land, and there are lands and crowds.This generation has academic thoughts, and also has a group of disciples who believe in this academic thought, and form a common spirit, followed by a common life, and it is roughly like a small prince at the same time, but there is no land.Therefore, people at that time called it the Hundred Schools of Philosophy.Also known as these Shiri Youshi, because non-indigenous people do not live here.But if you are enthusiastic about wealth and honor, like Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi, then Mencius despises them and calls them concubines.Therefore, the free lectures of the common people at that time were a substitute for the feudal aristocracy, and there was no sign of class struggle between the nobles and the common people.

From this point of view, it should be known that the spirit of the masters at that time was only for teaching academic ideas, and not for private life and personal support, which is already admirable.Inspired by the atmosphere, the whole society respects teachers and respects Taoism, and admires emulation and fears future generations. This can no longer be compared with the people who established a system and established some schools to promote education in the Western Zhou Dynasty.During this period, there was an ethos brewed by the lower classes of society, and there was no system at all.However, the influence of the social ethos of the lower class is far greater than that of the political system of the upper class. Therefore, any system that has a kind of authenticity in politics must be brewed out of social atmosphere.Otherwise, there is a name but no reality, there is this system, there is no such fashion, and the empty system can never be the enemy of the real fashion.Therefore, at that time, although there was no specific system to speak of, it could be said to be an unformed system. The above briefly describes the second period of China's education system, and the third period will be described here, which is the education system of the Qin and Han Dynasties.The Qin Dynasty did not enjoy the country for a long time, and it should be dominated by the Han Dynasty.