Chapter 15 Chinese Educational System and Educational Thought-3

three Education below the Western Zhou Dynasty was a kind of government education, and it was also a kind of aristocratic education.From Confucius onwards, although there was no education system, there was an educational spirit. At that time, it was the era of private education in society, and it could also be called a pure social education or civilian education.The unification of the Qin Dynasty seemed to want to bring the new trend and new movement of private education in society at that time into the government, and let the government handle it. This is the beginning of a slightly retro tendency, and there were doctoral officers at that time.Although doctoral officers are supported by the government, they do not bear actual political responsibilities. They are only consultants for consultation, and at the same time they can accept disciples, which still does not lose their identity as a scholar spreading academics.This system originated from Mr. Jixia of Qi in the Warring States Period.There are seventy Mr. Jixia in Qi State, and seventy officials of Dr. Qin.Because Confucius had seventy disciples, King Qi and Emperor Qin also set this number as the number of posts.At that time, the government was still respecting academics and scholars, rather than just consolidating its private regime as some people said, and began to establish this system.

In the early Han Dynasty, the doctoral officer did not abolish it, but when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came, another big change came.During the reign of Qin Shihuang, because some of the doctoral officials advocated the restoration of feudalism, he made some clarifications and strictly prohibited the past from being different from the present. Almost all doctors who ruled on ancient history were dismissed.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty turned against the old Qin Dynasty and abolished all the doctors who ruled the hundred schools of thought in the Warring States period. He only established a doctor of the Five Classics.In addition, Qin Shihuang banned the burning of books, saying that the past is not the present, and that the king is the queen, which was advocated by Xunqing.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty commended the Five Classics, Mr. Master Fa, which was advocated by Mencius.Mencius and Xun are both Confucianists, but they hold different views.Also, Mencius was good in nature, while Xunzi was evil in nature.Being good is a characteristic of traditional Chinese culture, and being evil is similar to that of the West.Therefore, compared with Meng and Xun, Meng Dang is superior.Later generations often called Confucius and Mencius together, but Xun Qing was abandoned.Therefore, the doctoral system in the Qin and Han Dynasties was a major change in Chinese history.

The Qin Dynasty won the world for only twenty years, and the Zhou Dynasty lasted for more than eight hundred years.It was not legal in the Qin Dynasty to only stand on a political standpoint, so it was necessary to study ancient scriptures. This was the opinion of ordinary people at that time.Secondly, Emperor Wu established Taixue, and the Doctor of Five Classics officially taught in Taixue. The students of Taixue were also called the disciples of doctorate. This restored the old tradition of government education in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but it was no longer aristocratic education. Special schools to implement.

The importance of the education system in the Western Han Dynasty is that the two tracks of cultivating talents and selecting talents go hand in hand.In other words, it is the cooperation between the education system and the electoral system.The local school, that is, the county national school, applies to send young people over the age of 18 to enter the Taixue, study for one year, pass the examination, and distribute them in the ranks of A and B.Class A has to serve as the emperor's bodyguard in the court, and Class B returns to his hometown as an official.Those who have achieved success as officials are re-elected to serve as palace guards, and then the guards are assigned to various positions in the central and local governments.

This system has formed a unique new aspect of the Han Dynasty government compared with all the old governments in previous history.All members of the government must be born in Taixue, or have the dual qualifications of Taixue serving as local government officials.These people are all educated and selected by the government.Each member is not only proficient in classics, also known as literature, but also good at official affairs.The vertical position is extremely inherited, and it is no exception. This qualification is necessary.Therefore, the government of the Han Dynasty from Emperor Wu down was highly respected by later generations.The government of future generations will not be able to create a new style outside the scale of the Han Dynasty.In short, only those who have received education can take up official positions, and the status of education is more prominent than politics.

Ph.D. in the Five Classics, both proficient and specialized.But even though he is proficient, he must teach with specialization.There can be several schools of thought in the only scripture, and it was decided after a joint review by Dr. Taixue and the court officials.Therefore, after Emperor Xuan, there were fourteen doctors in the Five Classics, that is, there were fourteen lectures in Taixue, and no additions were made. The difficulty lies in the examination, and an objective standard must be set.Therefore, every Tai student must declare that he is answering based on the statement of a certain lecture.The Han people call it the law of the family.The five classics are divided into fourteen schools, and the exegesis of each chapter and sentence must follow the law of a certain teacher's family. If you think that you can pass the exam, you will pass the exam.In fact, the so-called master's family law is all for the convenience of examinations. Academically, whether it is superior or not is still to be discussed, and there is no final decision.

But since then Taixue has become a way of profit and fortune, and more and more people come.At first, there were only fifty doctoral disciples, and gradually increased to one hundred, two hundred, and one thousand.Some people say that Confucius had three thousand disciples, so the number of Tai students increased to three thousand.This is the end of the Western Han Dynasty.From the next to the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the number of Tai students increased to 30,000.How can fourteen lecturers teach 30,000 students?So far, Taixue has gradually deteriorated and lost its intention to attach importance to education.

Moreover, the established family law is based on stickiness, and there is no invention, no innovation.Private intelligence is suffocated instead.As a result, official studies were not valued by others, and those who really wanted to study turned back to private studies in society.Private education is excluded from doctoral lectures.Or outside the school of doctors, there are those who teach their own teachings.Or in the doctor's family law, there is some integration.Since it is not the law of the Fourteen Schools, it is not tolerated by the Imperial Academy, so it only set up teaching among the people, which was called "opening the door to teach disciples" at that time.What Dr. Taixue said was popular at that time, and it was called Jinwen Confucianism.It was taught by the people, because it was not popular at that time, it was called ancient Chinese classics.There is no family law in the study of ancient Chinese classics, and it can be learned at the same time.This is also in the Eastern Han Dynasty, when private schools rose in place of official schools.

Among them, the most worthy one is Zheng Xuan, a native of Gaomi, Shandong.Those who have nothing to ask in the east enter the pass from the west, and because of the introduction of Lu Zhi in Zhuojun County, they join Ma Rong's family.There are more than 400 disciples of Ma Rong, and more than 50 people have been promoted to the church.Xuan was under the sect, and he was only taught by Gao Ye's disciples.For three years, I didn't get to see Rong.One day, all the students gathered together to discuss Tuwei, and heard that Xuan was good at calculation, and summoned him upstairs.Xuan Yin had to prepare for questions and doubts, and when he was done, he left.Rong sighed and said: "Zheng Sheng is gone, my way is east." Xuan Bushi was in the village, and thousands of disciples came from far away.On the way, I met tens of thousands of people with yellow scarves, and everyone who saw them worshiped.And agreed not to enter the county.Kong Rong and Yuan Shao also saluted Xuan Bei.

As far as history is concerned, there are countless centuries-old politics and countless centuries-old institutions.There is nothing to discuss in detail about the systems of Yong, Pan, and other officials under the Western Zhou Dynasty. The evolution of the doctoral system in the Qin and Han dynasties, as well as the similarities and differences between the modern and ancient prose in Confucian classics, have been described in detail in special books.But Zheng Xuan, as a scholar in the field, when the imperial court advocated hundreds of years of Confucian classics to reach the end of the world, Xuan Zhi's study does not specialize in one classic, let alone a professional teacher, and can cover all the confluence and form a large collection.Now, all the biographies of the fourteen masters and masters have been lost, but Zheng Xuan was the last to come out, so that the tradition of Confucian classics will not be glorified.His achievements are unprecedented in the past four hundred years of Han Jingsheng.It can be seen that education is mainly about teaching.The most important thing about teachers is the personality and knowledge of the teachers.Vibration and decline bring about disadvantages, inheriting the past and ushering in the future, and those who can exert their great functions are mostly in the teacher and not in the school, and they are often in the field and not in the government, and they are not governed when they are in chaos.For example, Zheng Xuanzhi was in the Han Dynasty, which can be an example.Therefore, in the history of Chinese education, he is especially valued by future generations.

Before Zheng Xuan, there was a Guo Tai who should also add it.Guo Tai was also a student at the time.At that time, tens of thousands of Tai students gathered in Kyoto, and the doctor leaned on the table and did not speak.At the same time, the government was dark, which aroused the Taixue's clear discussion, and became a politically difficult force at that time.And Guo Tai is the leader among Tai students.At the same time, there is Fu Rong, also a student of Tai Tai, and Li Ying, a teacher of the Shaofu.Ying was a famous official at that time, but when he saw Rong, he would reject his guests, listen to his words, and hold his hands and sigh for him.Guo Tai's family was poor, so he borrowed 5,000 yuan from his brother-in-law and went away to study as a teacher.They eat together with the sun and don't have enough clothes to cover their bodies.When I came to Taixue, people didn't know it at that time.When Rong Jie was in Ying, Shi Ying was Henan Yin, and he was treated as a teacher and friend.Houtai returned to his hometown, dressed in Confucianism, and sent it to the river with thousands of cars.Taiwei and Ying are in the same boat.All the guests looked at it as if they were gods.At that time, the Han government was already filthy, and the Taixue was also in name only.But among the ministers there are virtuous ones like Li Ying, and among the students of the imperial court there are Yingte Qiwei such as Fu Rong and Guo Tai.The history books written by his stories will be for future generations to enjoy.Although there is no salvation from the collapse of the Han Dynasty, the connotation of Chinese culture and the abundance of social energy show that there is still infinite life here, and it will never be hidden by the current government. Guo Tai could be regarded as an extremely noble social educator at that time. When the party banned the matter, he taught behind closed doors and had thousands of disciples.Those who have been selected, rewarded and lured by him may be young children, or work in the village, or work as a herdsman, or serve in the post office, or engage in slaughter, or be born in the army.And all of them became Yingyan in the end, and there were more than sixty people.There are still many stories, which can be found in historical books.Later generations of historians commented on Guo Tai, saying that although Mo Di and Meng Ke could not go far.At that time, Meng Zhao, who was still a child, said to Tai: "It is easy to meet a teacher of scriptures, but it is difficult to meet a teacher. I would like to be around and provide food and sweeping." Tai promised it.In the middle of the night, I ordered porridge to be cooked.Three enters and three ha, Zhao does not change.Tai is friendly and friendly, and he becomes a wonderful scholar.Such things cannot be described.Tai also wrote a book of his own, which was devoted to the selection of scholars, but unfortunately they were killed in chaos.Like Guo Tai, it can be said that he has set a standard for teachers in the history of Chinese education.Today, Ruo Mu Ma Rong is the teacher of scriptures, Guo Tai is the teacher of others, and Zheng Xuan is both, so Yi is respected by future generations. From this point of view, when it comes to education, we should pay more attention to the system and more to the characters.The system can be broken and repaired, but the characters cannot be broken.The system can change at any time, but the characters have their own immutable models.With a system without characters, the system is empty and false.With characters without systems, systems can be created at any time, and systems that do not form systems can also appear.The Warring States Period and the late Eastern Han Dynasty were both eras without systems but with characters.Although the characters are different, they have the same typical existence under the cultural tradition.People in recent times speak well of the Warring States period and ignore the Eastern Han Dynasty, which can be said to be biased and should be corrected. The above is a description of the education system of the four hundred years of the unification of the Qin and Han Dynasties, which belongs to the third period of the evolution of the education system in the history of Chinese education.The following is a continuation of the education system of the Three Kingdoms, the Two Jins, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties during the period of China's disintegration for six hundred years.