Chapter 13 Chinese Educational System and Educational Thought-1

Strictly speaking, it can be said that China has had no religion since ancient times.The introduction of Buddhism came later.Therefore, in the Chinese cultural system, the position and responsibility of education are particularly important. Any country or nation must have its own set of education, which will enable its people to be loyal to the state and live in harmony with each other without being separated from each other.The Chinese nation has continued for 5,000 years, and its daily expansion and prosperity also depend on this. Over the past hundred years, westernization has spread to the east.With the rise of new education, from elementary schools to universities, there are departments and departments. Its system and content can only follow the example of Europe and the United States.In terms of knowledge and skills, there is nothing impossible to choose from good teachers and many teachers.However, if education is the foundation of the country and the key to good people, it must be derived from its own historical traditions, and be good at creating its own according to its current needs.It must not be a toddler in Handan.Even if it is said that China is old and out of date, we should also know its origin, be good at adapting it, and consider improvements for comfort.Don't think it's inherent in yourself, and you don't know it.It can be said that it can be completely broken and completely renewed.All measures are impossible, especially education.

This article was given as a series of lectures for the Institute of Education of Chengchi University three years ago, and He Junfutian wrote down the speeches, which have not yet been sorted out.Here is He Jun's transcript, the abstract is written into an article, the system first, and then the thought. Although the simplification is too simple, it is also a reference for those who are concerned about current educational issues. one Chinese culture spans five thousand years.It is difficult to test the ancient times.This article describes the Chinese education system, starting from the Western Zhou Dynasty.Because the Western Zhou Dynasty already had "Poems" to test, it is by no means undoubted.However, it has been three thousand years.In the past three thousand years, the education system has also undergone changes.Immediately, the changes were divided into stages, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to Confucius as the first stage.This period has also accounted for four or five hundred years.There are gaps in the book, and it can only be sketchy and narrate a summary.

"Xiao Dai Li·Wang Zhi Pian" says: "The son of heaven is called Piyong, and the princes are called Pangong", which refers to the school at that time.Pi Yong, Pi borrowed Bi characters, saying that it is a circle.The word Yong is regarded as Qi.Yongnai has water in all directions and soil in it.Guang is in the shape of a tall house, referring to a school building surrounded by water.This building is in the middle of the water.This is the school under the central government under the jurisdiction of the emperor at that time, and it is still the so-called national university today.

"Poetry Daya King Wen Yousheng" has a saying: "Xiaojing Piyong, from the west to the east, from the south to the north, has no thoughts and dissatisfaction, the emperor is steaming." Performing rites and music, teaching and learning." This shows that the school was a political auxiliary institution at that time.The princes of the four directions came to the center, and there was a set of rituals and music performed here.However, we can also see the emphasis on schools at that time. "Sanfu Huangtu" has a saying: "Piyong, King Wen of Zhou, is forty miles northwest of Chang'an." It was until the Han Dynasty that the site of Piyong, King Wen, still existed.It is a national university in China, as far back as three thousand years ago.

For the Pan Palace, Pan is a semicircular water. "Poetry Lu Song Panshui", also known as Pangong, is the proof that the princes at that time had Pangong.This is the university of the feudal states in the feudal era, which is the local university today.National University, surrounded by water.The local university is only surrounded by water on three sides.In terms of shape, it shows the distinction between the central and local governments.Since then, there have been Confucius Temples in all provinces and counties across the country.There is Minglun Hall next to the temple, and there is Panshui in front of the hall, which inherits the legacy of the ancient Pan Palace.Scholars in the Qing Dynasty entered school, that is, they were called Rupan.Piyong and Pangong are still in use in China and have not been replaced for three thousand years.

In addition to Piyong and Pangong, ancient schools still have Xiangxu.Mencius said: "The teaching of cultivating the preface of Xiang. Those who cultivate the preface also cultivate it, and those who preface it also shoot." The ancient strong men must learn archery.Carrying an arrow and carrying a bow is a must-learn karma for a man's husband.Learning archery is also the reason for cultivating virtue.Shooting is an art, and it must be polite.Practicing archery is also a practice of etiquette.Confucius taught the six arts of rites, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics. "Xiao Dai Li · She Yi Pian": "Confucius shot in the garden of the prime minister, and the viewer was like a wall." This proves that Confucius is good at shooting. "Shi Mao Zhuan": "Shui Xuanqiu Rubi is called Piyong, who observes it with festivals." Gaibiyong is an ancient school, where the ancients learned archery, and Si also learned one end of etiquette.The water surrounds it, so those who watch the festival will not be able to enter it.Pan Palace is the palace of Shee in the hometown of princes.There is water in the south of the east and west gates, but not in the north.To show farewell to the Son of Heaven.In ancient schools, archery was the main focus.In other words, military affairs are more important than literary affairs, and it can be seen from this.

Those who grow up also raise them.In ancient times, the son of heaven had the ritual of providing for the elderly, and he also practiced it in Piyong and Pan palaces.To perform retirement rites, one must drink and play music. "Poetry Daya Lingtai": "Virtuous industry Weicong, ben drums and miscellaneous Yong, discussing drum bells, Yu Yue Piyong." , Marquis of Lu stopped drinking wine in Pan. Drinking the decree wine, it is difficult to grow old forever. Follow the way of the other, and make this group ugly." The interpreter said that the princes performed drinking rituals in the Pan Palace, delaying old age and accepting promises, because they used to plan things .The body of the elderly is also one of the political affairs.

The School of the Ancients is also called the School of the Blind, and the blind is the blind.Blind people learn music as their teacher, just like in the Spring and Autumn Period, there were Shi Kuang and Shi Xiang.Shi Xiang was also taught by Confucius. The poem "Lingtai" also said: "In the discussion of drums and bells, in the music of Piyong, when the drums meet, Meng Sou plays the public." Meng Sou is blind.There must be songs for playing music, and the songs are mainly the three hundred ones handed down today.The chants in the poem are all deeply related to politics, and also have profound educational significance embedded in them.

The ancients did not have other great etiquettes in politics, and they were mostly practiced in schools. "Lu Song·Pan Shui" also said: "The flying owl gathers in Panshui. I look forward to the Huai Yi, and I come to offer my chen." This is a gift for accepting contributions from foreign barbarians at the school.He also said: "Master Lu in the Ming Dynasty, Ke Ming's virtue. It is not only the Palace of Pan, but the Huaiyi is subdued. Correct the tiger ministers, and offer scorpions in Pan. Shu asked Rugao Tao, and offered prisoners in Pan." The gift of offering prisoners.Those who kill the enemy cut off one of their ears.prisoners of war.The ancients learned archery in school, and when they sent troops, they learned from it.And its return, it is explained and laid down in learning.The ceremony of triumph is also performed in the school.

However, ancient schools are closely related to political affairs. "Bai Hu Tong" so-called "practicing rites and music, promoting education", this is a huge political task.Down to Han Confucianism, you can still speak earnestly. Now let's talk about the word "school".Mencius once said: "Revise the teaching of Xiangxu School." Because the ancient school system was destroyed during the Warring States Period, Mencius wanted to build it.In terms of exegesis, scholars are effective.Mencius also said: "The school is teaching. Xia is the school, Yin is the preface, Zhou is the Xiang, and the learning is shared by three generations, all of which are based on human relations." It can be seen that the scale of the Western Zhou education system has a long history.Mencius said that the three generations share learning, and his statement is by no means a fabrication.It is also seen in "Zuo Zhuan" that "Zheng people traveled to the village school to discuss governance".At that time, Confucius had already been born, and there was still a school in the country of Zheng, where people from their hometown gathered to discuss state affairs.Because schools are public buildings, traditionally schools are also closely related to politics.So it is called school, because the word school has the meaning of examining and comparing schools.Learning how to shoot and sing while studying, there must be examinations to know from time to time.Later, this school word was mostly used in the military, and the school at that time, especially had a deep relationship with the military, and it can be known from this school word.