Chapter 15 Section 2 Tang Dynasty Official System

The official system of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) basically inherited the Sui system and developed to some extent. The central organization of the Tang Dynasty consisted of the Zhengshitang, Taiwan Province, Qingjian, the Northern and Southern Yamen Guards, and the Eastern Palace Officials. The Political Affairs Hall was established in Menxia Province in the early Tang Dynasty, and it was the place where the prime minister discussed affairs.The prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty were different from those of the Qin and Han Dynasties. The main difference was that the prime ministers governed the court collectively, rather than holding the power of the prime minister alone.In the early Tang Dynasty, the prime ministers consisted of two types of people. One was the governors of the three provinces, namely the servants under the door, Zhongshu Ling, and the left and right servants of the Shangshu, called Sifu; , "Tongzhongshumenxia Sanpin", "Tongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshi" and other titles.They are all "part-time prime ministers" and each has affairs of the department.Therefore, the prime minister usually discusses matters in the political affairs hall in the morning and returns to the office in the afternoon.The appointment and dismissal of officials of the military and state affairs and officials above the fifth rank are all agreed upon at the meeting of the political affairs hall, and then the emperor is approved.During Gaozong's time, Zhengshitang moved to Zhongshu Province.The chief minister of Shangshu Province is not a prime minister without a title.In the 11th year of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan (723 A.D.), the Zhengshitang was changed to "Zhongshumenxia", and there were five offices under it, including officials, cardinals, soldiers, households, and criminal rites.The title of the prime minister in the late Tang Dynasty was basically "Tongping Zhangshi".

Taiwan Province refers to Shangshu Province, Menxia Province, Zhongshu Province and Yushitai.The three provinces remain formal institutions.Shangshu Province is the highest government agency, responsible for implementing various edicts drafted by Zhongshu Province, reviewed by Menxia Province, and finally approved by the emperor.The chief is the Minister of Shangshuling. Because Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty held this position before he came to the throne, his ministers dared not take this position after that, so he appointed the left and right servants as the chief minister of Shangshu Province.Shangshu Province has a head office, called Shangshudu Province.In the capital province, there are Shangshu Zuocheng and Shangshu Youcheng, who are in charge of the left and right divisions. The left division is in charge of officials, households, and rituals, and the right division is in charge of soldiers, criminals, and workers.Metropolitan provinces usually do not directly participate in the affairs of the six ministries, but only implement administrative supervision.The left and right servants are high-ranking and not in charge, and they are not allowed to intervene in the affairs of the capital and provinces at will. The affairs of the capital and provinces are actually in charge of the left and right ministers, so the left and right ministers have a lot of power in the Tang Dynasty.Under it are left and right division Langzhong, left and right division member Wai Lang, and Du Shi.Officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers are the ministers and ministers.Shangshu had a very high position in the early Tang Dynasty, and after the middle Tang Dynasty, he became the transfer rank of senior officials, and the minister really held the real power of a department.Under the Ministry of Officials, there are four divisions, the Ministry of Officials, the Division of Seals, the Division of Honors, and the Division of Examinations, which are in charge of the selection, titles, awards and examinations of officials.Under the household department, there are four divisions: the household department, the degree branch, the gold department, and the warehouse department.The Ministry of Rites consists of the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Temples, the Ministry of Food, and the Department of Hosts and Guests. They are in charge of etiquette, ancestral sacrifices, banquets, court engagements, etc.Under the Ministry of War, there are four divisions: the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Staff, the Ministry of Driving, and the Ministry of Treasury, which are in charge of military officer selection, maps, passing posts, and military weapons.Under the Ministry of Punishment, there are four divisions: the Ministry of Punishment, the Duguan, Bibu, and Simen, who are in charge of the criminal law, criminal law, imprisonment, refusal, and confinement.Under the Ministry of Industry, there are four divisions under the Ministry of Industry, Tuntian, Yubu, and Water Department, which are in charge of engineering, Tuntian, Shanze, and water conservancy.Each of the twenty-four divisions has a doctor, a member of the outsider, a principal, and a secretary.Zhongshu Province was relocated from the Ministry of Internal History in the Sui Dynasty. It was renamed Xitai, Fengge, and Ziwei Province successively, and then renamed Zhongshu Province.The main duties are to draft edicts and issue edicts.The chief is Zhongshuling.The deputy chief is Zhongshu Shilang.The person in charge of drafting the imperial edict was Zhongshu Sheren.The Menxia Province is an institution that reviews the edicts drafted by the Zhongshu Province and the memorials prepared by the Shangshu Province, and has the right to reject them.To seal is to seal and return the imperial edict so that it cannot go down, and to refute is to refute the mistakes in the copying of official documents by Zheng Baisi.The chief is the servant, and the deputy chief is the servant.The specific execution of the ministry of refutation is given to Shizhong. "New Book of Tang Baiguan Zhi 2" states that "those who are inconvenient in the imperial edict will be returned by painting and returning, which is called 'Tugui'".Tugui is the embodiment of the right to refute.The relationship between Zhongshu and Menxia provinces is the closest.There are also divided into left and right Sanqi Changshi, left and right admonishment officials, left and right Buque, and left and right pick up relics, all of which are admonition officials.In addition, there are living sheren in Zhongshu province, and living men in Menxia province, who are officials who are responsible for recording the words and deeds of the emperor.

In Chinese history, the system of remonstrance officials began in the early Spring and Autumn Period, when Duke Huan of Qi set up a great remonstrance.In the Qin Dynasty, Lang Zhongling had admonishing doctors under his command.Since then, from the Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, there have been settings for Advising Doctors or Advising Doctors.The duty of an admonisher is to discuss political affairs, which plays a certain role in reducing court policy mistakes and restraining the emperor's selfish desires.The Tang Dynasty not only further improved the organization of admonishers, but also had its own characteristics in actual operation. Especially during the reign of Emperor Taizong, the functions of admonishers were fully utilized.The famous admonisher is Wei Zheng.For example, in the ninth year of Wude (AD 626), Emperor Taizong decided to simply count people over the age of 18 as soldiers, and the order has been issued.At that time, Wei Zheng was an admonishing doctor, and the emperor's edict had to be signed by him to take effect.According to the regulations of "Twenty years of the Republic of China as soldiers" in the early Tang Dynasty, he sealed and returned the imperial edict, but refused to sign it.Taizong was furious.Wei Zhengyu persuaded earnestly: Fishing in exhaustion means that it is not impossible to catch scale fish, but next year there will be no fish; burning forests for hunting means that it is not impossible to catch wild animals, but next year there will be no wild animals.If all able-bodied men over the age of 18 are simply ordered to join the army, who will ask for the country's rent, tax, and handymen in the future?Taizong repented and withdrew his imperial order.Of course, the emperor may not accept the advice of the admonisher, because the emperor's power is supreme after all.

Yushitai is the highest supervisory institution.During Wu Zetian's time, it was changed to the left and right suzhengtai, which divided the court officials and counties.Later, it was changed to left and right Yushitai.Ruizong reverted to the old days.The head of the Yushitai is the Yushi doctor, and the deputy is the Yushi Zhongcheng.Doctors are not permanent, and Zhongcheng is often the actual head of the station.During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Yushitai system began to be perfected. It was divided into three courtyards, namely Taiyuan, Dian, and Chayuan.The responsibilities of serving the censor are to impeach officials, especially those with higher positions, for illegal acts, to handle cases entrusted by the emperor himself, and to carry out daily chores within the censor platform.The duty of the censor in the palace is to picket the rituals in various ceremonial activities of the court.The supervisory censor is responsible for patrolling counties and counties, with the duties of picketing the illegal acts of local officials and accepting important local criminal cases.The censors of the three courts jointly supervised, each with its own emphasis, reflecting that the supervision system of the Tang Dynasty was more complete than that of the previous dynasties.

Qingjian refers to the Nine Temples, the Five Supervisors, the Secretary Province, the Dianzhong Province, and the Internal Servant Province.The name of the nine temples is the same as that of the Sui Dynasty.The five supervisors refer to Guozijian, Shaofujian, Jiangzuojian, Dushuijian, and Military Weapons Supervisor.The chief of the Nine Temples is called Qing, and the second official is called Shaoqing.Two of the five prisons are called prison chiefs.Secretary of the province and other provincial governors are also called prison.Therefore, these institutions are collectively referred to as Qingjian.Qing Jian is responsible for undertaking specific affairs, which can be divided into five categories according to their functions.

The first category is institutions related to the royal family and court affairs.Zongzheng Temple is in charge of the royal genealogy [die butterfly].Under the chief official are the Cheng, the master book, and the recorder.Linglingtai and Chongxuan two departments.Department set up Ling, Cheng (the same below).The Mausoleum Office is in charge of the ancestral temple mausoleum.The Chongxuan Department is in charge of Taoist temples and Taoist priests in the capital.The Tang Dynasty believed in Taoism, and the emperor considered himself a descendant of Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism, so Taoists also belonged to Zongzheng Temple.Dianzhong Province, in charge of the emperor's public opinion and service.Under the supervising supervisor and the young supervisor, there are Cheng, Shiyu, Shangyi, and the principal.Lead the six bureaus of Shangshi, Shangyao, Shangyi, Shangshe, Shangcheng, and Shangchari.Each bureau is set up with Fengyu and Zhichang.All six rounds are in the palace.Ministry of Internal Affairs, in charge of harem affairs.Under the superintendent supervisor and the young supervisor, there are internal attendants, internal regular attendants, internal servants, internal inspector supervisors, internal inspectors, internal eunuchs, and eunuchs.Lead the five bureaus of Yeting, Gongwei, Xiguan, Neifu and Neifu.Each bureau has an order and a minister.The provincial officials are all filled by eunuchs.

The second category is institutions related to etiquette education.Taichang Temple is in charge of rituals, music and sacrifices.The subordinate officials include Cheng, Master Book, Doctor, Feng Li Lang, Xie Lu Lang, and Recorder.Lingjiaoshe, Taile, Imperial Physician, Taibu, Taimiao, Advocacy, Zhuling, and Gianxi Eight Departments.Guanglu Temple is in charge of court banquets and sacrificial offerings.It belongs to the official temple of Tongzong.Lingtaiguan (meal), Liangying (wine), Zhenjiao (dishes), and Zhangjiao (haihai, sauce made from fish) are four departments.Honghe Temple, in charge of diplomatic relations ceremonies and funeral rites.It belongs to the official temple of Tongzong.The second office of the guest and master of ceremonies.Secretary of the province, in charge of books and scriptures.Under the Chief Official Supervisor and the Young Supervisor, there are Cheng, Lang, Xiaoshulang, Zhengzi, Principal, Lingshi, Dianshu, etc.He led the works and the Second Bureau of Taishi.There are Zuo Lang and Zuo Lang in the Bureau of Writings, who are responsible for writing epitaphs, congratulatory texts, and sacrificial texts.The Taishi Bureau has successively been named Taishi Supervisor, Taishi Bureau, Secretary Pavilion Bureau, Huntian Supervisor, Armillary Sphere Supervisor, and Sitiantai.The chief is Taishi, in charge of astronomy and calendar.Since Suzong was changed to Sitiantai, the chief officer was called Sitianjian, and he was not affiliated with the secretary province.Guozijian, in charge of school education.There are still sacrificial wine and divisions.Government-run schools such as Lingguozi School, Tai Xue, Simen School, Law School, Calligraphy School, and Mathematical Sciences.Each discipline has a Ph.D. and teaching assistants who specialize in teaching students.In addition, there are Hongwen Museum in Menxia Province, Jixian Academy and History Museum in Zhongshu Province, and Chongwen Museum and Sijing Bureau in Donggong.The Hongwen Museum is in charge of correcting books and teaching students; Jixian Academy is in charge of book collation, school periodicals, and collection; The latter focuses on serving articles and is the prince's library.

The third category is institutions related to production, trade, and storage.Sinong Temple is in charge of the national grain reserves.It belongs to Guantong Guanglu Temple.Lingshanglin (garden and garden), Taicang (national granary), Goudun (raising livestock), Daoguan (grain processing) four departments, and Zhucang, Sizhu and Zhutang (hot springs) established by the imperial court , Gongyuan, Zhutun, Yanchi and other prisons.Taifu Temple is in charge of finance and market prices.It belongs to the official Tong Si Nong Temple.Lead the two capitals, Pingzhun, Zuozang, Youzang, and Changping five departments.The two capital administrations are responsible for the market management of Chang'an and Luoyang.Left Tibet and Right Tibet are the state treasury.The Bureau of Standardization and Appraisal is responsible for government transactions.The Changping Department is responsible for the prices in the fair market.He will be in charge of civil engineering and pottery making.The chief officer has a master craftsman and a young craftsman.It belongs to the official Tong Si Nong Temple.Lead the Left School, Right School, Lieutenant Colonel, Zhenguan Fourth Department and Baigong Supervisor.The three school offices are in charge of supplying various utensils.The Zhenguan Office provides building materials.Baigong supervises the felling of large trees.The Shaofu supervisor is in charge of the royal handicraft production.The subordinate officials are the same as the general supervisors.Lead Zhongshang, Zuo Shang, Youshang, Weaving and Dyeing, Zhangye Five Departments and Zhuye, Zhuqian, Mutual Market and other supervisors.The Zhongshang Department is in charge of offering guibi and empress utensils and ornaments; the left Shang Department is in charge of chariot and riding equipment; the right Shang Department is in charge of saddles and bridles for horses; the Weaving and Dyeing Department is in charge of weaving and dyeing; and the Smelting Department is in charge of smelting and casting copper and iron utensils.The mutual market supervises foreign trade.The Metropolitan Water Supervision is in charge of water conservancy construction.The chief officer set up the capital water envoy.The subordinate officials have Cheng and master book.The second department of leading river canals and boats.

The fourth category is institutions related to judicial prisons.Dali Temple is in charge of the analysis of prisons and detailed punishments.In addition to the chief official, there are Zheng, Cheng, Zhushu, Shishi, Prison Cheng, Sizhi, and Jushi.In the Tang Dynasty, Dali Temple, Yushitai, and the Ministry of Criminal Justice formed three divisions to hear major cases.The chief officials of the three divisions jointly interrogated and called the Dasansi, and the Dali Sizhi or judges, censors, and officials of the Ministry of Punishment jointly interrogated and called the Xiaosansi. The fifth category is institutions related to military supplies.Weiwei Temple is in charge of weapons and guards of honor.Lead the three departments of arsenal, weapons and palace guard.The Armory Department is in charge of storing military equipment; the Weapons Department is in charge of the entry and exit of weapons; the Palace Guard Department is in charge of setting up tents.The Taipu Temple is in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses and the country's horse affairs.Lead Chenghuang, Dian stables, Dian Mu, and Chefu four departments.The Yellow Office is in charge of the emperor's carriage.The Chariot Office is responsible for the chariots and horses of officials below the prince.Armament is in charge of armament manufacturing.Lingnufang and Jiafang two departments.The two temples and one prison belong to the same officials as the Sinong Temple.

The army responsible for the central security task in the Tang Dynasty was the Northern and Southern Yamen Guards.The sixteen guards of Nanya were established along the Sixteen Guards of the Sui Dynasty.There are left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right guards, and left and right guards.The first twelve guards each have a general and a general.Its genus includes Changshi, Joining the Army, Sijie, Zhonghou, Sige, and Jiji.The four kinds of officials below the division rank are collectively called the four-color officials.The twelve guards lead the soldiers.The government soldiers are divided into inner government and outer government.There are Qinwei, Xunwei, and Yiwei in the inner palace, and each of the three guards has a Zhonglang general and a Lang general.Outer mansions are distributed all over the country, called Zhechong mansions.Each prefecture has one Captain Zhechong, one Captain Guoyi, one Changshi, and one Bingcao.Under the military mansion, 300 people are the regiment, with a captain; 50 people are the team, and the team is set; 10 people are the fire, and the fire chief.The latter four guards also set up generals and generals, but instead of commanding the soldiers, Zhonglang will command Zhichang and Qianniu to serve.The left and right guards are in charge of the guards.The left and right Qianniuwei are in charge of the palace guards and the royal guard of honor.The Beiya army was gradually formed after the Anshi Rebellion.There are Left and Right Habayashi Army, Left and Right Longwu Army, and Left and Right Shenwu Army, collectively known as the Sixth Army of Beiya.Each army has a commanding army, a general, and a general.Its genus has a long history, recording affairs, joining the army and Zhonglang generals.There are Left and Right Shence Army and Left and Right Shenwei Army.Each has a general and a general.It belongs to the Sixth Army of the same Beiya.Among the Beiya Forbidden Army, the Left and Right Shence Army is the most powerful.After the formation of the Imperial Army of the Northern Yamen, the guards of the Southern Yamen gradually became idle divisions.

The officials of the Eastern Palace are similar to those of the Sui Dynasty.In addition to the three wives and three young men of the prince, there are also the guests of the prince, whose duties are to serve as attendants, admonish and praise the etiquette; attendants, who are responsible for teaching the prince and explaining classics.Zhan Shifu was also set up, and Zhan Shi and Shao Zhan Shi were set up.It belongs to Cheng, Sizhi, Zhubu and Lushi.Lead the family order, rate more, servant three temples and ten rate mansions.Same as the Sui Dynasty.It also changed Sui Menxia and Dianshu Erfang to Zuochunfang.Zuo Chunfang set up Zuo Shuzi, Zhongyun, Si Yilang, Zuo Yude, Zuo Zanshan and other officials.Youchunfang has You Shuzi, Zhongsheren, Sheren, Tongshi Sheren, You Yude, and Dr. You Zanshan.Chunfang official is the prince's attendant.Zuo Chunfang focuses on admonitions and refute Zheng Qizuo; Youchunfang focuses on offering Naqizuo and propagating orders.Zuochunfang also has institutions such as Chongwenguan, Sijing Bureau, Dianshan Bureau, Yaozang Bureau, Neizhi Bureau and Gongmen Bureau.There are bachelors, direct bachelors and school clerks in Chongwen Museum.The Bureau of Economics and Economics has princes washing horses, literature, school books, and orthography.Other bureaus have Lang, Cheng and other members. An important feature of the official system in the Tang Dynasty was that it was dispatched by envoys in addition to the general administrative system.The so-called missionary dispatch refers to temporarily dispatching an official to do something, and let it go when the task is completed.In fact, Tongping Zhangshi, who served as prime minister as an official, also has this nature.The scope of dispatching missions is very wide, ranging from the military, finance, supervision, and judiciary to small ones such as manufacturing and fruit tree cultivation.Du You once said: "Setting up officials is based on classics, and setting up envoys is based on weft" ("Tong Dian Preface to Officials").There were more than 190 kinds of envoys before and after the Tang Dynasty.Some of them have gradually become fixed clerks and an important part of the bureaucracy during the operation after the mid-Tang Dynasty.The important envoys of the central government include Hanlin bachelor and eunuch Sigui. Hanlin originally refers to the meaning of Wenhan Rulin.The Imperial Academy was established in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (713-741 A.D.).Among the elected officials, there are people who are knowledgeable in poetry and art, regardless of rank, and there is no official office. They just stay in the palace academy in shifts, prepare for the emperor's consultation, and draft imperial edicts on behalf of them.Originally, it was the job of Zhongshu Sheren to write and draft edicts. After the establishment of Hanlin Bachelor, Zhongshu Sheren's duties were divided.The imperial edicts of the emperor are also divided into internal system and external system.The internal system includes major events such as the establishment of the reserve after the establishment, the appointment and dismissal of generals, and orders for conquests, etc., which are drafted by academicians; the external system is general edicts, which are drafted by Zhongshu Sheren.Because Hanlin scholars often serve the emperor and participate in planning, they are extremely honorable, and they can often be prime ministers in the future.During the three dynasties of Dezong, Shunzong, and Xianzong, there were 43 Hanlin scholars, and 16 of them were prime ministers.During the time of Emperor Xianzong, one person was appointed as the head of the Imperial Academy, and he was called "Neixiang" at that time. Eunuch Sigui refers to the left and right lieutenants and the second privy envoy.The lieutenant originally referred to the supervising army of the left and right Shence army. It was renamed during the reign of Emperor Dezong, and he was the actual commander of the Beiya army.Privy envoys were first set up in Daizong's time.At the beginning, there were no government offices, only three rooms, where documents were stored.The duty is to receive chapters and submit them to the emperor; the emperor has orders, and the privy envoys will convey them to Zhongshu for implementation.During the time of Emperor Xizong and Emperor Zhaozong, the privy envoys not only proclaimed the edict and commanded the forbidden army, but also participated in the state affairs together with the prime minister.The eunuchs and four nobles divided the general affairs.After Mu Zong, almost all the eunuchs and four nobles participated in the emperor's abolition, establishment, life and death.The monopoly of eunuchs in the late Tang Dynasty mainly meant that the four nobles controlled the government, and the privy envoys were also called "Private Ministers". Before the Anshi Rebellion, the local government was divided into two levels: state (prefecture) and county.The prefectures set up assassins, and the assistants included Biejia, Changshi, and Sima, and they also recorded affairs and participated in the military, and were in charge of sending, receiving, and reviewing various documents.There are six Cao Caos under it: Si Gong, Si Cang, Si Hu, Si Bing, Judiciary, and Si Shi (some prefectures do not have all of them), and each Cao has military participation, in charge of official assessment, tax collection, warehouse storage, household registration management, and military armor. Weapon wars, criminal and prison interrogations, construction projects and other affairs.The location of the capital or accompanying capital is called a mansion, such as Jingzhao Mansion, Henan Mansion, and Taiyuan Mansion.Fu Yin is the same as the governor, and there are also assistant officials and recorders who participate in the military, and Zhu Cao participates in the military.In the future, when the number of mansions increases, there will be no more animal husbandry.The county has a magistrate whose duties are to guide morality, listen to prison lawsuits, advise farming and mulberry classes, collect taxes, and manage household registration.Under the county magistrate, there are Cheng, Zhubu, Wei, etc. to assist the county magistrate in his work.There are also Si Gongzuo, Sicangzuo, Sihuzuo, Sibingzuo, Judicial Zuo, and Sishizuo (all in Beijing County, and only Sihuzuo and Judicial Zuo in general counties), in charge of various specific affairs. In the Tang Dynasty, in order to manage the surrounding areas, there were also the settings of the Dudu Mansion and the Du Hu Mansion.The Governor's Mansion was initially called the General Manager's Mansion, and it was renamed in the seventh year of Takede (624 A.D.).The establishment of officials in the Dudu Mansion is similar to that of the state (government), but the chief is called the Dudu.There are large, middle and lower capitals.The governor of the Metropolitan Governor's Mansion is led by the prince, and Chang Shi presides over the affairs.Usually the governor-general is in charge of the military defense of the states, and concurrently serves as the governor of the state, which was abolished after the Anshi Rebellion.The Duhufu is different from the Dudufu. The main task of the Dudufu is to supervise the military of the states under its jurisdiction. The Duhufu has the responsibility to manage the prefectures.Jimi means win over, and the so-called Jimi prefecture refers to an administrative unit set up in minority areas imitating the inland prefectures.Duhufu is divided into Daduhufu and Shangduhufu.There are officials in the Dadu Protectorate, including the Dadu, the Deputy Dadu, and the Deputy Duhu.There are officials in the Shangdu Protectorate, including the Protectorate and the Deputy Protector.In the Tang Dynasty, eight prefectures were successively set up, including Anxi, Beiting, Mengchi, Kunling, Shanyu, Anbei, Andong, and Annan. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was also established in the local area. In the early stage, it was a surveillance area, and the central government sent various envoys to patrol the province from time to time.In the time of Taizong, it was divided into ten ways, and in the time of Xuanzong, it was increased to fifteen ways.After the Anshi Rebellion, Tao gradually surpassed the state (prefecture), also known as Fangzhen.In the late Tang Dynasty, it was 40 Dao.Taoist Jiedushi or observation envoy (called interview envoy at first).Jiedu and observation are both missionary assignments.After the mid-Tang Dynasty, Jiedushi expanded his power, "having both the land, the people, the armored soldiers, and taxes", and actually became the military and political head of one party.Not only was the central government unable to restrain it, but it often favored it with the title of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhang Shi", so it was called "Minister" at that time.Their official offices are called envoys and shogunate, and their staff members are shogunate and can be appointed by themselves.Jiedu envoys have civil and military positions.Among the civilian positions, there are deputy envoys, marching commanders, judges, support envoys, and secretaries.Among the military positions, there are Duzhi soldiers and horse envoys, Duab Yamen, Du Yuhou, and Du coach envoys.The office of the observation envoy is full of civilian posts, including deputy envoys, support envoys, judges, secretaries, Tui officials, inspectors, Ya Tui, army attendants, important registers, Kongmu officials, and Jinzuo officials.The prefecture under Fangzhen is called Zhizhou, and there is a governor of Zhizhou, who also leads the regiment training envoy and defense envoy. In addition to Jiedu envoys and observation envoys, there are also financial envoys.Such as Duzhi, transshipment, renting, casting money, etc., the names are different, or they are divided or combined.The most important thing was the salt and iron transfer envoy, who was stationed in Yangzhou and set up inspection courts in various places, which had an important impact on the finances of the late Tang Dynasty. Officials in the Tang Dynasty included officials from Taiwan Province, Qingjian, the guards of the northern and southern yamen, officials of the Eastern Palace, and officials at all levels of prefectures and counties.It is divided into nine ranks, each rank is divided into subordinates, and subordinates below the fourth rank are divided into upper and lower ranks, a total of thirty levels.Rank nine and above are collectively referred to as Liunei officials. Sanguan, also known as rank officials, can be divided into civil and military, each with nine grades and twenty-nine ranks.Office officials are not exactly the same as scattered officials.Sanguan means the actual rank of officials. Some scattered officials have no posts. High-ranking scattered officials can hold low-level posts, called "Xingmou officials", and low-level scattered officials can also hold high-level posts, called "Shoumou officials".Discrete officials are promoted according to their seniority; service officials are selected according to their ability.Official salaries are related to the rank of scattered officials, so the Tang Dynasty put more emphasis on rank officials.From the first rank to the third rank, Wen Sanguan opened the government office and the third division, and the second rank was specially advanced. From the second rank to the fifth rank, they were all called a certain doctor, and from the sixth rank to the ninth rank, they were all called a certain man.It should be noted that the imperial historian, the admonishment doctor, the living man, the secretary man, and the author man are office officials, not essay officials.From the first rank to the third rank, Wu Sanguan is called a certain general, from the third rank to the fifth rank, a certain general, from the sixth rank to the ninth rank, the upper rank is called a certain captain, and the lower rank is called a certain deputy lieutenant .It should be noted that the generals, generals, and school lieutenants of the guards in the northern and southern yamen are service officials, not military officials. Honorary officers in the Tang Dynasty not only rewarded military merits, but also expanded to civilian positions.There are twelve revolutions in the rank of honor, and the one with the highest number of revolutions is the most expensive.Twelve turns into Shangzhu Kingdom, regarded as the second grade.The following are Zhu Guo, Shang Hu Jun, Hu Jun, Shang Qingche Captain, Qingche Captain, Shangqi Captain, Riding Captain, Xiaoqi Captain, Feiqi Captain, and Yunqi Captain.Once turned into a military cavalry captain, he is regarded as the seventh rank.The honorary officer has no actual position, but an honorary title. In the Tang Dynasty, there were nine ranks of feudal titles, which were king (Zheng first rank), heir king, county king, state duke (from first rank), Kaiguo county duke, Kaiguo county duke (from second rank), Kaiguo county marquis (from third rank), and founding state County uncle (upper fourth rank), son of Jianguo county (upper fifth rank), male of Jianguo county (upper fifth rank).The title is mainly awarded to the clan, and meritorious officials can also receive titles below the duke. The salaries of princes and officials in the Tang Dynasty were divided into three types: land, objects and currency.The land is divided into Yongye Field and Job Field.Yongyetian is awarded according to honor and rank.The positions are awarded according to the rank of the officers.The food and money provided by salaries are based on the rank of scattered officials.In the Tang system, there were food towns for the title of nobility, and the townships from the prince down to the baron were all fiefs, and only those who added a number of "food real seals" were real seals, and enjoyed the rent and tax of the corresponding seals.