Chapter 16 Section 3 Official System of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979 AD) consisted of five small courts and ten separatist regimes linking the Tang and Song dynasties.The Five Dynasties refer to the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou.Except for Luoyang, which was established as the capital in the later Tang Dynasty, Kaifeng was the capital of the rest.The Ten Kingdoms refer to Wu, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Fujian, Southern Han, Chu, Nanping, Former Shu, Later Shu, and Northern Han.Except for the Northern Han Dynasty in the north, the other nine kingdoms are in the south. The establishment of officials in the Five Dynasties generally followed the Tang system.The three masters and the three men are added officials.The administrator regards Tong Zhongshu as the prime minister.In the Tang Dynasty, especially after Gaozong, anyone who was a prime minister must add "Sanpin under Tongzhongshumen" and "Pingzhangshi under Tongzhongshumen", which are titles, not official titles. As a genuine product, the prime minister system headed by Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi was formally established.The settings of the three provinces and six ministries, Yushitai, and Zhuqingjian have not changed much, but they are not as complete as in the Tang Dynasty.The power of eunuchs in the late Tang Dynasty was very strong, and the power of eunuchs in the Five Dynasties was weakened.The Hou Liang did not need eunuchs to be in charge of the Privy Council, but changed the Privy Council to the Chongzheng Council, and set up envoys, scholars, and advisors to the emperor.In the later Tang Dynasty, the Privy Council was restored, and envoys and deputy envoys were set up.In the time of Zhuangzong in the later Tang Dynasty, military officials were used as privy envoys. From then on, literary affairs were appointed as Zhongshu, and military affairs were appointed as privy officials.The privy envoy divides the powers of the prime minister and is known as the "private minister".It is quite common for the Five Dynasties to use "envoys" as famous officials. According to the "Five Dynasties Meeting Yao", there are more than 30 kinds.The important thing is the three envoys.There were many envoys to manage finances in the Tang Dynasty. During Shunzong and Xianzong's reign, the three envoys of household department, Duzhi, and salt and iron transfer were once combined into one department, called "three divisions".Anyone who serves as the envoy of the three divisions and serves as the prime minister at the same time is called "the prime minister".Later Liang set up Jianchang Yuan to take charge of finances, and set up Jianchang Yuan, or Jianchang Palace Envoy.Later, it was changed to a mediocre envoy.In the later Tang Dynasty, the third division envoy was restored, and the financial power still belonged to the third division.The envoys of the three divisions act as planners, paying equal attention to Zhongshu and Privy Councilors.The most important place is Jiedushi.Jiedu envoys have their own soldiers, called "ya soldiers".Ya Bing is led by Du Ya Ya (or Ya) and Ya Ya.In the change of dynasties, Jiedushi played an important role.Localities are still divided into state and county levels.The state has a governor, and the county has a county magistrate.Important cities set up government offices.The military important place set up the Metropolitan Governor's Mansion.In addition, there are some places where the army has been set up and has become a first-level administrative organization.

The army of the Five Dynasties was sent to Fangzhen, and the capital only used the forbidden army.After the founding of the Liang Dynasty, Zhu Wen reorganized his tooth soldiers into the guard horse infantry, which was designated as the Sixth Army.The names of the Sixth Army have changed a lot.Those who ruled the Sixth Army called the commanders of the guards and the army.There is also Tingzidu (du, a military unit), which is a branch of the pro-army, responsible for the guards in front of the tent, and is led by the general and the head of the capital.Later Tang Dynasty also set up the bodyguard army, which was a kind of central forbidden army. The bodyguard bodyguard army was commanded by the Ma Budu commander, and the bodyguard horse army commander and the bodyguard infantry commander were divided under it to lead the horse army and the infantry army. .Later Jin abolished the system of six armies and guards, and the forbidden army was completely incorporated into the bodyguard and pro-army system, commanded by the commander of the guard Ma Bujun and the commander of the guard Ma Bujun Du Yuhou.In the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Forbidden Army was divided into two systems: Dianqian Division and Guard Division.In front of the hall, there are all the classes in front of the hall.The squads in front of the palace are composed of elites selected from the existing forbidden army, and at the same time, domestic warriors are recruited to enrich them.Set up the commander in front of the hall, the commander of the deputy capital, and the marquis of Duyu.The Department of Guards consists of Ma Jun, the Guards and the Infantry Guards, and the Commander of the Capital, the Commander of the Deputy Capital, and the Marquis of Yu.The commander-in-chief of the forbidden army and the supreme commander of the armies who went out to the expedition are inspected in front of the hall.Zhao Kuangyin instigated a mutiny in this position, added a yellow robe, replaced Hou Zhou, and established the Song Dynasty.

The official system of the Ten Kingdoms also followed the example of the Tang Dynasty.Countries generally have provinces, Taiwan, temples, prisons and other institutions, and the official names include Pingzhangshi, Shangshu, Shilang, Privy Envoy, Hanlin Bachelor, Yushi, Langguan, etc.Some also have a prime minister, and some are not called prime ministers, but are called Shenzhizhengshi and Shenxiangfushi.Local prefectures and counties still have governors and county magistrates, and there are also Jiedu envoys and so on. In short, most of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms started from Fangzhen.At that time, there was a sentence that could sum up this situation: "Son of Heaven, those who are strong in soldiers and horses should do it" ("Old History of the Five Dynasties · An Chongrong Biography").The new emperor and his bureaucratic backbone are often the most powerful Jiedushi and their staff in the past.