Chapter 14 Chapter Four: The Official System of Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The Sui Dynasty (581-618 A.D.) was a short dynasty, but its official system occupied an important position in the history of ancient Chinese official system.It integrates the achievements of the official system reform since the Han and Wei Dynasties, makes it standardized and tidy, and lays the foundation for the development of the official system in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The central organization of the Sui Dynasty was mainly composed of three divisions, three publics, five provinces, three platforms, nine temples, and five supervisors. The three masters, referring to Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao, have neither duties nor staff, and are only used to show respect for ministers.

Sangong refers to Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong. Although they can participate in state affairs, their positions are often lacking. Five provinces, Sui Wendi refers to Shangshu Province, Menxia Province, Internal History Province, Secretary Province, and Internal Servant Province. During Sui Yang Emperor's reign, the Internal Servant Province was changed to Changqiu Supervisor, and the Palace Internal Province was set up, which is still the five provinces.Shangshu Province is the highest administrative body.In name, the chief is the order of ministers, but it is not given lightly. In fact, the left and right servants are divided into administrative affairs.Under the Ministry of Officials, in charge of the selection and examination of civil servants; the Ministry of Rites, in charge of schools and rites and music; the Ministry of War, in charge of military registration and horse administration; ), in charge of national finance and taxation; the Ministry of Industry, in charge of engineering construction.The chief of the six departments is called Shangshu.There are four divisions in each department, and there are twenty-four divisions.At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, there were ministers and Yuanwailang.During the time of Emperor Yangdi, the assistant minister was the deputy of the six ministers, and each division had a Lang and a Chengwu Lang.The Ministry of Internal History is the central control institution, formerly known as the Ministry of Zhongshu, which was renamed in the Sui Dynasty due to taboo.The chief officer is the internal history order, and his subordinates include the assistant minister, the Sheren, the Tongshi Sheren (Yangdi Province), the Living Sheren (Yangdi Zeng), and the chief book recorder.At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, Menxia Province was an institution serving remonstrance.The chief officer is Nayan, and the deputy is the Minister of Huangmen. During Emperor Yangdi's time, the word "Give Shi" was removed, and the word "Give Shi" was added.There are also admonishing doctors, Sanqi Changshi, etc., all of whom are admonishing officials.Emperor Yangdi didn't like people's remonstrance, so he saved the reform.At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, the Menxia Province also managed the palace and other bureaus, which were responsible for the daily life of the emperor.During Emperor Yangdi's reign, there was a separate palace inspection, and the chief officers were supervisors and young supervisors. Therefore, the functions of serving the emperor's daily life were separated from the lower inspection department.Since then, the main function of the Menxia Province is to review the edicts of the Ministry of Internal History.The secretary province is the institution that manages scriptures and records. It has prisons and junior prisons.Under the leadership of Cao, Taishi Cao.The author Cao is responsible for compiling the history of the country, and the Taishi Cao is responsible for the astronomy and calendar.Among the above five provinces, the most important are the three provinces of Shangshu, Neishi and Menxia.The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers.So far, the central core organization has completed the transition from the Qin and Han Sangong and Jiuqing system to the three provinces and six ministries system.In particular, the administrative structure of six ministries and twenty-four divisions under Shangshu Province has been passed down from generation to generation since the Tang Dynasty.

The three platforms are Yushi Terrace, Yezhe Terrace and Sili Terrace.Yushitai is a supervisory agency, the chief is a doctor of censors, and the subordinate officials include Shi Yushi, Shi Yushi, Shi Yushi in the palace (Yangdi Provincial Revolution), and Jian Yushi.Yezhetai and Silitai were set up by Emperor Yangdi, and they were divided into Yushitai.The chief officer of Yezhetai is a doctor, and there are divisions under the court, Yezhe, Yilang, Tongzhi, General Yezhe, Yezhe. Appeal for injustice.The chief of Silitai, also known as a doctor, is mainly responsible for inspecting the inside and outside of the capital, and there are two other people under him, who are responsible for inspecting Chang'an, the capital of the capital, and Luoyang, the eastern capital.Governor and Engagement are respectively responsible for inspecting counties and counties across the country outside the capital.

Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty established eleven temples, which were changed and merged into nine temples during Emperor Yang's reign.The nine temples are Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Weiwei Temple, Zongzheng Temple, Taipu Temple, Dali Temple, Honglu Temple, Sinong Temple and Taifu Temple.In charge of etiquette, meals, imperial guards, clan, chariots and horses, criminal punishment, foreign court meetings, Shanglin, Taicang, government treasury, Beijing and other matters.The chief officials of each temple are Qing and Shaoqing.There are Cheng, master book and recorder.There are doctors, Xielu Lang and Feng Lilang in Taichang Temple.Taipu Temple also has a doctor of veterinary medicine.The institutions under the temple are called the Department, but Zongzheng Temple does not govern the Department.

The five prisons are Guozijian, Jiangzuojian, Shaofujian, Dushuijian, and Changqiujian.In charge of schools, construction, utensils in the inner palace, river embankment water transportation, inner court service, etc. "Zhou Li Shi Shi": "Teach the sons of the country with the three virtues." Zheng Xuan's note: "The sons of the country, the sons of the princes and officials." Emperor Wu of Jin established the Guozi School according to this statement, which was attached to Taichang.In the Northern Qi Dynasty, it became independent as Guozi Temple. At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, it was still named as a temple and school, and it was renamed Guozijian during Emperor Yangdi.Set up officials such as sacrificial wine and secretary industry.There will be a supervisor and a junior supervisor.The Shaofu Supervisor and the Dushui Supervisor all set up prisons and young supervisors.The Changqiu Supervisor has Changqiu Ling and Shaoling.

The functions of the Nine Temples and Five Supervisors and the Twenty-Four Divisions of the Six Departments of Shangshu Province seem to overlap, but their emphasis is different. The latter is in charge of administrative affairs from the perspective of ordering, while the former is responsible for specific handling of subordinate affairs.For example, the Ministry of Rites is in charge of the rules and regulations of rites and music, but when performing big ceremonies and sacrifices, the Taichang Temple will undertake it in response to the arrangement of utensils and personnel.This division of labor continued until the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The imperial army of the Sui Dynasty inherited the military system of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and evolved into the left and right Yiwei, the left and right Xiaowei, the left and right military guards, the left and right Tunwei, the left and right imperial guards, the left and right waiting guards, the left and right Beishenfu, and the left and right Jianmenfu by Emperor Yangdi. Six Guards.Each guard has a general and a general.Among them, twelve guards commanded the soldiers.The military mansion was originally called Huqi Mansion, but it was renamed Yingyang Mansion during Emperor Yangdi's reign.There are generals Yingyang Lang and Ying Ji Lang, and the soldiers are called guards.The four prefectures do not command the soldiers of the prefectures, and each has a general who is responsible for guarding the emperor and guarding the gates.

The official system of the Eastern Palace is modeled on the central official system.Set up the Prince Taishi, the Prince Taifu, the Prince Taibao, the Prince Shaoshi, the Prince Shaofu, and the Prince Shaobao, referred to as the Prince San Tai San Shao, who are responsible for tutoring the Prince.Under Tongmen Xiafang, it is planned to set up a province under the door, and set up Zuoshuzi, Lingsijing and other bureaus; Dianshufang, like the Ministry of Internal History, set up Youshuzi; ; Ten rate mansions (referring to the rate of the left and right guards, the rate of the left and right Zongwei, the opening of the mansion of the left and right Yuhou, the rate of the left and right inside, and the rate of the left and right prison gates), and the sixteen guards were drafted.Most of the officials in the Eastern Palace are concurrently led by court officials.

At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, localities were divided into three levels: states, counties, and counties.In the third year of Kaihuang (583 A.D.), it was changed to state and county levels.The state has a governor, and the county has a county magistrate.In the third year of Daye (607 A.D.), the state was changed to a county.The county has a prefect.When the governor was set up, the subordinate officials included Chang Shi, Sima and Zhu Cao's subordinates.When the county guard was established, the subordinate officials had the duties of praise (later changed to Cheng) and general guard.Assassinate the history of the soldiers, the prefect does not code the soldiers, don't set the captain to lead the troops.Both Henan and Jingzhao were called Yin, and when Emperor Yangdi added internal history, he ranked second to Yin.Under the county magistrate, there are Cheng, Wei, Gongcao, and master book.The most important feature of the local government system in the Sui Dynasty was that it changed the practice of self-appointment by local officials since the Qin and Han Dynasties. The chief officials and assistant officials were all appointed and dismissed by the central government, thus strengthening the central government's control over the localities.

In addition, the place also has the settings of the platform and the general manager's office.Xingtai is the local agency of the Central Shangshu Province, and its full name is Xingtai Shangshu Sheng.Set up Shangshu Ling, left and right servants, etc.Xingtai has a wide jurisdiction and important affairs, and the prince or prince is appointed as the Minister of Xingtai.Dismiss later.The general manager's mansion has a general manager who is in charge of the military and political affairs of one or several states, and has heavy powers and responsibilities.During the time of Emperor Yangdi, the General Manager's Mansion was abolished.

At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, the official rank followed the Northern Wei system, divided into nine ranks and thirty ranks.At the time of Emperor Yangdi, it was more determined to be nine ranks and eighteen ranks, that is, each rank is divided into two ranks.The salaries of various officials, Beijing officials are graded according to their grades.Local governors (county prefects) and county magistrates are graded according to the number of households they govern.All use stone as the unit of calculation.In addition to salaries, officials also have duties and divisions. Honorary officers are awarded to meritorious ministers, divided into eleven grades: Shangzhu Kingdom, Zhu Kingdom, Shang Dajun, Dajun, Shangkaifu Yitong Sansi, Kaifu Yitong Sansi, Shangyitong Sansi, Yitong San Secretary, chief governor, commander-in-chief, governor. Dispersed officials are awarded to high-ranking ministers, and they are added officials.There are Dr. Tejin, Dr. Zuo Guanglu, Dr. Jinzi Guanglu, Dr. Yinqing Guanglu, Dr. Chaoyi, Dr. Chaosan, etc.In the Sui Dynasty, officials with specific responsibilities were called service officials, and those without duties were called loose officials.The office officer is also called Liu Nei Guan.Subordinate staff of various colors can only serve as foreign officials or foreign officials as foreign officials.The promotion of Liuwai officials and Shiliu foreign officials is called "inflow".