Chapter 7 Section 2 Official System of the Western Han Dynasty

The official system of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 9 AD) mostly followed the Qin Dynasty with some changes.The biggest change in the central government was the formation of the inner dynasty, and the most notable feature of the local government was the coexistence of divided kingdoms and counties. The highest position in the central government is still Sangong. The prime minister of the Western Han Dynasty, also known as Xiangguo.During Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, his name was changed to Da Situ.In the early Han Dynasty, most of the prime ministers were from meritorious officials, and their status was very high. If they had any requests, the emperor would always accept them.Most of the great politics in the DPRK and China come from the prime minister.Under the prime minister, there is a master planner, who is called a planner, who is responsible for the counties and counties.Shangji is a system in which local guards report to the imperial court for one year's governance status.The status of governance includes the county's one-year rent and tax, punishment and prison, elections, etc.The imperial court assessed the magistrates according to the status of governance, rewarded those who made meritorious deeds, and punished those who made mistakes.The officials of the Xiangfu include Chang Shi, Si Zhi and Zhu Cao's [Yuan Yuan].Chang Shi is the leader of the officials.Sizhi is responsible for picketing illegal officials.Zhucao are administrative departments separated according to various administrative functions.There are Xicao, Dongcao, Zuocao, Yicao, Cangcao, etc., who are in charge of the appointment and removal of officials, county affairs, Zhangzuo's counseling, and the collection of rented grain.The genus is the official of each Cao, and the genus is higher than the genus.After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the power of the prime minister declined, and it was the general Da Sima who actually exercised the power of the prime minister.

Taiwei was not often set up in the early Han Dynasty, and it was provincially reformed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.The general was originally a military officer, responsible for leading troops in battle.In the fourth year of Yuanshou (119 BC), because of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing's meritorious service in conquering the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named Wei Qing as the Great General of the Great Sima, and Huo Qubing as the General of the Great Sima Biao (piao ticket).After the death of Emperor Wu, Huo Guang, the relative of the relative, led the minister as the great general Sima.Since then, Da Sima has become the de facto ruler.By the time of Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, Da Sima was even more superior to Da Situ, and Wang Mang seized the power of the Western Han Dynasty in this position.There are three parts to the title of Da Sima with the general.The trilogy is the military organization, that is, there are five divisions in the general's battalion, and each division has a school lieutenant;Da Sima Lingshang Shushi opened a mansion and set up subordinate officials.The subordinate officials include Changshi, Sizhi, Yu, Shi, Gongcao, Yicao, subordinate officials, master book, Lingshi, etc.

The doctor Yushi did not change much in the early Han Dynasty, and changed his name to Da Sikong when Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty.Under the Yushi doctor, there are still Cheng and Zhongcheng, whose duties are the same as those of the Qin Dynasty.Yushi Zhongcheng was also known as Zhong Law Enforcement in the Han Dynasty.Since the Yushi doctor was changed to Da Sikong, Yushi Zhongcheng also changed his name to Yushi Changshi for a while, and became the chief official of Lantai, and Da Sikong no longer had the responsibility of supervising all officials.The censor Zhongcheng led 15 censors, responsible for law enforcement in the palace and in the hall, and impeached all officials for illegal and violating behaviors.There are also censors who are entrusted with special tasks by the emperor, such as those who are sent to the army are called the censors of the supervising army, those who go on tour to govern major prisons are called the censors of embroidered clothes or directly point to the envoys of embroidered clothes, and those who serve the emperor while fasting are called rulers. Shu Yushi.This kind of censor is set up according to the situation and cannot be customized.The subordinate officials of the Yushi doctor include Yushi, Xicao, Zhubu, Shaoshi, Yushi, Zhu Shiling and so on.

There are three main aspects of changes in Lie Qing. First, the official names of some ministers have changed, and the number of subordinate officials has increased or decreased.details as follows: Fengchang was renamed Taichang during Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty.In addition to being in charge of the etiquette of the ancestral temple, Taichang also has the function of managing school education.In the early Han Dynasty, doctors were set up along the Qin system, which was a common category, but the number was not large.When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty advocated Confucianism, he issued an edict to appoint a doctor of the Five Classics.At the same time, Taixue was established in Chang'an.Taixue was the highest institution of learning in the Han Dynasty. The chief official was Pushe, the teachers were called Doctors of Five Classics, and the students were called Doctoral Disciples, also known as Taixue students.The Taixue in the Han Dynasty continued to expand, and the number of Taixue students increased again and again, becoming the reserve army of the bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty.

Lang Zhongling, who was renamed Guang Luxun during Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was mainly in charge of guarding the palace gate.In addition to the prime minister, the subordinate officials still have doctors, langs, and yee.Among them, the doctor and Lang have changed.Doctor Zhong was renamed Doctor Guanglu, with the most prominent status.The Taizhong doctor and the admonishing doctor are still the same.In addition to Zhonglang and Langzhong, Lang also added Shilang and Yilang.Yilang is different from other Lang officials, and his duties are similar to those of doctors.Zhonglang has five sense organs, left and right generals, and has a high status.There are three generals in the doctor who are cars, households and riders.The three generals of Zhonglang are divided into commanding Lang Guan, who is responsible for holding the halberd and staying guard.In the Han Dynasty, there were Huben and Habayashi Zhonglang generals.Huben, formerly known as Qimen, was set up during the reign of Emperor Wu, and changed its name to Huben Lang during Emperor Ping, adding Zhonglang Jiang.Habayashi, first named Jianzhang Yingqi, later changed to Yulinqi.He also adopted the descendants of the fallen soldiers in Yubayashi, and called them the orphans of Yubayashi.During the reign of Emperor Xuan, he set up Zhonglang General.Huben and Habayashi are in charge of carrying troops and sending them off, and sometimes they are also transferred to distant places to fight.The visitor is the official who conveys the edict.

Weiwei, who was renamed Zhongdafu Ling during Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, was responsible for defending the palace.The sergeant is called the Southern Army.Although Wei Wei and Guang Luxun guarded the gate of the palace in the same department, they were different.Wei Wei leads the sergeant as the soldier guard, and Guang Luxun leads the Lang officer as the Lang Wei.The guards patrolled the police day and night, checked the registration of the door, and met the Northern Army in charge of guarding the capital.Lang Wei is Su Wei and Yi Wei. Ting Wei, Emperor Jing and Emperor Ai once changed their name to Dali.Preside over judicial break-up.The subordinate officials are Ting Weizheng, left and right supervisors, and left and right flat.

Dian Ke was renamed Da Xing Ling during Emperor Jing, and Da Hong Lu (lu Lu) during Emperor Wu.He is the meaning of calling, and Dahong He is the messenger, in charge of receiving foreign envoys of ethnic minorities.There are three officials and three orders, such as pedestrians.The difference between Dahonglu and Dianke in the Qin Dynasty is that in the Han Dynasty, "the emperor built the princes and kings, and the princes and kings, all belonged to Dahonghe" ("Tong Dian" volume 26 notes quoted by Ying Shao), Qin Dynasty did not have princes and kings, of course It is also impossible to have this function.When Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty merged the Dian vassal state into Dahonglu.All ethnic groups in the frontier surrendered to the Han Dynasty and retained the title of the country.The officials sent by the central government to the subordinate countries include Duwei, Cheng, Hou, and Qianren.

Zongzheng, who was renamed Zongbo during the reign of Emperor Ping, was in charge of the affairs of the clan, usually by someone with a higher reputation in the clan.There is a Cheng under it.The subordinate officials include Du Sikong Ling and Cheng, who are in charge of the clan sinners; the chief of the internal officials, Cheng, who are in charge of the internal officials (that is, the guards); The imperial servant, in addition to managing the emperor's chariots and horses, is also in charge of the country's horse affairs.In the Han Dynasty, the government horses were kept in various prisons and stables.Each prison and stable has orders, Chengs, and lieutenants.

In the history of governing millet, it was renamed Da Nongling in Emperor Jing's time, and Dasinong in Han Wudi's time.In charge of national finance and economy.There is a Cheng under it, also known as Zhongcheng.Sang Hongyang, a famous financier in the Han Dynasty, once held this position. Lieutenant, changed his name to Zhijinwu during Emperor Wu.There are four orders and Cheng such as Zhongba.Responsible for defending the capital Chang'an (now Xi'an).The sergeant is called the Northern Army. It will be Shaofu, and it will be renamed as Dajiang during Emperor Jing.There is a Cheng under it.The subordinate officials have left and right middle waiters, who are responsible for building construction.

Shuiheng Duwei, established in the time of Emperor Wu, is in charge of Shanglin Garden (Royal Garden), and is also in charge of royal property and coin casting. The biggest change in Shaofu is the improvement of the status of Shangshu.When Emperor Wu used eunuchs to master Shangshu.When Emperor Cheng was dismissed from eunuchs, he still employed scholars.Later, scholars and eunuchs also used it.Scholars in the Western Han Dynasty served as ministers with the title of Shangshuling, and eunuchs served as the order of Zhongshu Yezhe.The main responsibility of the Shangshu is "the ministers' chapters play the Shangshu, and the Shangshu enters the emperor, and he is the prime minister; there are political affairs, and the emperor often discusses with him" ("Han Official Answers").Divided into four Caos to handle affairs: the regular servant Cao manages the affairs of the prime minister and the censor doctor, the two thousand shi Cao manages the governor and the two thousand shi, the household Cao manages the affairs of the common people, and the guest Cao manages the affairs of the foreign barbarians.Later, San Gongcao was added to be in charge of criminal and prison affairs.The second is the increase in the duties of eunuchs.There are Huangmen Ling and Cheng, who are the eunuchs in charge of Jin (the emperor's residence is called Jin); they serve Huangmen and Xiaohuangmen, who are in charge of the emperor's left and right, handing in the official book and playing books, and pass through the inside and outside of the forbidden province.

Second, among the list of ministers, it is also known as Jiuqing.Jiuqing later refers to Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taipu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong, and Shaofu, and their status is generally higher than other ministers. Third, the internal dynasty is formed.Neichao is also called Zhongchao.In the early Han Dynasty, with the development of the prime minister's power, there was a contradiction between the imperial power and the prime minister's power.In order to strengthen the imperial power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty weakened the power of the prime minister on the one hand, and on the other hand increased the status of his cronies and officials.These people are generals, servants, Zhongchang servants, left and right cao, various officials, Sanqi, etc., and the high-ranking general Sima is the main one.They were around the emperor on a daily basis and directly advised the emperor, gradually forming an intra-uterine decision-making system called "inner court".The inner court corresponds to the "outer court" which is a bureaucratic system composed of prime ministers, censors, and nine ministers.The outer court gradually evolved into an executive system.The emperor relied on the inner court to restrict the outer court, and the inner court relied on the emperor's weight to override the outer court.Since the context book was in charge of the Shangshu, after the death of Emperor Wu, the great general Da Sima was in charge of the Shangshu.Since then, the great general Da Sima has become the leader of the inner court with real power. Although the prime minister still has a certain status, his actual power has been weakened. Adding officials is also a means of expanding the power of the inner court.Sanqi, Zhongchangshi, Shizhong, Zuocao, and other officials among the officials of the inner court can all become added officials, and among the added officials there is also Gishizhong.Regarding adding officials, it is recorded in "Hanshu Baiguan Gongqing Biao": Servant Zhong, Left and Right Cao, various officials, Sanqi, and Zhongchang Servants, all added officials, and those who added or lie hou, generals, Qings, doctors, generals, captains, ministers, imperial physicians, eunuch orders to Langzhong, dead officials, many to dozens of people.Shizhong and Zhongchang waiters can enter the ban, and the Caos are subject to the affairs of the ministers, and the officials have to raise the law, ride on horseback and ride on chariots.Officials are also added to the affairs, such as doctors, doctors, and Yilang, who are in charge of consultants to deal with, and often serve in the ranks. That is to say, officials in the outer court do not distinguish between civil and military, regardless of their position, as long as they are trusted by the emperor, they can be added as servants and mid-level officials, so that they can enter the forbidden court to perform affairs, and have both identities of the inner court and the outer court. Palace officials in the Western Han Dynasty also followed the Qin system.It's just that when Emperor Jing changed his behavior to Da Changqiu, he used scholars, or eunuchs, and Zhong Changqiu, all of whom were queen palace officials.Zhan Shi's status has risen compared with that of Qin Dynasty.The crown prince added Taifu and Shaofu to be responsible for tutoring the prince. The highest level of military officers is called generals, including generals, generals, generals, generals, generals, generals, generals, and generals.The various generals before the generals are "heavy-numbered generals", among which the most respected are the generals and the hussar generals, and Sima can be increased.Lie generals refer to "generals with miscellaneous names" with dozens of different titles such as generals, guerrilla generals, and army generals.The general has his own officials and shogunate.The shogunate is the general's office, and the subordinate officials are established by the general himself.Below the general is the lieutenant. "The school is called the camp, so it is called a school" ("Han Shu · Wei Qing Biography" Yan Shigu's note).The capital has eight lieutenants, Zhongba, Yueqi, Infantry, Changshui, Shesheng, Tunqi, Huqi, and Huben. Local organizations in the Han Dynasty were divided into two categories, one was counties and counties, and the other was vassal kingdoms. The Gyeonggi region is different from the county.In the early Han Dynasty, the internal history was set up, and the left and right internal history were set up in Emperor Jing's time. He and the lord lieutenant (later changed to the lord Duwei) ruled the city of Chang'an and governed the capital.During Emperor Wu's reign, the right internal history was changed to Jing Zhaoyin, the left internal history was Zuo Fengyi [pingyi Pingyi], and the lord and captain was You Fufeng, collectively known as Sanfu.Sansuke is both an official name and a regional name.Sanfu also has Jingdu Lieutenant and Zuowei Duwei, who are in charge of Sanfu public security.Emperor Wu also set up Sili Xiaowei.In the first year of Zhenghe (92 BC), someone reported to Emperor Wu that Prince Liu Ju had buried a wooden man in the palace to curse the emperor.Liu Ju was furious when he heard about it, and sent troops to kill Jiang Chong, the false accuser.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to suppress it, and Liu Ju committed suicide.It is called "the disaster of witchcraft [gugu]" in history.In this incident, Emperor Wu called the apprentices serving sentences in the palace, and Sili was the official who led these apprentices.Afterwards, Sili kept it.Soon after, Sili Xiaowei was formally established. His duties were to inspect the important areas of the capital and the seven counties of Sanfu, Sanhe (Henan, Hanoi, and Hedong), and Hongnong. VIPs are very prominent inspectors. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the county organization set up guards and lieutenants, but did not set up supervisors and censors.During Emperor Jing's time, he was changed to be the prefect, and the captain was the captain.The prefect is the head of a county, the captain assists the prefect, and manages the military ranks.The prefect's subordinate officials include Cheng, Wuguan, Zhushu, Duyou, and Zhucao's history.Cheng is the assistant of the prefect.The five sense organs are known as the prefect's "Gong Gong".Registrar of documents.The main task of the postal supervisor is to monitor the counties.The postmaster in the second chapter of "Zhang Fei Angrily Whipped Superviser" is this official.Zhu Cao and Shi are in charge of specific affairs.Du Wei's subordinate officials also have Cheng and Zhu Cao's history.County-level organizations still have Ling (large counties), chiefs (small counties), Cheng, and Wei, which is no different from the Qin Dynasty.The setting of subordinate officials is roughly similar to the history of the county.Roads are still established in ethnic minority areas, which are equivalent to counties. The grassroots organizations under the county are townships, pavilions, and lis.There are three elders in the township, youzhi, stingy husband, and wanderer.The pavilion is set up with the head of the pavilion, which is an organization for public security and post transmission.Li Kui is set inside.The establishment of township officials continued until the Wei and Jin Dynasties.Although it still has its name after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it has actually survived.The Northern Qi Dynasty became the three chiefs of the neighborhood, the village, and the party, and they became servants and no longer belonged to the category of officials. Along with the prefectures and counties, there are vassal kingdoms.In the early Han Dynasty, seven kingdoms with different surnames were enshrined, and they were eliminated one after another.While eliminating kings with different surnames, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty entrusted his own children as kings to use them to protect the Han Dynasty. "Han Shu Baiguan Gongqing Biao" records: "The princes and kings... have Taifu to assist the king, the internal history governs the people, the lieutenant is in charge of the military, the prime minister controls all the officials, and all the officials are like the Han Dynasty." The settings are hardly different.After Han Jingdi put down the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu (154 BC), he stipulated that the princes and kings no longer governed the country, changed the prime minister to the prime minister, and omitted officials such as Yushi doctor, Tingwei, Shaofu, Zongzheng, and doctors.During the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the princes and princes were ordered to divide their children into lieutenants, and the kingdom was divided into hou states, which were equivalent to counties.Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty also dismissed the internal history, and ordered the prime minister to govern the people like a prefect, and the lieutenant like a county captain.By the time of Emperor Han Yuan, Xiang Geng was under the county guard.At this point, the princes and kings no longer have the power of the subjects of the monarchy, but only collect food, clothing, rent and taxes from their own countries.There were 143 meritorious officials in the early Han Dynasty who were named Liehou.Liehou Shixian, also known as the country, but living in the country must be supervised by the prefect and the county captain. At the time of Emperor Wu, in order to strengthen the supervision of counties (countries), the whole country was divided into 13 supervision districts, called thirteen prefectures.Each state department includes several counties and states, with one governor.The rank of the governor is not high, only 600 shi, but when he inspects counties and counties, he can represent the central government to monitor the prefect, Wang Guoxiang and Qiangzong Haoyou.However, the governor is not a local official, nor does he directly deal with local government affairs.Because the governor "has a low position but a respectful life, and a small official but a great deal of power", it can play the role of "controlling the size and maintaining the inside and outside" ("Rizhilu · Cishi").During the reign of Emperor Cheng, the governor was changed to the governor of the state, and his rank was raised to two thousand stones. During the Western Han Dynasty, the connection between the central government and the Western Regions continued to strengthen, and Emperor Wu began to garrison troops and set up officials in this area.In the second year of Shenjue (60 B.C.), Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty set up a capital guard in the Western Regions, where the government was located in Wulei City (now northeast of Luntai County, Xinjiang), and protected 36 countries in the Western Regions, and later increased to more than 50 countries.The subordinate officials include deputy school lieutenant, Cheng, Sima, Hou, and Qianren.Later, Emperor Han Yuan set up Wuji Xiaowei in the Cheshi area.The subordinate officials are Cheng, Sima, and Hou.Wuji Xiaowei is an official in charge of farming affairs under the Protectorate of the Western Regions.It shows that the Han Dynasty and the countries in the Western Regions are already under the affiliation relationship between the central and local governments. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Western Han Dynasty, three types of titles gradually formed.One is the patriarchal nobles, including kings and marquises.The second is the title of meritorious official, which continued to be the 20th rank of the Qin Dynasty, but the 20th rank of Chehou, who was renamed Tonghou because of avoiding the taboo of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the 19th rank of Guanneihou was collectively called Liehou.The third is Martial Arts Jue, there are eleven ranks such as Zaoshi, which only practiced in the reign of Emperor Wu.The award of meritorious officials in the Western Han Dynasty was wider than that of the Qin Dynasty. It not only rewarded military merits, but also often bestowed favors.The scope of granting titles has also been expanded from Liehou, generals, military officials, and soldiers to civilians.Even officials and people can lose millet and pay money to buy nobles.With a title, there are certain political and economic privileges.Higher titles can be awarded food, general titles can be exempted from tax and corvee, and crimes can also be commuted according to regulations.Those who are officials can also have priority in appointing official positions.Since the middle period of Emperor Wudi, there were too many people who obtained low titles, and the privileges could not be honored, and they became empty titles, so the titles were gradually not valued by people. Official rank is related to official position and salary, which is more important.The level of rank is still in stone.There are seventeen classes, followed by ten thousand stones, two thousand stones, two thousand stones, two thousand stones, one thousand stones, one thousand stones, eight hundred stones, eight hundred stones, six hundred stones, six hundred stones, four hundred stones , Compare four hundred stones, three hundred stones, three hundred stones, two hundred stones, two hundred stones, one hundred stones.During the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, 800 stones were removed, compared with 800 stones, and 15 grades were kept. "中" means full. "Bi" means class.In ancient times, Shi and Dendrobium [huhu] were often used together, Dendrobium means capacity, and stone means weight.There is a difference between Shi and Dendrobium in terms of official rank. Shi indicates the rank of rank, and Dendrobium indicates the number of salaries.However, the number of stones in the official rank does not mean the number of dendrobiums in salary. For example, the prime minister, known as Wanshi, has a monthly salary of 350 dendrobiums.In fact, Dendrobium is also an imaginary number, because the Western Han Dynasty used money as the grain salary, such as the royal doctor, with a rank of two thousand stones and a monthly salary of 40,000 yuan.Rank and position are basically the same, so history books often mark a certain number of stones under a certain official position to indicate the level of the position.Such as the prefect of the county, usually called two thousand stones.But it is not static. Those with outstanding political performance can be promoted, and those with poor political performance can be demoted.