Chapter 6 Chapter Two Qin and Han Official System

After the unification of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC), in order to consolidate the rule of the whole country, a bureaucratic system with the emperor as the core was established.Qin Wang Yingzheng said after destroying the six kingdoms: "The world is settled, the name is not changed today, there is no way to call it a success, and it will be passed on to future generations" ("Historical Records·The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang").So he also adopted the titles of the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and declared himself the first emperor of the country, called Shi Huangdi.Since then, the word emperor has been a special term for feudal monarchs for more than 2,000 years.The emperor has supreme authority, and all civil and military officials are responsible to the emperor.It is inseparable from this basic point to examine the official system of the Qin Dynasty and subsequent dynasties.

The basic composition of the central officials of the Qin Dynasty is the Sangong Lieqing. Sangong refers to the prime minister, Taiwei, and doctor Yushi.The prime minister is the highest executive officer. "Han Shu Baiguan Gongqing Biao" said: "He is in charge of the emperor, and he is an assistant." That is to say, the duty of the prime minister is to assist in the management of the country's government affairs according to the emperor's will.The prime minister of the Qin Dynasty may have one person, or one person on the left and one person on the right.Eunuchs can also serve as prime ministers, called prime ministers.The prime minister's subordinate officials are servants, who are in charge of playing in the palace. The leader is called Pu She [ye ye]; sheren assists the prime minister in handling public and private affairs.Taiwei is the highest military officer, in charge of the appointment and dismissal of military attaches [chu touch] Zhi [zhizhi].However, it is difficult to know who served as Taiwei in the Qin Dynasty. Some scholars believe that his position may be set in vain.Doctor Yushi is the deputy of the prime minister. On the one hand, he is dispatched by the inner court, and on the other hand, he has the power to supervise all officials.There are Cheng and Zhongcheng.Cheng is the doctor's assistant, and Zhongcheng is in charge of books and secret books at the Lantai in Dianzhong. Because the censor doctor participates in the discussion of government affairs, the responsibility of supervising all officials often falls on Zhongcheng, so there are also "Censor Yachang" and "Second Doctor" It is called ("Official Official List of Past Dynasties" cited "The Wall Records of the Imperial History Zhongcheng Hall").Under the Zhongcheng, there is a servant censor, who is not only responsible for keeping records, drafting edicts, and managing seals, but also has the responsibility of picking up officials.The power of three centimeters restricts each other.

Lieqing is the collective name for senior officials other than the Sangong.Mainly include: Fengchang, in charge of the etiquette of the ancestral temple.There is one person.The subordinate officials, Tai Le, Tai Zhu, Da Zai, Tai Physician, Tai Shi, and Tai Bu, all have Ling and Cheng, who are in charge of music and dance, sacrifices, food utensils, witch doctors, astronomical observation, divination, etc.There is also a doctor who specializes in discussion, with as many as 70 members, and the leader is called Pushe. Dr. Qin Dai is a very distinctive kind of official among the central officials.Doctor, originally a title for scholars since the Spring and Autumn Period, most of them are Confucian scholars.It wasn't until the end of the Warring States period that doctor became the official name of some vassal states.After the unification of Qin Dynasty, although the doctor was an official of the court, he had no fixed position. "Historical Records: The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang" said: "Although there are seventy doctors, special staff are not available." There are two doctoral tasks.One is to manage books and classics.When Qin Shihuang ordered the burning of books, he allowed the books of "doctoral officials" and the classics of various schools of thought not to be burned, indicating that doctors have the responsibility to manage books and classics.The second is to prepare consultants.Although doctors belong to Fengchang, they can discuss government affairs with the prime minister in front of the emperor. They are knowledgeable and citing scriptures for the emperor to consult.As for whether their opinions are adopted, it depends on the emperor.

Lang Zhongling, in charge of the palace gate.There is one person.Officials include doctors, Lang, and Ye Zhe.Doctors are divided into admonishing doctors, Taizhong doctors, and Zhongdoctors.Lang is divided into Zhonglang and Langzhong.The doctor is responsible for admonishing and advising the emperor.Lang is responsible for guards and attendants.The audience is responsible for internal and external communication. Ting Wei, in charge of prison.The subordinate officials are Tingweizheng and Tingweijian.Govern millet internal history, in charge of finance and economy.There are two Chengs.The subordinate officials include Taicang Order, Cheng, etc., who are in charge of storage and prices.

Dian Ke, in charge of the affairs of the various tribes.There is one person.He is an official and pedestrian, acting as an envoy sent by the imperial court temporarily. Zongzheng, in charge of royal affairs.There is one person. Wei Wei, in charge of the palace gate guards.The subordinate officials include Sima Ling and Cheng of the bus, Ling and Cheng of the guards, who are in charge of Simamen (the outer gate of Qin Gongcheng) and guards. The imperial servant is in charge of the palace's chariots and horses and the country's horse affairs.There are two Chengs.It belongs to the three orders of official stables, Weiyang, and family horses.

Dian belongs to the country, and the management includes the servants of various tribes entering the court.There are Diankecheng and Jiuyiling under it. Lord Lieutenant, in charge of the Marquis canonization. The Shaofu is in charge of the taxation of mountains, seas, pools and lakes for the royal family to enjoy.Among the ministers, the subordinate officials of the Shaofu are the most complex.There are Yufu Ling and Cheng, who are in charge of supplying imperial clothes.Shangshuling, Cheng and Shangshu are in charge of sending and receiving documents.Fu Xi Ling and Cheng are in charge of Fu Xi tokens.The high official order and Cheng are in charge of the emperor's meals.Imperial Physician Ling and Cheng manage medicine.Dushuichang and Cheng are responsible for irrigation of the Imperial Garden Pichi.Yuefu Ling and Cheng are in charge of music and music.Eunuch Ling and Cheng are in charge of eunuchs.Zhongshu Yezhe Ling and Cheng are in charge of inner court affairs.The main lane order is in charge of the palace people.It is also known as the Six Shang, in addition to Shangshu, there are Shangguan, Shangyi, Shangshi, Shangmu, Shangxi, who are in charge of the emperor's daily life.

It will be the Shaofu, in charge of palace construction.There are two prime ministers and left and right middle marshals, who belong to the official left, right, middle, front, and rear five school magistrates, who are in charge of Tuli (prisoners who serve). In addition to the above-mentioned ministers, there are also palace officials.Palace officials are officials under the empress (referring to the emperor's wife) and the crown prince (referring to the emperor's heir).There is a Qing in the Queen's Palace, who is said to be going.There are also Zhan Shi, Queen's Captain, Queen's Shaofu, and Queen's Young Servant.The crown prince's womb is called the family, including Zhan Shi, Cheng, the prince's family order, the prince's rate Gengling, Wei rate, the middle son, the prince's sheren, the prince's doctor, the young master, Xima, and the prince's servant.Zhan Shi, with the meaning of provincial inspection, is the head of the palace officials.The rate shift order is responsible for reporting the time of morning and evening.The guard rate is in charge of the guard of the prince's house.Xima and the bastard are all attendants of the prince.

In the Qin Dynasty, in addition to the Taiwei, the senior military officer also had the captain of the guard.The captain of the guard army is in charge of military administration and commands the generals in other places.General, the position of Shangqing, and his deputy title is General Pi (pipi).After the unification of Qin Dynasty, the post of general was changed from the original wartime appointment to the permanent military attache stationed in the border area.There is a long history.The middle and lower level military officers include school, military marquis, Sima, hundred generals, village chiefs, cavalry chiefs, etc.

In the Qin Dynasty, there were two levels of prefectures and counties.In addition to the capital, 36 counties were originally set up, and then gradually increased to more than 40 counties.The Guanzhong area where the capital Xianyang is located is regarded as a special administrative region, with an internal history, and its status is higher than that of the counties, which is equivalent to the lieutenant. The organization of the county consists of Shou, Wei, and Jian (Jianjun Yushi), which echoes the central three public settings.The sheriff is the head of a county, and she is responsible for civil affairs, taxation, judicial affairs and other affairs in the county.Under the Juncheng is Sasuke, and in the border county, there is another chief historian in charge of soldiers and horses.The county lieutenant is lower than the county guard, and his task is to assist the county guard in managing the soldiers and maintaining local law and order.Guanduwei was established in the Guansai area.The county supervisor is not the deputy second of the county guard, but the imperial doctor directly under the central government, who is the supervisor sent by the central government to the local area, and has a supervisory role over the county guard and the county lieutenant.

The organization under the county is the county, and the ethnic minority areas have roads.Counties set up decrees or magistrates according to their size. More than 10,000 households in the county set up decrees, and less than 10,000 households set up magistrates, all of whom were appointed by the imperial court.The Ling and the Chief preside over the administration of a county, and there are two positions of Cheng and Wei under it.Cheng is the assistant to the order and the chief.Wei Zhang is the armored soldier in a county, responsible for public security. There are townships below the county level, and the townships are set up with three elders, youzhi, stingy husband, and youjiao (jiaoming).The three elders are responsible for enlightenment.There are ranks set up in big townships and miserly people in small townships, responsible for taxation and litigation.You Yan is in charge of law and order.There is a li in the countryside, which is the most basic administrative unit.Li Dian was set up in Li, and later generations called Li Zheng and Li Kui.In addition, there are special institutions for public security and forbidding thieves, called pavilions, and pavilions have pavilion chiefs.The two pavilions are about 10 miles apart.

The establishment of local counties, counties, townships, villages, and kiosks in the Qin Dynasty shows that the central power has been systematically distributed in every corner of the country. The Qin Dynasty set up officials with the distinction of title, title, and rank.The post is the actual post of the official.The rank of the position is marked by the seal and ribbon.The printed ribbons are purple ribbons with gold seals, green ribbons with silver seals, ink ribbons with copper seals, and yellow ribbons with copper seals.Ribbon is the ribbon of India.The prime minister is a gold seal with a purple ribbon, the royal doctor has a silver seal with a green ribbon, and the county magistrate has a copper seal with a yellow ribbon.Those listed in (1) and (2) above are all official positions.Jue is mainly used to reward those who have meritorious service, and the 20th-level military merit in the Warring States period is still used.The recipient of the title has no fiefdom, and only the Marquis retains the privilege of collecting taxes in the fief, which is called Shiyi.Rank indicates the level of officials, based on the amount of salary, and the unit of calculation is stone [shi].Except for the prime minister, the highest is two thousand stones, the second is thousand stones, the third is eight hundred stones, and the third is six hundred stones.The following decrements are five hundred stones, four hundred stones, three hundred stones, two hundred stones, and one hundred stones.Under a hundred stones is fighting food. There is a certain relationship between position and rank and nobility, that is, those who have contributed to the country or are the emperor's cronies can be awarded high-level positions, ranks and nobility.But there can be no equal sign between the three.For example, the person receiving the title is not necessarily an official, but the first to fourth ranks are sergeants.High-ranking officials are not necessarily knighted, such as Li Si, who successively served as court lieutenant and then prime minister, but has no title.Another example is that the county magistrates (chiefs) are the same in terms of positions, all of which are copper seals and ink ribbons, but in terms of rank, there are three types: thousand stones, eight hundred stones, and six hundred stones, which are not the same.