Chapter 17 Section 2 Forest Products
There are many species of forest trees in China, and they are rich and varied. Among them, the rare tree species have been briefly described. The forest products mentioned here refer to bamboo and the main economic forest products distributed in the north and south of the river.
China's economic forests are widely distributed, from south to north, from east to west, everywhere.The main economic trees are Chinese tallow [jiujiu], tung tree, lacquer tree, eucommia, hair tree, oil palm, coconut, olive, almond, hawthorn fruit, Chinese torreya, camellia oleifera, litsea cubeba, green sandalwood, gallnut, etc.
Bamboo China ranks first in the world in terms of bamboo species, bamboo materials, and bamboo products.Bamboo is an important forestry resource in China. There are more than 50 genera in the world. In China, there are 26 genera and more than 300 varieties. Among them, moso bamboo with the largest economic value accounts for about 80% of the total bamboo forest area.
Bamboo belongs to the Bamboo subfamily of Poaceae.Bamboo plants are naturally distributed in a wide range of areas in my country, from Hainan Island in the south, to the Yellow River Basin in the north, from Taiwan in the east, to Cuona in Tibet and the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the west, at 18°-35° north latitude and 92°-122° east longitude.It can be roughly divided into three major bamboo areas:
(1) Yellow River-Yangtze River scattered bamboo area.Mainly include bamboo, light bamboo, golden bamboo, water bamboo, osmanthus bamboo, purple bamboo, moso bamboo, arrow bamboo, etc.;
(2) The Yangtze River-Nanling mixed area of scattered and clumped bamboos.It is equivalent to the Yangtze River Basin between 25°-30° north latitude, with a warm climate and lush bamboo forests. Among them, the moso bamboo forests in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Hunan account for about 60% of the moso bamboo forests in the country.In addition to moso bamboo forests in this area, there are still scattered types of bamboo, water bamboo, mixed type of bitter bamboo, Ruuo (ruo) bamboo, and clustered types of Ci bamboo, Liao Ci bamboo, Liangshan Ci bamboo, and hard-headed yellow bamboo. , Phoenix Bamboo, etc.;
(3) Bamboo clusters in South China.The vast Lingnan area south of 25° north latitude is the concentrated distribution area of clustered bamboo forests in my country. Bamboo, tea stem bamboo, etc.
Studying the shape of bamboo from the perspective of botany, its underground stem is equivalent to the main stem of the "bamboo tree", and the bamboo stalks are the branches of the "bamboo tree".The rhizomes grow horizontally in the soil, with obvious segments, rooting on the nodes, and buds on the sides of the nodes, and the buds can germinate new rhizomes or shoot out of the soil to form bamboo.What people see on the surface is the "stem" part with bamboo stalks as the main body.It is straight in the middle and straight outside, shaped like a circle, with nodes inside, and the upper part is divided into small branches with leaves.Branchlets with one leaf per node, staggered into two rows, the leaves are oblong or lanceolate, and the side veins are parallel, while the leaves of the main stalk of bamboo are named 竹箨〔tuo打〕 or bamboo sheath, and its shape is similar to that of ordinary bamboo shoots. Bamboo leaves are different and play a protective role in the growth of bamboo joints.Bamboo flowers are similar to grass flowers, and the flowering period is five to eight months.
Among the numerous bamboos in China, the economic value of moso bamboo (also known as Mao bamboo and Nan bamboo) is the largest.It has a wide range of uses, fast growth, high yield, tough material, thick and straight ends, and is known as the "King of Bamboo Forest".It usually only takes about 60 days for bamboo shoots to break through the ground and grow into bamboos. They can grow to about 10 meters in height and 6-20 centimeters in diameter. Take advantage of it and benefit from it that year.In the mountains, hills, and plains south of the Qinling Mountains in my country, there are large areas of moso bamboo plantation and natural forest distribution.Moso bamboo has strong adaptability, is resistant to poor soil, and does not compete with grain and cotton for land.Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui have long-term experience in cultivating moso bamboo forests, bamboo shoot forests, and pulp forests.
The history of China's use of bamboo is closely associated with the history of Chinese civilization.Bamboo products have been unearthed from the original ruins discovered in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang, and it has been six or seven thousand years ago.The oracle bone inscriptions with bamboo heads include "gui" (gui ghost) and "箙" (fu clothing).In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chinese characters have been written on bamboo slices, which are called bamboo slips after stringing them together.The ancients loved bamboo, painted bamboo, and sang bamboo.Su Shi, a litterateur in the Song Dynasty, praised bamboo for its versatility and regarded bamboo as a "gentleman".He once said: "Bamboo shoots are eaten, bamboo tiles are sheltered, bamboo rafts are carried, bamboo fuel is used to cuan, bamboo skin is used for clothing, bamboo paper is used for books, and bamboo shoes are worn. Bamboo is used more widely in modern China, such as scaffolding on construction sites, water pipelines, scaffolding, bamboo rafts, bamboo rafts, sailboat poles, and various bamboo carvings.Chinese bamboo weaving art is well-known overseas and is well-known all over the world.Especially in Jiading of Shanghai, Dongyang of Zhejiang, Zigong of Sichuan, and Quanzhou of Fujian, the handicraft bamboo weaving is exquisite and unique, with elegant patterns, and is very popular in the international market.Dried bamboo shoots are one of China's traditional export native products.
Chinese tallow tree, also known as tallow seed, wax seed, and wood seed, belongs to perennial woody oil tree species.Chinese tallow tree has been cultivated for more than 1,000 years. Jia Sixie of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote "Qi Min Yao Shu", and Ming Xu Guangqi's "Nongzheng Quanshu" recorded the methods for the cultivation and utilization of Chinese tallow tree.
Botanically, Chinese tallow tree belongs to the deciduous tree of the genus Sapium genus in the family Sapaceae. The height of the tree can reach 15-20 meters. It has the characteristics of fast growth, strong adaptability, long fruiting period, wide application and good economic benefits. Chinese tallow tree is cultivated, among which Zhejiang Province is the most, accounting for about 1/3 of the country. After long-term introduction and domestication, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Guangxi and other provinces have cultivated more. Shandong, Shaanxi, southern Henan and Fujian, It is also cultivated in Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Guangdong and other provinces.
Chinese tallow tree has many varieties, and its seeds are mainly extracted for oil. Chinese tallow tree seeds mainly contain two kinds of oils, namely green oil (catalys oil) and leather oil, both of which are important chemical raw materials and have high economic value.
Green oil is the liquid oil extracted from Chinese tallow tree kernels. It is a dry oil with a yellowish-brown color. It can be used to make high-grade spray paints. 16-17 kg of green oil can be extracted from the kernels.
Skin oil is a solid oil extracted from the tallow wax of Chinese tallow tree. Generally, 25-26 kg of skin oil can be extracted from 100 kg of seeds, which has a higher oil yield than green oil.The total oil yield of Chinese tallow tree seeds is very high, about 41%-45%.Leather oil contains 14% glycerin, and glycerin is an important chemical raw material in the defense industry, from which nitroglycerin and epoxy resin can be prepared.Every 113 kg of skin oil can extract 100 kg of stearic acid, which is widely used in the manufacture of automobile tires, film films, and plastic films.Skin oil is also an important raw material for the fragrance and cosmetics industry, such as making creams, perfumes, soaps, etc., and can also be used to make waxed paper.
If the shell of tallow tree fruit is removed, crushed, regardless of the wax block and seed fragments, mixed together and steamed, made into a cake, pressed, the obtained oil condenses and forms a white round block, which is called wood oil. Its use is similar to that of leather oil. Similar, but not as good quality as hide oil.
Chinese tallow tree is "full of treasures". The skin oil and wood oil residue cake can be used as feed, while the green oil residue cake is a fertilizer for seedling raising. The seed shell can be processed into furfural, which can be used to prepare pesticides.Chinese tallow tree flowers are a good source of honey, and tallow tree leaves contain tannins, which can be used as dyes, and tallow silkworms can also be raised.Chinese tallow tree has fine texture, toughness and durability, and is a high-quality wood for making farm tools, furniture and artistic carvings.
Camellia oleifera is a unique woody oil-bearing economic forest in China. Most of them are small evergreen trees, generally four to six meters high. In Guangning County, Guangdong, there are safflower camellia oleifera trees, which are 15 meters high. They are called "Camellia oleifera giants".
Chinese cultivation of camellia oleifera and edible camellia oil have a history of 2,000 years.Camellia oleifera is suitable for growing in a warm subtropical environment. It is widely planted in the two provinces of Fujian and Guangdong, as well as the low mountainous areas of Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and the hilly areas of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Hunan and Hubei. Generally, it can bloom and bear fruit in three to four years after planting, and it will bloom and bear fruit in 15 years. Period, can last for hundreds of years.What is particularly valuable is that "Camellia oleifera is not empty all the year round, and the old fruit has not yet bloomed new flowers", that is, the Camellia oleifera tree is "pregnant with seeds", the old fruit has not been picked, and the new flowers are in full bloom. It is famous all over the world for its numerous fruits.
Camellia oleifera not only has a high yield, but also is a treasure all over the body, with extremely high economic value.According to the measurement, the oil content of the seed kernel reaches 37%-52%.Camellia oil is clear in color and pure in taste, and it is the edible oil that people like to use.Camellia oil is a kind of non-drying oil, which is resistant to storage and easy to transport. It can be used to make margarine, snacks and cakes.It is widely used in industry, and can be used to make antirust oil, lubricating oil, hair tonic, vaseline, soap, etc.The wood has good texture and can be used to make farm tools and furniture.
Mao 梾 [lailai] Mao 梾 is also called car beam wood, oil tree, light bark tree, etc., it belongs to the deciduous trees of Cornaceae, the height of the tree is 6-14 meters, the flowers are white, and the clustered inflorescences are terminal or axillary. It blooms in May, and the ripening period is from August to September. The fruit is a spherical drupe, which turns from green to black when young. It is mainly used to extract oil from the fruit. The oil content of the fruit can reach 31.8%-41.3% (of which the oil content of the peel is 24.9%) %—25.7%), the oil yield can reach 29%—33%.The oil has good texture and is as rich in nutritional value as soybean oil and peanut oil.
Hair oil is a semi-dry oil, containing fatty acids needed by the human body. It can treat hyperlipidemia, high blood pressure, fistula, and tuberculosis.People also eat it as general edible vegetable oil.The crude oil is pressed by the local method, and the oil yield can reach 25%-30%, and the remaining oil residue waste can be used as fertilizer or poultry feed after being mixed with the leaves of the corn.
The yield of a single plant of Maolin is high, and it can reach 100 kilograms during the peak production period, so the local people praised: "One car beam, one mu of oil field." In addition to oil extraction, Maolin has hard wood and excellent texture. The woodcarving material is commonly known as cart beam wood because it can be used to make cart beams.Mainly distributed in Shandong, Shanxi, Henan and Shaanxi provinces.
Litsea cubeba Litsea cubeba, commonly known as Litsea cubeba, is a precious aromatic oil tree species. It belongs to the deciduous small tree of Lauraceae and belongs to the genus Ginger. It is generally 8-10 meters high and dioecious. The flower buds are formed in late summer and early autumn, and the flower buds bloom in full bloom in March of the following spring.The leaves of litsea cubeba are alternate, dark green, oblong-lanceolate, and have a ginger aroma when shredded.Its young bark is yellow-green, and the adult bark turns grayish brown.Its fruit is nearly round, matures from mid-to-late July to early August every year, and is blue and covered with white spots. It must be picked immediately to prevent the volatilization of aromatic oil, and it will become litsea cubeba oil after processing and distillation.The oil yield of fresh fruit is 5%-8%, and the oil yield of shade-dried fruit is slightly lower, 4%-5%.
Litsea cubeba oil is widely used, mainly used in perfumery industry such as cosmetics, essence and so on.Citral can be extracted from Litsea cubeba oil, and its content can reach 70%-90%. It is a high-quality raw material for the manufacture of ionone, methyl ionone, and ethyl ionone, and is used to prepare flavors.In addition, litsea cubeba oil can produce vitamin A for use in the medical and health industries.Litsea cubeba oil is known as "grain-preserving panacea" and "expert in sterilizing and preventing insects". It can dissolve Aspergillus flavus when used in grain depots.According to reports, in a large-scale rice seed bank with 2.5 million catties, 12.5 kilograms of litsea cubeba oil was used to fumigate for three months, and Aspergillus flavus in rice dropped from 100 micrograms per kilogram to the national standard of 10 micrograms per kilogram, reducing the 9/10.After refining, litsea cubeba leaf oil and flower oil can be directly used to make cosmetics and soaps, and are also very popular.
Litsea cubeba fruit extracts litsea cubeba oil, and the remaining fruit core is extracted to produce fatty oils, which are chemical raw materials for mechanical lubricants and other chemicals.Other oil residues can be used as farm fertilizer or mixed with other feeds to feed poultry or pigs.
Litsea cubeba fruit is called Huacheng eggplant in traditional Chinese medicine. It is mainly used to treat spleen and stomach disharmony, drive wind and diuresis, digest food and gas, and treat cholera abdominal pain.Because the oil has a fragrant smell, it can clear the nose and prevent heatstroke, and it is also a good prescription for treating schistosomiasis.
Litsea Cubeba is suitable for growth in acidic red-yellow soil with good drainage. It is mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River near the water or on the gentle slopes that are slightly shaded and humid.
Litsea Cubeba is full of treasures, especially Litsea Cubeba Oil is an aromatic oil with high economic value in the international market. Every ton of Litsea Cubeba Oil exported can be exchanged for 23 tons of steel products, or 45 tons of chemical fertilizers.At present, many provinces in southern my country choose sunny slopes with deep soil layers to be widely planted and become important economic trees.
Qingtan Qingtan is a unique fiber tree species in China. It belongs to the deciduous tree of Ulmaceae, also known as sandalwood.Making rice paper from its bark is well-known at home and abroad, and it is a famous economic tree in my country.
Green sandalwood bark belongs to bast fiber, the average length of the fiber is 2.30 mm, the fiber is even, its strength and toughness are better than those of ordinary plants, and it has been used for making rice paper for thousands of years.Xuan paper is a special product of Anhui Province and one of the four treasures of the study. It is regarded as a must-have treasure by calligraphers and painters, and it is also a popular commodity for export.
For green sandalwood, the cortex produced in Jing County, Anhui Province is the best.Green sandalwood likes sunlight, is resistant to drought and poor soil, suitable for hillsides, river banks, valley beaches, and can also be planted in front of or behind houses.
The fruiting period of green sandalwood is early, and it can bear fruit a few years after planting. Generally, the bark used is "cut at the beginning of three years, cut in the middle of five years, cut at the end of eight years, and can be harvested in a hundred years." Usually, a young tree can take 213 kg of green sandalwood. Bark, a tree can be used for about 80-90 years.
The peeling of the green sandalwood bark should be carried out when the bark turns from green to yellowish-brown, and it should be peeled and dried in the sun on a sunny day. Generally, it needs to be sunny for several consecutive days to prevent it from getting wet, mildew, and deterioration.Due to its strong ability to adapt to the environment, green sandalwood is distributed in North China, South China, Sichuan, Guizhou and Tibet.
Eucommia ulmoides is also known as Sicheng, silk cotton wood, and jade silk skin.It is a deciduous tree belonging to Eucommiaceae and is one of the unique economic tree species in China.Judging from the shape of the bark, it can be divided into two types: rough bark Eucommia and smooth bark Eucommia.The Eucommia tree is generally 10-20 meters high, with a diameter of more than 40 centimeters. The trunk is tall and straight, dioecious, and the leaves are generally leathery and smooth (the back of the young leaves has fine hairs). Alternate single leaves, dark green leaves.The flowering period is from March to April every year, and the green and white flowers are unfolded before the leaves or at the same time with the leaves, which are clustered inflorescences. May-October is the ripening period of the fruit. The fruit is a capsule [shuoshuo] fruit. When ripe, three or four pieces are split, containing a seed. When the pericarp is broken horizontally, there are white tough filaments.
Eucommia bark is mainly used for medicinal purposes.The use of Eucommia as medicine in my country has been recorded for a long time. The first book of our country in BC has recorded the curative effect of Eucommia.The bark of Eucommia ulmoides is peeled off and dried before being used as medicine. It is a precious medicinal material and is listed as the top grade. .Eucommia contains 22.5% rubber cortex, 70% resin and 2.5% ash.
The bark, leaves, flowers, and fruits (including seeds) of the whole tree of Eucommia contain Eucommia gum, which is a kind of hard glue, except for the woody part. It is highly adhesive and insulating, resistant to strong acids and alkalis, and resistant to corrosion.It can be used as an adhesive for metallurgy, glass, wood, and leather; it can also be used as an insulating material for various communications and telecommunication equipment, and is an important raw material for submarine cables, telephones, and telecommunication covered wires; it can also be used for chemical vessels and various models. Strong acid, strong alkali process equipment.Eucommia gum, a new type of rubber material, is also used when filling teeth.
The international market urgently needs eucommia rubber, and its price is much higher than that of ordinary rubber.Therefore, the planting of eucommia forests should be vigorously promoted.
Eucommia likes sunshine and good drainage, sandy soil with a pH value of 5-7.5, and has a strong ability to adapt to the environment.Because it is a plant in the frigid zone, it can grow at an altitude of about 2000 meters and at a low temperature of minus 20°C-40°C.Female plants are generally cultivated for about eight years to bloom and bear fruit.Eucommia ulmoides is widely distributed in all provinces in China.The main production areas are Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, and Yunnan. In recent years, it has also been successfully introduced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangxi.
Tung oil Tung oil is a Chinese specialty and is oil squeezed from the seeds of the tung tree.Tung tree is a deciduous tree with white flowers and green fruits, and the seed oil yield is about 30%.Tung oil is an excellent paint, glossy, rust-proof, cold-resistant, heat-resistant, acid-resistant, and alkali-resistant. It is an indispensable raw material or paint for various industries such as paint, printing, national defense, machinery, electrical appliances, chemistry, medicine, and shipbuilding.
China is the country with the largest output of tung oil in the world, accounting for 60%-70% of the world's total output and about half of the world's total trade.Tung oil, tea and silk are the three major export materials in the history of our country.Mainly exported to Europe, America, Russia, Japan, Australia, New Zealand.
People have a saying: "If you want to be rich, plant tung trees." Tung trees are full of treasures and are suitable for planting on sunny slopes and foothills in humid hills.Mainly distributed in Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Henan, Shaanxi and other provinces.Shaanxi produces the most, mainly in the Ankang area south of the Qinling Mountains.Sichuan Wanxian, Kaixian, Daxian, Yunyang and Xiushan are rich in tung oil.Among them, Xiushan tung oil is the top grade in the international market, called "Xiuyou", while Wanxian's output ranks first among all counties, and its export volume accounts for 1/4 of the country.The tung oil produced in Xupu County, Hunan Province (xu continued) is distributed in Hongjiang City, hence the name "Hongyou", which is also high-quality tung oil.Others include Liuma Tung Oil in Zhenning, Guizhou, Ankang Tung Oil in Shaanxi, "Golden Tung Oil" in Xiangxi, Xixia Tung Oil in Henan, and Laifeng Tung Oil in Hubei, all of which are high-quality tung oil.
The origin of raw lacquer is China, so it is called Chinese lacquer.It is a natural lacquer that is cut from sumac trees.It has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, moisture resistance, corrosion resistance and high finish. It is a non-toxic, high-quality and beautiful coating, known as the "king of coatings".Widely used in national defense, chemical industry, petroleum, textile, printing and dyeing, construction industries.China's raw lacquer production accounts for 80% of the world, and its export volume accounts for more than 40% of the world.People describe Chinese lacquer as "good lacquer is like oil, it shines on the head of a beautiful woman, shakes the amber color, and lifts the fishing hook", which means that when the good paint is left to stand, the lacquer leather is bright and can shine on the head, and after shaking, it will appear. Amber color, strips of paint are pulled out, and immediately retracted like a hook after being broken, viscous and elastic.
my country's lacquer trees grow in the warm and hilly areas, with the most in the Daba Mountains of the Qinling Mountains, known as the "Bashan Lacquer Sea".Among them, the "golden lacquer" produced in Ankang area in southern Shaanxi is the most famous, accounting for 1/4 of the country's output and 1/3 of the export volume.In addition, high-quality large wood lacquer produced in Bijie County and Dafang County of Guizhou, "Jian Qi" from Jianshi County, Hubei, large wood lacquer from Zhuxi, Maoba lacquer from Enshi, raw lacquer from Xixia, Henan, traditional craft lacquer from Jinzhai County, Anhui, and Jixi lacquer from Taiping County The famous "Hui Qi" in Sichuan, Longtan paint in Youyang, Xiushan and Pengshui in Sichuan are all famous paints in the domestic and foreign markets.
White wax White wax is extracted from the wax juice secreted by the white wax worm parasitic on a kind of privet tree, and processed and refined.Its freezing point is the highest among animal waxes (80°C-90°C). It is anti-corrosion, moisture-proof, and glossy. It is an indispensable raw material in cutting-edge science, defense industry, precision machinery, and textile printing and dyeing. It is also used in the field of medicine. more common.White wax is a famous specialty product in China. It is a traditional export material. It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Hubei, of which Sichuan production accounts for 90%. It is distributed in Emei, Hongya, Jiajiang, Cangxi and Yilong counties in Leshan area, especially in Emei county. Wax trees are rich in resources, known as "wax mountain" and "wax sea"."Rice heart" white wax is the top grade of Emei white wax, which has crust-like wrinkles on the surface, and the cross-section is fine rice grain (columnar) crystals, followed by "horse teeth" white wax, which has a smooth surface and horse-tooth-like crystals on the cross-section.In addition, white wax is also produced in Zhaotong, Yunnan and Zhijiang, Hunan.
Galla galla is a gall [ying shadow] formed by parasitic aphids of the aphid class on the sarcocarpus (or galla tree).Use gallnut as raw material to extract tannic acid, medicinal tannic acid, and gallic acid, which are strong astringents in medicine.Cure mainly dysentery, five hemorrhoids, bleeding, prolapse of the anus, rheumatic pain.In addition, it can also treat skin ringworm and burns caused by fungi, and has contraceptive effects.
The root, leaf and fruit of Galla gall can be used as medicine.In addition to medicinal purposes, after processing and refining gallnuts, it is commonly known as "extraction".Widely used in dyestuff, chemical industry, metallurgy, petroleum, national defense, tanning, medicine, photography and many other industrial purposes.Gallnut is a famous specialty product in my country, and it is one of the traditional export materials, and the export exchange rate is very high.Gallnut production in China ranks first in the world, mainly distributed in the southwest region, and its production accounts for 2/3 of the country.Galla is rich in Guizhou, ranking first in the country, followed by Sichuan.Gallicia parasitica has strong adaptability, resistance to drought and barrenness, and often forms mixed shrubs with sparse forests and shrubs on barren slopes.There are two types of Galla aphids with production value, "Jiaobei" and "Doubei". In order to expand the production of Galla gall, we should vigorously artificially stock them to meet the growing demand of domestic and foreign markets.