Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Tang Dynasty Tombs

The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of my country's ancient feudal society.From the establishment of the Tang Dynasty by Li Yuan in 618 AD to its demise in 907 AD, there were 21 emperors in total for nearly 300 years.Among them, apart from Empress Wu Zetian who was co-buried in Qianling Mausoleum, Li Ye Heling Mausoleum of Emperor Zhaozong and Emperor Ai Li Yu (chu touch) Wenling Mausoleum in Mianchi, Henan and Heze, Shandong respectively (the specific location is unknown), the tombs of the other 18 emperors are all in the Guanzhong Basin of Shaanxi Province. The Loess Plain (commonly known as Erdaoyuan) and the tops of the Beishan mountains to the north of the Weihe River.The mausoleum area starts from the Qianling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozong in the west and ends at the Tailing Mausoleum of Xuanzong in the east. It is distributed in the six counties of Qianxian County, Liquan, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Fuping and Pucheng, stretching for more than 100 kilometers.The original loess is about 500-800 meters above sea level, and the original high soil is thick; the Beishan Mountains are 750-1,200 meters above sea level, with steep slopes from north to south, deep valleys from east to west, and most of them are conical isolated mountains.This layout, with its back on the mountain plain, two wings spread out, facing Pingchuan, across the Wei River and the capital city Chang'an, reflects the great momentum of the Tang Dynasty (Figure 8).

The cemetery of the Tang Dynasty was built in a north-south direction, with a terrain that is higher in the north and lower in the south, with a central axis that runs north-south, with a symmetrical layout from east to west.In Zhaoyu, there are three steps between Xuangong, Shendao, Rutai and Magpie Terrace of the emperor's mausoleum.The inner city where the mausoleum is located is to the north, and the outer city is set up outside.This layout has been custom-made since the Qianling Mausoleum, and its design concept was obviously influenced by the layout of the capital Chang'an City, and it also influenced the design of the mausoleums of subsequent feudal dynasties.Each mausoleum occupies a large area.According to Song Minqiu's "Chang'an Zhi" records: 120 miles around Zhaoling and Zhenling, 80 miles around Qianling, 76 miles around Tailing, Ding, Qiao, Jian, Yuan, Chong, Feng, Jing, Guang, Zhuang, Zhang, Duan The thirteen mausoleums, including Jin, Jian and Jing, have a circumference of 40 miles, and Xianling is the smallest, with a circumference of 20 miles.

The construction of the 18 mausoleums in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into two forms: "accumulating soil for the mausoleum" and "accumulating the mountain for the mausoleum".There are Gaozu Xianling, Jingzong Zhuangling, Wuzong Duanling and Xizong Jingling's four mausoleums, all of which are distributed on the Loess Plain.This kind of mausoleum is built with rammed earth and is in the shape of a bucket, similar to the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty, but on a smaller scale.The remaining 14 are surrounded by mountains as mausoleums, distributed in the Beishan Mountains.This kind of mausoleum takes advantage of the mountain, and the Xuan Palace is excavated on the mountainside to the south of the mountain. There is no mound on the upper part, and there is a long tomb passage in front, which is very magnificent.The tomb passages and tomb doors of Qianling, Qiaoling, Dingling, Tailing, Jianling, Chongling and Jianling that have been surveyed or excavated are all sealed with stone strips.The bridge mausoleum road is about 70 meters long and 3.78 meters wide.The stone strips on the lower layer of the tomb passage are neatly arranged, and the stone surfaces are all engraved with numbers, which are divided by the characters Tian, ​​Di, Xuan, Huang, Yu, and Zhou, such as "Tian 卌一", "Di 卌 6", "Xuan 卌一", "Yellow 卌五" and so on.The longest stone strip is 1.22 meters, the shortest is 0.37 meters, and the thickness is 0.4-0.45 meters.The gaps between the stone strips are poured with lime.It is estimated that more than 3,900 stone strips were built in the entire tomb passage.

Regarding the "Xuan Palace" of the Tang Mausoleum, the literature records are general, and no archaeological excavations have been conducted, so the structure is still unclear.According to "Tang Huiyao", the Zhaoling Xuan Palace is 75 Zhang (about 230 meters) deep, with five stone gates placed front and back.When Wen Tao of the Five Dynasties stole the excavation, he saw that the mysterious palace "is the main bedroom in the middle, and the east and west chambers are arranged".Through several unearthed burial tombs, some enlightenment can be obtained to understand the structure of Xuangong.For example, the tombs of Prince Yide Li Chongrun and Princess Yongtai Li Xianhui were built according to the system of "the tomb is the mausoleum".The burial chamber of Prince Yide's tomb is composed of sloped passages, six passages, seven patios, eight small niches, front and rear corridors, and front and rear tomb chambers with brick vaults, with a total length of 100.8 meters.Its layout mimics the design of the emperor's inner palace.The crossing hole is roughly equivalent to the palace gate, palace gate and palace gate, while the front and rear rooms symbolize the front and back sleeping.There are a large number of murals in the tomb, using lamentations instead of epitaphs.The contents of the murals include Men Lie Qi [qi Qi] halberds, ceremonial marches, as well as music, worship, internal officials, court ladies, etc., all of which are consistent with the court system recorded in the literature.

The cemetery has two walls inside and outside, and the layout is symmetrical.The inner city walls are rammed around the mausoleum, and there is a gate on each side. The south is called Suzaku, the north is called Xuanwu, the east is called Qinglong (Donghua), and the west is called Baihu (Xihua).For those who accumulate soil as mausoleums, the city is mostly square, with four gates facing the hills.The mausoleum is based on the mountain, and the city has an irregular polygon shape. Most of the south, east, and west gates face the Xuan Palace, and the north gate is mostly built due to the terrain, and its orientation is not correct.There are a pair of ques outside the door, and there are corner ques at the four corners.The exact condition of the outer city wall is unclear.Inside the south gate of the inner city there is a hall of dedication, and outside the south gate there is a long Shinto. In the middle of the Shinto, there is a que named Rutai, and at the south end there is a que named Magpie Terrace.The distance between the Rutai and the south gate is generally more than 600 meters, and the distance between the Rutai and the Magpie is generally more than 2,000 meters, and the least is about 1,500 meters.Stone carvings are arranged symmetrically on both sides of the Shinto from the milk platform to the south gate.The foundations of Gate Que, Jiao Que, Rutai and Magpie Terrace were all rammed, and the thickness of the rammed layer was about eight centimeters.The bottom is surrounded by stone strips, and the upper part is covered with bricks.There are many Tang Dynasty bricks and tiles near the ruins, and it is speculated that the upper part was originally a pavilion building. Most of the "Xiagong" are built in the southwest of the emperor's mausoleum and the northwest of Quetai, at the foot of the mountain about 2.5 kilometers away from the mausoleum.

The Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty is the largest among the Tang Mausoleums.Jiuyi (zongzong) mountain where Xuangong is located has an isolated terrain in the south of the mountain, while it is relatively gentle in the north.Because it is far away from the dedication hall, an altar was specially built in the Xuanwu Gate on the north side of the mausoleum as a place for holding grand ceremonies, which is not available in other mausoleums.The altar site is 53.5 meters wide from east to west and 86.5 meters long from north to south.The sleeping hall is 50 meters south of the mountain, and it is a courtyard-style building.Sitting south and facing north, surrounded by walls, it is 237 meters long from east to west and 234 meters long from north to south.The main hall is in the south, with corridors on the east, west and north sides, a square pavilion in the courtyard, and three door openings in the courtyard gate.There are many stone cave dwellings built on the east, west, and south sides of Jiuyi Mountain. Some cave walls are built with stone strips, there are traces of murals on the top, and there are door sealing stones at the entrance.The cave dwellings on the east and west sides are probably the living quarters for the burial objects or the handymen of the cemetery, and the cave dwellings on the south may be a place for the soul to play, that is, the Youdian of "Youdian also rises from the top".In the southeast and southwest of the mountain, there are still relics of plank roads erected in those days.Although none of the buildings on the ground of Zhaoling Mausoleum remain, a piece of owl [chi eating] on the ridge unearthed from the site of Xiandian is as high as 1.5 meters and weighs about 150 kilograms. How magnificent is the whole building composed of pavilions.

There are a large number of stone carvings left over from the Tang Mausoleum, including round carvings, relief carvings and line carvings.The wide range of themes and the essence of techniques far exceed those of the previous generation, and it can be called the treasure house of large-scale stone carving art in ancient my country.These stone carvings are mainly arranged on both sides of the Shinto and outside the four gates, among which the Shinto stone carvings are the largest in number and variety. Generally speaking, the early stone carvings of the Xianling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu and the Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong are huge and majestic, and there is no customization in terms of subject matter, quantity, and display location.Although the stone carvings of Emperor Gaozong’s Qianling Mausoleum, Zhongzong’s Dingling Mausoleum and Ruizong’s Qiaoling Mausoleum in the heyday of Tang Dynasty still retain the early style, the carving art is more exquisite, and the types and quantities have greatly increased, and the combination is basically customized.During the middle and late Tang Dynasty, most of the stone carvings in the 13 mausoleums from Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Xuanzong to Jingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xizong were small in size, rough in workmanship, and chaotic in composition, reflecting the situation of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline after the Anshi Rebellion.

Due to the dangerous terrain in the south of Zhaoling, the stone carvings are concentrated in the north of the tomb. Volume 20 of "Tang Huiyao": "The emperor wanted to explain the former emperor Huilie, so he asked the craftsmen to cut stones, write the shapes of the old emperors who captured the old in the Zhenguan, and engrave their official names: Turkic Jieli Khan, Zuo General Wei Ashina came out... 14 people, including fourteen people, were lined up inside the north gate of Sima Mausoleum, in the shade of Jiuyi Mountain, with martial arts. There were also carved stones for the six enemy horses on which Chang rode and smashed under the gate. "In the east and west of the altar, there are relief statues of the six war horses that Emperor Taizong rode on during his lifetime, namely the famous "Six Horses of Zhaoling Mausoleum".In order to commemorate his achievements in the Southern and Northern Wars and to commemorate his beloved war horse, Tang Taizong ordered the engraving of "Six Horses" after burying the Empress Changsun.It is said that the "Six Steeds" are good horses selected from the Western Regions and Persian horses.When carving, the great painter Yan Liben first drew the pattern, and the great calligrapher Ouyang Xun wrote praises on the upper corner of the stone.

"Six Horses" are carved on stone slabs with a height of 2.5 meters and a width of 3 meters. According to the praises recorded in "Quan Tang Wen", they were originally divided into two groups: east and west.The first horse in the east, "Telepiu", is a yellow horse with a white beak and slightly black. It was the mount when Song Jingang was pacified; The third horse "Shivase" is pure red, with four arrows in the front and one arrow in the back. It was the mount used when Wang Shichong was pacified and Dou Jiande was defeated.The first horse "Sa Lu Zi" in the west is purple, and hits an arrow in the front. It is the mount when he defeated Wang Shichong when he attacked Luoyang; The three arrows in the back are the mounts used to pacify Liu Heitai (tata); the third horse "Baihowu" is pure black with all four hooves, and it is the mount used to pacify Xue Rengao.Among the six steeds, "Saluzi" is the only one with a portrait engraved on it, and the person is bowing his head and drawing an arrow for the horse.According to the "Book of Tang: The Biography of Qiu Xinggong", it shows the story of Qiu Xinggong desperately escorting the horse to draw the arrow when he attacked Luoyang Wang Shichong. "Fist Mao" and "Telepiu" showed a slow-paced demeanor, while the other four horses showed a galloping and powerful posture.These art treasures with exquisite craftsmanship and rich historical content, with simple and powerful lines and lifelike shapes, fully demonstrate the achievements of ancient Chinese sculpture art.It is a pity that they were all destroyed in 1914. Among them, two horses, "Saluzi" and "Fist Hairy", were stolen and transported to the United States. They are now in the Museum of Philadelphia University in the United States. The remaining four horses are now in the Shaanxi Provincial Museum after restoration.

Inside the Xuanwu Gate of Zhaoling Mausoleum, there were originally 14 statues of "Fan Chieftains" engraved during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, including the Khans and statues of Turks, Tubo, Tuyuhun, Kucha, Khotan, Yanqi, Gaochang, Silla, Lelang, etc. Wang, they were all conferred by the Tang Dynasty.The stone statue is more than two meters high, and the seat is one meter high.Most of them were destroyed after Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, and only "Turkic Dabu Khan Ashinasheer", "Gaochang King Zuowuwei General Zhiyong", "Yanqi King Longtuqizhi" and so on survived.Since the establishment of "Fan chiefs" in Zhaoling Mausoleum, stone statues of "Fan chiefs" or "Fan people" have also been set up in every mausoleum.The Qianling Mausoleum is relatively well preserved, with a total of 61 people, three in the Tailing Mausoleum of Xuanzong, and eight in the Mausoleum of Jingzong Zhuang.There is only one person left in Dezong Chongling, who looks like a South Asian.

Since Emperor Gaozong's Qianling Mausoleum, the combination and arrangement of stone inscriptions in the mausoleum have been regulated.There are a pair of stone lions at each of the four gates of the inner city. There are stone horses and grooms outside the north gate. On both sides of the Shinto outside the south gate, there are Huabiao, winged horses, ostriches, stone men, stone horses and grooms, and statues of "Fan Chieftains". The number of stone carvings varies from tomb to tomb.Among the mausoleums, Qianling has the most stone carvings, with 109 pieces, followed by Qiaoling, with more than 80 pieces.There are no "fan chieftains" and steles in the stone inscriptions of Qiaoling, and the rest are the same in number, type and arrangement as Qianling. Emperor Gaozu Xianling imitated the system of the Han Dynasty and began to implement the burial system, which was clearly stipulated by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty.In the 11th year of Zhenguan (AD 638), the official decree: "From now on, if any meritorious officials, secret relatives, and Deye assistants die, they should be given a tomb and a secret weapon, so that they can be buried [zhunxi Zhunxi, the tomb] 〕At that time, there was no lack of funerals, and the company will prepare according to this plan to say what I want." In addition to the accompanying tombs, there are also part of them belonging to secondary burials.In the 20th year of Zhenguan (647 A.D.), it was stipulated: "If the father and grandfather are buried with him, those who want to be buried with his descendants should also obey." According to the records and excavations of Jinshi, Zhaoling and Qianling both have burials. Most of the accompanying burials in the Tang Dynasty were in the tombs of the early Tang Dynasty, but there were very few after the Tailing Mausoleum of Xuanzong, and basically disappeared in the late Tang Dynasty.Among them, Zhaoling was buried with the most people, but there are different records in various books.According to the survey, there are 167 earth-enclosed tombs on the ground, and the names of the owners of 57 of them can be confirmed, including civil and military heroes, princes, princesses, concubines, and leaders of ethnic minorities.Among them, the famous ones are Li Jing, the Duke of Shewei, the right servant of the Shangshu, Li Ji, the Duke of England, the prince of Sikong, Wei Zheng, the Duke of Zheng, the Duke of Zheng, Cheng Zhijie (Cheng Yaojin), the Duke of Lu, the Duke of Zuowei, Wen Yanbo, the Duke of Lingyu, the Duke of Zhongshu, and Sheliang, the left servant of the Shangshu. State Duke Fang Xuanling, State Son Jijiu Kong Yingda, Turkic General Shi Tainai, Ashina Zhongjie, etc. Most of the accompanying tombs of Xianling are located in the north and northeast of the mausoleum, which are similar to the tombs of the Han Dynasty.Starting from Zhaoling, the accompanying tombs are all in the south and southeast of the tomb.Regarding the position arrangement of the accompanying tombs, there is a saying in history that "divided into left and right columns by civil and military".However, judging from the 57 accompanying tombs where the names of the tomb owners can be determined in Zhaoling Mausoleum, it is basically that those buried earlier are closer to the mausoleum, while those buried later are farther away. The accompanying tombs adopt different shapes and structures according to the rank of the deceased and the relatives of the descendants.A few of them are mausoleums by the mountains, and most of them are graves with accumulated soil.The shapes of the mounds are bucket-shaped, conical, and mountain-shaped.Those in the shape of a bucket are generally royal figures, surrounded by walls, a que is built at the south gate, and stone carvings are erected at the south of the que.The number of cones is the largest, with different sizes and heights. Most of the burials are ministers of civil and military affairs, and a few are royal family members.There are only Li Jing and Li Ji in the shape of a mountain, which were built in recognition of their military exploits after the stories of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing in the Han Dynasty.There are also a few tombs connected with mounds or without mounds.Some monuments and stone carvings were erected in front of the tombs.The type and quantity of stone carvings also vary with the status of the owner of the tomb. Generally, they are stone figures, stone sheep, stone tigers and stone pillars.The chambers of the accompanying tombs can be divided into single chambers and double chambers, and the scales are also different. The 18 burial tombs that have been excavated have all been stolen, but a large number of tricolor pottery figurines, painted pottery figurines, painted pottery figurines with gold glaze, and porcelain have been unearthed.The group of painted pottery figurines unearthed from the Zhaoling tombs of Zheng Rentai and Zhang Shigui are diverse in variety and bright in color.There are those who play drums, play the flute, dance, ride horses, lead horses, and lead camels. Their expressions, movements, and costumes are all sculpted vividly.There are also many figures of ethnic minorities and camels carrying silk among the pottery figurines, which reflect the close connection between the frontier and the interior and the friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries. Most of the chambers, corridors or tomb passages of the accompanying tombs are painted with murals.The murals are mainly figure paintings representing the life of the nobility, with gorgeous colors, rigorous layout and various themes.The content is mainly about travel, ceremonial guards, hunting, entertainment, singing and dancing, martial arts, male servants, maidservants, as well as the green dragon and white tiger in the tomb.There are pictures of maids in each tomb. The maids have plump cheeks and beautiful eyebrows, with different expressions and full of charm.There are more than 50 murals in the tomb of Prince Zhanghuai, covering an area of ​​400 square meters.The murals on both sides of the tomb passage include trips, polo, guest envoys, guards of honor, etc.The polo picture depicts more than 20 riders competing for polo, and the picture is particularly lively.The murals in the tomb are scenes of royal carnival life, including Kabuki, bird watching and cicada hunting, traveling, honor guards, etc. The scenes are spectacular and grand.The halberd frame and tower map of the tomb of Prince Yide vividly show the characteristics of palace buildings.These murals are accurate in outline, vivid in image and distinct in coloring layers, showing a high level and adding new content to the history of ancient Chinese painting. Many of the steles in front of the burial tombs and epitaphs unearthed in the tombs were written by famous calligraphers of the Tang Dynasty, including Zhen, Cao, Li and Zhuan scripts, representing different schools and styles of calligraphy in the entire Tang Dynasty. Qianling Mausoleum (Figure 9) is the joint burial tomb of Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi and Empress Wu Zetian, located on Liangshan in the north of Qianxian County.The period of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian was a period of vigorous political and economic development in the Tang Dynasty. Qianling Mausoleum is also the most representative and best preserved among the tombs of the Tang Dynasty.Li Zhi, who came to the throne in 649 A.D., was sick in his later years, and most of the government orders came from Wu Zetian. He was buried in Qianling in 683 A.D.After Gaozong's death, Wu Zetian abolished Zhongzong and Ruizong successively, ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the name of the country to Zhou. She was the only female emperor in Chinese history.She reigned for 21 years, and died in 705 AD. In her dying will, she took the title of emperor and was buried in Qianling together. Liangshan is 1049 meters above sea level, with three towering peaks, the highest in the north, which is the main body of the mountain, and the two peaks in the south face each other, forming a natural gate at the southern end of the mountain.The cemetery is about 40 kilometers around, with a majestic momentum and a grand scale. The Qianling Mausoleum is based on the mountain, and the Xuan Palace was excavated on the mountainside to the south of the main peak of Liangshan.The tomb passages are all excavated on limestone, facing north-south, in a slope shape, with a total length of about 65 meters, an external width of 3.87 meters, and an external width of 2.75 meters.The tomb passage and the tomb door are all sealed with stone strips. The stone strips are 1.25 meters long and have a total of 39 floors. It is estimated that more than 2,500 stone strips are used for the entire tomb passage.The stone strips of each layer are fixed with thin-waisted iron tenons, the joints are poured with iron slurry, and the stone strips are piled up with rammed earth, which is extremely strong.This is consistent with the records in "New Tang Book", "Tang Huiyao" and "Xuan Palace uses stone as the gate, and iron solidifies its seams" in the Qianling Mausoleum.Many stone strips are engraved with the names of craftsmen, and murals remain on the stone walls on both sides of the tomb passage. According to "Chang'an Tuzhi", Qianling Mausoleum is surrounded by inner and outer city walls.The inner city foundation site has been discovered through investigation.The plane of the inner city is nearly square, the south wall and north wall are 1450 meters long, the east wall is 1582 meters long, and the west wall is 1438 meters long.The foundation of the city is rammed, with a width of 2.1-2.5 meters.There is a door on each of the four sides, the shape is the same, the door is 27 meters wide, and a pair of gates are opposite to the left and right in front of the door.There are corner ques at the four corners, and the existing height of the que site is 5.1-10 meters.The architectural ruins found in the south gate include the hall of dedication and the east and west pavilions of the east and west hatchbacks.The south gate is in the form of three gates, with a residual height of 11-12 meters.The foundation site is on a horizontal plane, paved with stone strips, rammed into the platform, and surrounded by brick walls, gradually closing upwards. To the south of the Shinto outside the south gate are the ruins of Magpie Terrace and Rutai Terrace.Magpie Terrace is the first gate of the cemetery. It is located on the south slope of Liangshan Mountain, about four kilometers away from the south gate of the inner city.Rutai is the second gate of the cemetery, on the peaks on the east and west sides of the southern end of Sima Road, just south of the inner city.The two peaks are in the northeast-southwest direction, with a distance of 380 meters and an altitude of 944 meters and 930 meters respectively. The situation is extremely spectacular.After archaeological excavation, the milk platform is also in the form of three ques.The plane of the base site is double-convex, with the wide end of the east platform facing west and the narrow end facing east, and the opposite for the west platform.The base is made of stone strips, with a width of 23 meters, a maximum depth of 12.85 meters, a minimum depth of 10.5 meters, and a height of 0.76 meters.The center of the que platform above the base is solid rammed earth, surrounded by flat brick walls, and the upper and lower points are significantly divided.The wide end of the base is high and the narrow end is low, in the form of three steps, and the top surface of the que platform rammed according to this is also in the form of three steps.The residual height of the West Rutai is 9.7 meters.There are some floor tiles left on the top of the East Rutai, with a total height of 14.4 meters, which should be the original height of the Rutai.There are residual tiles near the milk platform, and it is speculated that there were originally pavilions on the platform.In the murals of the tomb of Li Chongrun whose tomb No. is the mausoleum, there is a group of three-outlet buildings, the shape of which is consistent with the discovery of the milk platform.Judging from the architecture of Nanmen Que and Rutai, Quetai may also be in the form of three ques.The establishment of the Three Chuques began in the period of Taizong, and should be a symbol of the emperor's rank. The stone carvings in Qianling Mausoleum are the most among the mausoleums of the Tang Dynasty, with 109 pieces, mainly concentrated on both sides of the Shinto.From south to north, there are a pair of Huabiao, a pair of winged horses, and a pair of ostriches, five pairs of stone horses and horsemen, 10 pairs of stone figures, two stone tablets, and 61 chieftains. They are all symmetrically arranged from east to west, with a distance of 25 meters.The Huabiao is the symbol of the entrance of the mausoleum. It is about eight meters high and is in the shape of an octagonal column.Winged horses have cirrus-like wings, which look like they are flying and galloping in the clouds and mist. Dragons, Xiezhi [xiezhi], lions, and elephants are carved on the stone pedestal.The ostrich held its head high and straightened its neck, standing upright.The winged horse and the ostrich are about 230 meters apart and placed in front of the mausoleum, symbolizing multiple layers of guards.Saddles, stirrups and other harnesses are carved on the stone horse, and the horseman stands in front.The stone man represents the emperor's bodyguard during his lifetime. He wears a crown of hair, a robe with wide sleeves, a belt around his waist, boots on his feet, a sword in both hands, and his eyes staring ahead.The stone tablet is 61 meters apart from east to west.The "Wordless Monument" in the east is about 7.5 meters high, 2.1 meters wide and 1.5 meters thick. It was erected according to Wu Zetian's last words, which means that his merits and demerits will be evaluated by future generations, so no words are engraved.On the west side is the "Monument to Shusheng", which is about seven meters high, square in plane, and 1.86 meters long on each side.The body of the stele is divided into five sections, and the inscription on the front is engraved with more than 8,000 characters, and the calligraphy and painting are "filled with gold chips".The inscription was written by Wu Zetian and written by Tang Zhongzong, and the content is to praise Tang Gaozong's Wenzhiwugong.After archaeological excavation, the stele was originally a stele pavilion.The base of the wordless stele pavilion is a square rammed earth platform with a width of 15.8 meters and a depth of 15.55 meters. There are nine rooms in total, with the stele in the center.The surrounding column bases are made of bluestone, with a side length of 0.6-0.7 meters and a mortise in the middle.There are brick scattered water around the stele pavilion.According to "Chang'an Tuzhi", when Emperor Gaozong was buried, 61 people from the leaders of my country's frontier ethnic minorities and special envoys from neighboring countries came to Qianling to attend the funeral.To commemorate this great event, Tang Zhongzong carved a stone statue in front of the mausoleum in the first year of Shenlong (705 A.D.).There are 29 people in the east row and 32 people in the west row. They all wear narrow-sleeved gowns, wide belts around their waists, leather boots on their feet, and arch their hands forward in prayer.The heads of the stone figures were mostly destroyed in the early years, and only two heads in Xilie still survive. Both have high noses and deep eyes, and they are obviously from the Western Regions or Central Asia.The names of countries, official positions, and names are engraved on the back of the stone figure, and a few of them can still be identified, such as "Mujuhan Lord Si Xingle", "Yutan Kingdom Wei Chixuan", "Prince of Tochara Jie Dajian", "Ashina King". Zhongjie" and other seven people.According to research, most of these countries are in present-day Xinjiang.In the era of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, the regime of the Tang Dynasty controlled Mobei in the north and governed Congling in the west. These people were often not only the chieftains of the region, but also the local administrators appointed by the central government of the Tang Dynasty.These stone carvings are a reflection of the unified multi-ethnic country of the Tang Dynasty.In addition, a pair of stone lions are placed outside the four gates of the inner city, generally 2.9 meters high and 1.16 meters wide. Outside the north gate, there are still stone statues of stone horses and horse controllers. There are different records in the documents of the accompanying tombs of the Qianling Mausoleum.There are 17 seals on the ground, distributed in the south and southeast of the mausoleum.There are garden walls around the tombs, which vary in size. Only the south gate is set up, and stone carvings stand outside the gate.The tomb of Prince Yide Li Chongrun whose tomb is mausoleum is relatively large. The tomb is in the shape of a bucket. The cemetery is 256.5 meters long from north to south and 214 meters wide from east to west, with turrets at the four corners.There is a dedicated hall inside the south gate, and a pair of rammed earth gates are set outside the gate. To the south of the gate, there are a pair of stone lions, two pairs of stone figures, and a pair of stone Huabiao.The tomb of Zhanghuai Prince Li Xian is also in the shape of a bucket. The cemetery is 180 meters long from north to south and 143 meters wide from east to west.There is only a pair of stone sheep to the south of the South Gate. After 1960, five accompanying tombs of Princess Yongtai, Prince Yide, Prince Zhanghuai, Zhongshu Ling Xue Yuanchao, and Yan Guogong Li Jinxing were excavated successively.The tombs are composed of tomb passages, passages, patios, niches, corridors, front chambers and back chambers.The tomb and the passageway are built of bricks, the floor is made of square bricks, and the roof of the chamber is a dome.There are a large number of murals painted in the tomb.On the two sides of the tomb of Prince Yide, there are city walls, towers, guards of honor, guards and warriors, and civil servants, etc.; on both sides of the tomb of Prince Zhanghuai, there are pictures of travel, polo, and guest envoys, all of which belong to the murals of the Tang Dynasty essence.The tombs were all stolen, and the remaining burial objects were mostly pottery such as tricolor figurines and tomb-suppressing animals.