Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Northern Wei Dynasty Mausoleum

During Tuobagui, Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty (398 A.D.), the capital was moved from Shengle (now Helinger, Inner Mongolia) to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi Province), and then moved to Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) during Emperor Xiaowen (494 A.D.) The ancient city of Wei in the Eastern Han Dynasty), during which there were five emperors, was buried in Jinling in the cloud according to historical records, and the specific location is unknown.From the time Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang until the fall of Wei in 534 A.D., there were seven emperors in total. According to historical records, all of them were buried on Mount Mang in the north of Luoyang. The specific location is briefly recorded.After many archaeological surveys, excavations and researches since the 1970s, the specific locations of the Yonggu Tomb of the Civilized Empress Dowager in Datong and the Changling Tomb of Emperor Xiaowen, Jingling Tomb of Emperor Xuanwu, Dingling Tomb of Emperor Xiaoming, and Jingling Tomb of Emperor Xiaozhuang in Luoyang were found. Sure.Among them, Yonggu Mausoleum and Jingling Mausoleum were cleared and excavated.

Empress Dowager Feng of Civilization, from Changle Xindu (now Jixian County, Hebei Province), grandmother of Emperor Xiaowen, twice "dictatorship in the Lin Dynasty" for more than 10 years.He died in the 14th year of Taihe (AD 490) at the age of 49 and was buried in Yonggu Mausoleum.The site of the mausoleum was selected and completed by Empress Dowager Feng during her lifetime. "Wei Shu Biography of the Empress" records: "The Empress Dowager and Gaozu traveled in Fangshan, looking at Chuanfu, and had the ambition to die. Because the officials said: '... I will be here after a hundred years." Gaozu Naizhao A company built the Shouling Mausoleum in Fangshan, and built the Yonggu Stone Chamber, which will eventually become the Qing Temple. It was started in the fifth year of Taihe (AD 484), and it was completed in eight years.

Yonggu Mausoleum (Figure 7) is located on the southern peak of Liangshan (known as Fangshan in ancient times), 25 kilometers north of Datong City, Shanxi Province, and its base is basalt.The bottom of the mound is square, 124 meters long from east to west, 117 meters wide from north to south, and 23 meters high.The masonry structure of the tomb is composed of four parts: the tomb passage, the front room, the corridor and the back room, with a total length of 17.6 meters from north to south.The plane of the front room is trapezoidal, with an arched top; the plane of the back room is nearly square, with four walls in a convex arc shape, and the top is a four-cornered pointed style.There is a large stone gate at both ends of the corridor.The lintel is embossed with a boy holding a lotus bud, the doorpost is embossed with a peacock, and the front of the pier is carved in the shape of a tiger's head, with beautiful shapes and fine workmanship.The structure of the tomb is solid, the wall thickness is 1.3 meters, and there are more than 200,000 bricks in common.The bricks are 41 centimeters long, 21 centimeters wide and 7.7 centimeters thick, each weighing about 12.5 kilograms.The large square bricks for paving the floor are 50.6 centimeters long and 7.2 centimeters thick, and each piece weighs about 30 kilograms.The bricks are all blue-gray, the base is delicate, and the production is regular, and the buckle makes the sound of gold and stone.The tomb has been robbed many times, and there are not many burial objects left. There is a stone warrior figurine, stone tomb guard beast legs, small copper, iron, bone vessels and ceramic fragments.

About 600 meters south of the mausoleum, there are ruins of Buddhist temples and pagodas surrounding the corridor, and the base width of the corridor is about 10 meters.The layout of combining mausoleums and Buddhist temples is a characteristic of Yonggu Mausoleum, and this practice has a great influence on later generations. There is the ruins of Yonggu Hall in the north of the Buddhist temple.Yonggu Mausoleum inherited the legacy of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and built a stone hall in front of the mausoleum, called Yonggu Hall, as a place for holding sacrifices. "Shui Jing Zhu (氵櫐) [lei Lei] Water" records: "The corner pheasants, row pavilions, step sills, door doors, beam walls, rafters and tiles around the hall are also Xiwen stones. The four pillars in front of the eaves are taken from Luoyang. The black stone of the wind valley is made of black stones, and the carvings are hidden, and the clouds between gold and silver are like a brocade. There are two stone panels on the four sides inside and outside the hall, and a blue stone screen. The name of Zhenshun is inscribed. The stone in front of the temple is a stele beast, and the stele is the best. There are cypresses on the left and right, and the sun is fascinated all around." It can be seen that the stone hall was grand and luxurious in those days.There are other ancillary buildings nearby, with a total area of ​​about 100,000 square meters. There are relics such as pillar foundations, turtle shells, bricks and tiles on the ground.

Before moving to Luo, Emperor Xiaowen attached great importance to the construction of his own mausoleum. Because of his filial piety to the Empress Dowager Wenming, he pre-built a longevity palace for himself in the north of the mausoleum, named Wannian Hall.The existing seal of Wannian Hall is square in plane, with a side length of about 60 meters and a height of about 13 meters.The structure of the tomb is the same as that of the Yonggu Mausoleum, but the scale is slightly smaller.The door frame on the west side of the stone gate of the remnant corridor has a relief sculpture of a warrior on the front.The warrior is sideways to the right, wearing a long sword and holding the hilt in his right hand, with a height of 1.32 meters.To the north of Wannian Hall, there are two smaller tombs, which should be the accompanying tombs of Yonggu Mausoleum.After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luo, this mausoleum was abandoned, and another mausoleum was built in Luoyang.

The Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaowen is located on the highlands of Mang Mountain in the west of the Canhe River in Luoyang City, facing the Luohe River, with a high and broad terrain.The Jingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xuanwu is in the front right of Changling, the Dingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaoming is in the front left farther east of the Changling River, and the Jingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaozhuang is in front right of Jingling.The mausoleums of the emperors are arranged on the left and right according to the lineage.For this vast mausoleum area, some unearthed epitaphs are called "Jinling" or "Xishingling".Each mausoleum has tall and large mounds, and the architecture and layout of each mausoleum are still unclear.There are many noble tombs planned and arranged in the mausoleum area, which have the meaning of accompanying the mausoleum. They mainly include the royal family of the Yuan family, the "nine surnames of the imperial family", the "Xunjiu eight surnames", and the internal "surnames of the remaining tribes" and important ministers.

In 1991, Jingling was cleared and excavated.It is made of rammed earth, with a slightly circular plane and a diameter of 105-110 meters. It is now 24 meters high and has a relatively flat top.The tomb faces south and is of masonry structure with a total length of 54.8 meters. It consists of four parts: the tomb passage, the front passage, the back passage and the tomb chamber.The tomb passage is slope-shaped.The brick roof of the corridor.The plane of the tomb is nearly square, with a side length of 6.8 meters, a top with four corners and a pointed shape, and a height of 9.36 meters.The west half of the tomb is a stone coffin bed with a flat stone surface.There is one stone curtain base at each of the four corners.Each room is paved with stone slabs, which are generally 0.5 meters square and 7-10 centimeters thick.The tomb bricks are blue-gray, each 38 centimeters long, 18 centimeters wide, and six centimeters thick.Exposed parts are painted black.The funerary objects have been stolen, and only broken celadon wares and pottery remain.A stone warrior was found in front of Jingling and Jingling respectively, with the head missing, and the residual heights are 2.89 meters and 3.14 meters respectively.

The shape and structure of Jingling Mausoleum are basically the same as those of Yonggu Mausoleum, reflecting the construction system of Northern Wei Mausoleum.Their common characteristics are: there are tall and large mounds on the ground, and their planes have evolved from square to circular; ), the rear corridor (or corridor), and the tomb chamber; there are no murals on the tomb walls.The evolution of warrior statues carved on the door of the Yonggu Mausoleum or statues of warriors buried in the tomb into large stone statues of warriors erected in front of the tomb reflects the changes in the mausoleum system after the capital was moved to Luoyang, obviously influenced by the stone carvings erected in front of the Eastern Han Mausoleum.