Chapter 12 Section 3 "Five Homework"

In addition to requiring every believer to maintain a firm belief in his heart, Islam also has corresponding behavioral requirements.Some requirements must be fulfilled, otherwise it is regarded as apostasy.Although some requirements are not required to be fulfilled, they can be rewarded for doing so.Islam believes that there are at least five religious practices that Muslims must complete, namely the "five major lessons", or "five merits" for short.The normative and procedural provisions for these religious tasks are religious etiquette.Muslims express their belief in the Lord and their inner religious experience through religious etiquette, that is, external actions and words.In the history of Islam, some theologians paid attention to the cultivation of religious worldview, and some theologians emphasized the procedures of religious etiquette.

"Five Gongs" is the abbreviation of reciting powers, ritual powers, fasting powers, lesson powers, and court powers.The so-called "Islam takes five things as pillars" refers to this.The Islamic inscription in the middle of the Ming Dynasty in China reads, "There are five essentials for teaching people. The so-called sincerity (reading), ritual, fasting, economical (classes), and travel (challenge) are already." The so-called chanting is to recite the Shahad, that is, to recite the words "there is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of the Lord".Anyone who recites this speech in public is considered to have converted to Islam.This is the sentence that Muslims say most in their life. "Mind" includes "mouth-mind" and "mind-mind".Mouth chanting is a loud praise, and mind is a silent thought, thinking about Allah with all your attention.

Ritual is prayer, which is the main part of Islamic practice. Conditions of worship.There are six conditions for the establishment of worship, which are called "six destiny outside worship", that is, "clean water, clean clothes, clean place, raising intentions, recognizing time, and facing the right direction".Before worshiping, Muslims must perform the ritual of cleansing, that is, a cleansing ceremony in the sense of the Islamic law, which generally includes bathing, clean clothes, clean place and so on.Bathing is divided into big cleansing and small cleansing, that is, washing the whole body or parts of the limbs with clean water, and silently reciting a certain content of prayers or praises during each movement.The scope of application of ghusl and wudoo, as well as the bathing parts, sequence, and times are strictly regulated.Ordinary worship, only wudoo.In special cases, it is possible to bathe without water.Purify the body with clean soil, sand, stones, bricks, etc. as water substitutes, called "Tujing" or "Daijing", that is, use the palms of both hands to pat the soil, sand, stones, bricks, etc. on the ground, and then Pat off the dust on hands and wipe with hands. "Intention" refers to the intention to set up worship in the heart.This intention should also be said silently, if possible.Muslims must face the Kaaba in Mecca.Mecca is in the west of China, so the prayer direction of Chinese Muslims is west. "Recognition of time" means that the worship must be carried out within the specified time, neither in advance nor in delay.There are six rituals every week, which are called "Liuyi", or "six pieces of destiny in worship".The six rituals are raising hands, standing upright, chanting sutras, bowing, kowtowing, kneeling and so on.Due to different sects and schools of teaching, there are also differences in certain details of worship.

The type of worship.There are generally three types of prayers performed by Muslims: obligatory prayer, which means the prayer ordered by Allah, including the daily five o'clock prayer, the Friday prayer, and the funeral.Failure to perform these prayers without a justifiable reason is an act that must be punished; worship.Failure to perform these prayers is obligatory; obligatory prayers or self-study prayers, that is, other prayers performed voluntarily in addition to the above-mentioned prayers.Performing this prayer is a commendable act.However, abandoning the obligatory and sunnah prayers and performing independent obedient prayers is generally considered by jurists to be "heretical".

The five daily prayers are also called "five-hour prayers" and "five-time prayers".They are "morning ceremony", "noon ceremony", "afternoon (bu) ceremony", "evening ceremony" and "Isha ceremony".Morning rituals are performed from dawn to sunrise.Zuhr is performed between just after noon and towards the west of the sun.The Asr prayer is performed after the noon prayer until before sunset.The evening ceremony is carried out from sunset to before the red glow disappears.The Isha ceremony is performed before the sunset completely disappears until the dawn of the next day.Each week has a certain number of prayers.Different religious sects have different regulations on the number of prayers at five o'clock.

Juli, a collective worship held every Friday afternoon (called Juma in Arabic), also known as "Juma worship".It is usually held in a mosque, and the prayer time is the same as the Zuhr.The main worship must be led by the priest.The content includes worship, chanting, preaching and so on.Preaching is called "Khutubai" in Islam.Hutubai is an important part of Juli.When the patriarch is preaching, those present at the worship service must stop worshiping, refrain from talking, and sit and listen until the procedure is over.The content of Hutubai has two parts.The first part is to read a few passages of relevant scriptures, and then make some elaborations as needed.The dean can also say what he thinks should be said.After the dean takes a short break, the second part begins.In this part, the imam prays to Allah for the well-being of all Muslims.

It is a collective worship held every year on the Islamic Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.The ceremony is held in the mosque from after sunrise to before noon.The teacher should recite Hutubai.The prayer on the day of the assembly cannot replace the morning prayer on that day, and the morning prayer cannot replace the morning prayer on that day. A funeral is a collective worship for the dead.It is the duty of every Muslim to pray for the dead; and when this duty is fulfilled by some, so is the duty of others.During the whole process of the funeral, the participants take a standing posture, that is, there is no ritual of bowing, kneeling, or kowtowing.The funeral is presided over by the Dean.Muslims practice burial, and the dead bodies are not kept for many days.In some areas of China, Muslims sacrifice animals and do good deeds on the seventh anniversary after death to rescue the dead.

Fasting is fasting.Chinese Muslims also call it "fasting" and "fasting".Muslims fast for one month during Ramadan (September in the Islamic calendar).Fasting refers to the prohibition of all eating, smoking and sexual intercourse from dawn to sunset every day during Ramadan.This fast is obligatory for adult Muslims.Those who are unable to fast due to special circumstances, either postpone the fast to make up for it, or use alms as a ransom.Failure to comply without justification is a crime.When fasting before dawn, it is necessary to clarify the "intent", that is, to say the wish of fasting.Sometimes Ramadan has 29 days, sometimes 30 days.When the fasting period expires, break the fast on October 1st of the Islamic calendar.This day is "Eid al-Fitr".

In addition to the above-mentioned fasts, there are also "sunline fasts" and "voluntary fasts". "Sunnah fasting" refers to the fasting implemented by Muhammad, such as fasting on Monday and Thursday.There is no sin in breaking this fast. "Voluntary fasting" refers to fasting performed by oneself out of a certain wish. Classwork, also known as "Zakat", is a kind of charity stipulated by Islamic law.It is a religious tax levied in the name of Allah.This is the "obligatory command" that every Muslim must obey.Muslims should pay zakat when their annual net income (including movable and real estate) reaches a certain amount.The minimum tax rate is 2.5% for commodities and cash, 5%-10% for agricultural products, and different tax rates for livestock and minerals.It is generally collected once a year.Although there is a minimum class rate, there is no maximum class rate.Part of the zakat income is used to help the poor, those in distress, those who cannot pay their debts, those who have difficulties in traveling, those who cannot redeem themselves, etc.Before 1949, Chinese Islam levied taxes in the name of Zakat in some areas mainly including "Zakat" (Zakat), "Oshir" (Tithe Tax), and "Jizya" (Person Tax). Wait.

In contrast to the legal alms, which is zakat, there is also a "voluntary alms". The pilgrimage is the pilgrimage.Every Muslim, if conditions permit, must go to the Kaaba house in Mecca for pilgrimage in his life.Hajj activities have a whole set of etiquette procedures.First of all, you have to "take precepts" at the prescribed place, including bathing, wearing precepts, etc.; secondly, "Tawaaf", that is, go around the Kaaba seven times; Then there is "running", that is, running back and forth between the two hills seven times; at this time, it is the period of "Zheng Dynasty", and the ceremony is "staying at Mina station", that is, worshiping and staying overnight at Mina Mountain , and then "entered Mount Arfat", where a collective celebration ceremony was held, which was December 9th in the Islamic calendar.The next day is the "Day of the Great Hajj", which happens to be Eid al-Adha, and the pilgrimage reaches its climax.Hajj is invalid if this ritual is not performed.

Hajj is divided into "Major Hajj" and "Umrah".From December 8th to 12th in the Islamic calendar, collectively worship the Kaaba in Mecca, which is called the "Zheng Dynasty", also known as the "Zhu Ming Dynasty" and "Great Dynasty".Except for the pilgrimage season, the pilgrimage performed at any time is called "umrah", also known as "small pilgrimage" and "tour".Anyone who has gone on a pilgrimage to Mecca is called "Haji".If the person cannot make the trip, someone else can take the place.Those who are hired for pilgrimage are called "Naib Haj". Some Islamic jurists include "Jihad" as the most basic religious homework. "Jihad" originally refers to Muhammad's war against the polytheists of Mecca.Later, it generally refers to wars waged under the banner of Islam. Chinese Islamic teaching often refers to the "five merits" as "five constants", and divides "five constants" into "inner five constants" and "outer five constants".The internal five constants are benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faith, which are the internal basis of the five merits, namely, recitation, ritual, fasting, class, and court.In a sense, the internal five constants can also be said to be the five powers.The outer five constants are "the way of monarchs and ministers, father and son, husband and wife, brothers, and friends".The inner five constants are the "way of heaven", and the outer five constants are the "way of humanity".The Outer Five Constants are also known as "Five Codes" and "Five Ethics".Because the inner five constants (five virtues) are the way of heaven, their grade is higher than the outer five constants of human way.However, the Dao of Heaven and the Dao of Humanity are mutually external and internal, and cannot be completely regarded as two things that have nothing to do with each other.Liu Zhi, a scholar of Chinese Islam in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Those who have the five merits are the way to cultivate the Tao." There is merit in reciting, sex has merit in fasting, life has merit in court, and wealth has merit in learning.”The interpretation of the five merits in Chinese Islamic teachings is a manifestation of the integration of Islamic culture and Chinese traditional culture.