Chapter 6 Chapter 5: Demonstration of Meteorology in the Tang Dynasty

The Sui Dynasty ended the long-term war, unified the whole country, and established Chang'an as the capital. Under the rule of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, the national power developed rapidly.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty rebuilt Luoyang City to the west of the old city of Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties.Later, due to the opening of the canal, the conquest of Korea, and the unlimited consumption of people's power and wealth, the Sui Dynasty soon perished.Li Yuan and Li Shimin's father and son unified China and established the Tang Empire.From Tang Taizong's "Zhenguan Reign" to Tang Xuanzong's "Kaiyuan Reign", after 140 years, the Tang Dynasty's economy and culture entered a peak period.The agricultural production is stable, the public and private reserves are abundant, and the national water and land transportation is well developed.With a stable border and a vast territory, almost all Asian countries have economic and cultural ties with China.Feudal cities flourished unprecedentedly, and the scale of Chang'an City was huge, equivalent to five times that of Xi'an City today.The streets in the city are neat, with drainage ditches built along the roadside, and elms and fruit trees planted along the roadside.Qujiang Pond in the south of the city has built many palaces and courtyards for the royal family and nobles.The "three inner" palaces in the city are the center of the city. The palaces are magnificent and majestic, and the architectural art has reached a new peak.The relics of Tang Chang'an City in today's Xi'an can still be found everywhere.But when the Tang Dynasty reached its peak, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was extravagant and licentious, and trusted power and traitors, which led to the eight-year Anshi Rebellion.From then on, the Tang royal family began to go downhill. Although there was a resurgence for a while, the situation of eunuchs in power and vassals and towns was formed.In the end, the Tang Dynasty perished in the peasant uprising and the battle of eunuchs and towns, and China fell into the split situation of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

The Anshi Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty's prosperity and decline, so Tang Xuanzong became one of the most eye-catching figures in history.The story about his doting on Concubine Yang and causing disasters has always been an important subject in literary works.And Huaqing Pool in Lishan, where he and Concubine Yang lived, has become one of the most interesting monuments for people.Lishan Mountain is located in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. The hot springs here have always been very famous. Zhou, Qin, Han and Sui all built palaces here.Tang Taizong built "Tangquan Palace" here in the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (AD 644), and expanded it in the reign of Xuanzong Kaiyuan. Tianbao was renamed Huaqing Palace in the sixth year (AD 747).The Huaqing Palace is very large in scale, with pines and cypresses all over the mountain, pavilions, terraces and palaces lined up from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain, and many government departments and mansions of officials and officials.The number of hot spring pools has also greatly increased, and the emperors, concubines, and officials have different hot spring pools for different identities.In addition to the Jiulong Tang used by Tang Xuanzong and the Guifei Pool used by Concubine Yang, there are 16 long soups.The soup pool in the palace is inlaid with beautiful jade and gemstones, with a jade lotus flower carved in the center, and hot spring water sprays out of the lotus flower.The soup pool has a large area, and sometimes Xuanzong played games in the pool in a boat.From the end of the Kaiyuan period, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty took the main officials to Huaqing Palace almost every October, and returned to Chang'an City at the end of the year.On the eve of the outbreak of the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu returned to Fengxian County from Chang'an to visit his home. He passed Lishan Mountain, saw the steam all over the mountain with his own eyes, and heard the music coming from the palace. Going to Fengxian County, "Five Hundred Characters of Yonghuai", said the two famous sayings of "Zhumen's wine and meat stinks, and the road has frozen bones", revealing the premonition of the imminent chaos.During the Anshi Rebellion, Huaqing Palace was ransacked by rebels and most of the palace was burned down.After the mid-Tang Dynasty, it became more and more desolate and desolate, so it became a historical witness of the ruler's debauchery and defeat of the country.Now Huaqing Pool has been repaired, and there are still "Guifei Pool" and "Jiulong Soup", which attract Chinese and foreign tourists to come here to express their nostalgia.

The Tang Dynasty was the most prosperous period of Chinese feudal culture. The cultures of various ethnic groups absorbed each other, and the three religions of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism coexisted in the world.Various Western religions such as Nestorianism, Manichaeism, and Islam were introduced into China one after another.High achievements have been made in history, geography, astronomy and calendar, medicine, architecture and other fields.Chinese classical poetry has stepped into a golden age, not only in large number, but also by a wide range of authors, and has become an unattainable model in art for future generations.Various arts such as sculpture, painting, calligraphy, music and dance also expressed the grand and powerful atmosphere of the Tang Empire with grandeur and exquisite skills.

From the perspective of art, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Tang tomb murals, and Zhaoling Six Horses are all treasures in the history of world art. Dunhuang is a famous important town and throat on the Silk Road.In the second year of Jianyuan in the former Qin Dynasty (AD 366), monk Lezun (zun Zun) created the earliest caves in Mogao Grottoes in Mingsha Mountain, Dunhuang. By the time of Wu Zetian, there were more than a thousand niches.There are still 492 grottoes from past dynasties, more than 45,000 square meters of murals, and 2,415 painted sculptures.This is a comprehensive art treasure house composed of architecture, painting and sculpture. In 1900, a scripture cave was discovered in the Mogao Grottoes. From this cave that had been closed for 900 years, many scriptures and documents were found, including more than 50,000 pieces of embroidery, portraits, and cultural relics. write this.The age of the cultural relics book covers ten centuries from the 4th century AD to the 14th century.This is a major event that shocked the Chinese and foreign academic circles at the beginning of this century.Since the opening of the Buddhist scripture cave, more and more people have studied Dunhuang, and gradually formed the discipline of "Dunhuang Studies".

The main artistic creations of Mogao Grottoes are clay sculptures and mural paintings, and the integration of the two is a major feature.Painted sculpture generally went through three periods of artistic development, the first being the early period, including the Northern Wei Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty.Most of them are in high relief, with thick shapes and simple techniques. The figures are generally upright or sitting upright, with less movement.The second was during the heyday of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, when each niche contained a group of statues centered on the Buddha, ranging from 3 to 11 figures.The tallest Buddha statue is the Peking University Statue, which is 33 meters high, followed by the Southern Buddha Statue, which is 26 meters high.The statues of Bodhisattvas gradually changed from male to female in the early stage, with free posture, well-proportioned figure, delicate skin, gorgeous decoration and extremely fine workmanship.The heavenly kings and wrestlers are well-proportioned, brave and powerful, and full of energy.Although those characters are always portrayed, their body shapes, faces, and demeanors vary widely.The modeling and coloring are based on real-life characters, and are appropriately exaggerated, such as the mature and dignified Buddha disciple Kassapa, and the smart and handsome Ananda [nuo No], all of which are portrayed with great personality.Moreover, each figure becomes an independent shape, unlike the early statues that stick to the wall.Clothes patterns are not only represented by engraved lines as in the early days, but are extremely realistic, showing overlapping folds, and have a realistic three-dimensional sense and texture.The details are mostly decorated with painted and gold foil, and the color contrast is strong.At the same time, it overcomes the common problems of oversized heads and stiff bodies of figures before the Sui Dynasty, with well-proportioned bodies and free movements.The third period is the period of decline, including the Five Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty. The momentum is far inferior to that of the Tang Dynasty, and the image is relatively monotonous.

The development of murals in Mogao Grottoes was roughly in sync with that of painted sculptures.In addition to the Buddha statues in the early murals, there are many episodic Buddhist story paintings, most of which show the tragic scenes and self-sacrifice spirit of Sakyamuni's previous life who sacrificed himself to save others.Many stories can only be seen in Dunhuang murals.The basic modeling method is to adopt the traditional line drawing in our country, the lines are thick and powerful, and relatively simple.The clothes and clothes of the characters before the Northern Wei Dynasty are the same as the painted sculptures, obviously retaining the customs of India and Persia.Sometimes the light and shade blending method from the Western Regions is used to express the three-dimensional effect.After the late Northern Wei Dynasty, it became a traditional painting and dyeing method, forming the "Central Plains Style".The murals in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were mainly illustrations of Buddhist scriptures, among which the Pure Land sect was most represented in the murals.The pure land world in the painting is extremely rich and beautiful, with pavilions decorated with gold, silver and glass, lotus flowers as big as wheels, and flying dancers performing graceful dances. This optimistic and happy life and the spirit of asceticism in the murals of the Northern Dynasties undoubtedly have great significance. difference.Many pictures also show the life and production of the society at that time, full of life atmosphere.The figures in the mural paintings of the Tang Dynasty are rich and varied, lively and lively, especially Feitian, which is not only beautiful and plump, with smooth and elegant lines, but also swims in pairs in rows and pairs in the floating clouds.The bright and brilliant colors, the openness of the realm, the grandeur of the spirit and the complexity of the composition are far from comparable to those of the Northern Dynasties.The heyday of Tang Dynasty was the peak period in the history of Chinese mural paintings, while cave mural paintings after Song Dynasty were eclipsed and entered a period of decline just like painted sculptures.

In addition to grotto murals, the murals of the Tang Dynasty are also preserved. The murals of the tombs of Prince Zhanghuai, Prince Yide, and Princess Yongtai unearthed near the Qianling Mausoleum are relatively well preserved.Prince Zhanghuai Li Xian was the second son of Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian, and Prince Yide Li Chongrun and Princess Yongtai Li Xianhui were the children of Tang Zhongzong Li Xian. They were all executed by Wu Zetian and moved to Qianling to be buried with them.The murals in the tomb of Prince Zhanghuai total more than 400 square meters, and there are more than 50 pieces.Famous works such as "Picture of Concierge", "Picture of Horse", "Picture of Hunting", "Picture of Watching Birds and Cicadas" are all treasures in the murals.The tomb of Prince Yide is relatively large, and there are murals all over the tomb, among which the pictures of "Miyagi", "Honor Guard", "Eagle and Dog", and "Lady Holding a Fan" are very distinctive.The wall of Princess Yongtai's tomb is severely peeled off, among which the "Picture of a Palace Lady" is relatively well preserved and can be called a masterpiece.These paintings show all aspects of court life in the Tang Dynasty, including the reception of foreign envoys, the hunting team on horseback, the polo game scene, the emperor's honor guard, and the magnificent palace. The pictures are rich in color and there are many people , The momentum is vigorous.The murals that represent the life of court ladies can depict the various expressions of the characters and the leisurely and peaceful atmosphere in the court with meticulous brushwork and changeable composition.

In addition to the stone carvings of the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the Longmen Grottoes, the stone carvings of animals in front of the imperial tombs of the Tang Dynasty are also rare masterpieces in the world.For example, the stone sculptures of giant animals such as rhinoceros and tigers in front of the Xianling Mausoleum are vigorous and energetic in shape, and the carving style is thick and rough.There are more than 30 animal stone carvings in front of Empress Wu Zetian's mother Yang's Shun Mausoleum, including a pair of walking lions and unicorns, which are huge, majestic, extremely majestic and powerful, and have high artistic value.Zhaoling Stone Carvings are even more exquisite.The Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty is located on the Jiujun (zongzong) mountain north of the Weihe River in Liquan County, Shaanxi Province, isolated from the outside world.The mausoleum covers an area of ​​300,000 mu, and there are 162 tombs of meritorious officials around the main mausoleum.A large number of cultural relics found in the tomb area are exhibited in the Zhaoling Museum.Among them, the "Six Horses of Zhaoling" is the most famous. These are six bluestone reliefs, each 2.5 meters high and three meters wide, named "Telepiu", "Qingzhui", "Shifachi" and "Salu". Purple", "Fist hair 騧〔gua melon〕", "White-hoofed black".The six horses have vivid postures, unusually graceful and handsome shapes, and have different expressions. Some of them seem to be able to communicate with the horse breeders. It is said that these are the statues of the six war horses ridden by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty.Among them, two horses, "Saluzi" and "Fist Hairy", were stolen and transported to the Museum of Philadelphia University in the United States in 1914, and the rest are displayed in the Shaanxi Provincial Museum in Xi'an.

Calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty also reached a very high level.The regular scripts of Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan have become the most important models for future generations to learn calligraphy.The wild grass of Zhang Xu and Huai Su changes like ghosts and gods, and the brushwork is difficult to detect.Li Yong and Sun Guoting studied the running script and cursive script of the famous calligraphers Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and they were all famous for a while.Part of their handwriting has been engraved on stone tablets and has been handed down, and Xi'an Forest of Steles has the largest collection.

The former Confucian Temple in the city is now the Shaanxi Provincial Museum, which has the largest collection of steles in the country. There are seven large showrooms, seven corridors and a stele pavilion, with a total of more than 2,300 steles from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.The important inscriptions of the Tang Dynasty in the forest of steles include: the Kaicheng Stone Classic during Tang Wenzong's time, the Great Qin Nestorian popular Chinese stele during Tang Dezong's time, the Shitai Xiaojing of Tang Xuanzong, the cursive stele of "Thousand Characters" written by Huai Su and Zhang Xu, regular script There are "Huangfu Birthday Monument" by Ouyang Xun, "Confucius Temple Monument" by Yu Shinan, "Duobao Pagoda Monument" by Yan Zhenqing, "Xuanmi Pagoda Monument" by Liu Gongquan, famous running script monuments include Yan Zhenqing's "General Pei's Contest for Seat Draft" and so on. .In addition, Monk Huairen collected Wang Xizhi's characters and engraved them into "The Preface to the Holy Teachings of the Tripitaka of the Tang Dynasty", also known as Qianjin Tie, which is even more popular.

The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of Chinese classical poetry, and great poets such as Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi appeared.The famous mountains and rivers of the motherland have left many traces of them, and now they have become important scenic spots.Among them, Caishiji and Li Bai's tomb in Ma'anshan, Du Fu's Thatched Cottage in Chengdu, Baidi in Hangzhou and Bai Juyi's tomb in Longmen are all famous historical sites. When Li Bai roamed around the south of the Yangtze River, he wrote many famous poems praising mountains and rivers. The magnificent and beautiful scenery of Lushan Mountain, Tiantai Mountain and Jiuhua Mountain were particularly vivid because of his poems.He especially loves Niuzhuji, which is now Caishiji in the southwest of Maanshan City, Anhui Province. It faces Tianmen Mountain in the distance. " and other poems are written about the scenery here.There is Taibai Building on Caishiji, which was built in Yuanhe period of Tang Dynasty.Upstairs, there is a screen painting of Taibai wandering in Caishiji, and a picture of Li Bai carved in boxwood.There is a protruding stone platform on the steep cliff of Caishiji. It is said that Li Bai was drunk and jumped down from this platform to catch the moon, so it is called the platform.It is also said that after he caught the moon and drowned here, his clothes fell into the river, and fishermen picked them up to build a clothes tomb.In fact, Li Bai died of illness in the second year of Shangyuan (AD 761) at the home of his uncle, Dangtu County Magistrate Li Yangbing, and was buried at the eastern foot of Longdong, Dangtu County, Anhui.Because he liked Qingshan opposite Longshan during his lifetime, Fan Chuanzheng, the son of his good friend Fan Lun, came here as an observer and found Li Bai's two granddaughters. Knowing his last wish to be buried in Qingshan, he moved the tomb to the west foot of Qingshan and personally buried it in front of the tomb. A monument was erected, an inscription was written, and a "Li Bai Temple" was built next to the tomb. Du Fu came to Chengdu from Huazhou in September of the second year of Emperor Qianyuan (AD 759). In the second year, he built a residence by the Huanhua River. He lived there for three years and nine months and wrote 247 poems.According to previous research, Du Fu Thatched Cottage is located in the west of Huanhuaxi, south of Wanli Bridge, outside Bijifang Stalagmite Street in the western suburbs, and Xiling can be seen from the north, covering an area of ​​about one mu.There are only eight or nine Jiangcun families nearby, and the environment is very quiet.Du Fu lived a relatively peaceful and comfortable life here, and wrote many poems describing the scenery of the four seasons near the thatched cottage.Du Fu's original thatched cottage has long since disappeared. Wei Zhuang, a former Shu poet of the Five Dynasties, and others rebuilt the thatched cottage on the old site. During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, an ancestral hall was built here, and it was expanded through generations to establish the current scale.There are three quaint halls in total: Daxie (Xie Xie), Shishi Hall, and Gongbu Temple.Deep in the bamboo forest on the east side of the Gongbu Temple, there is a stone stele pavilion of "Shaoling Thatched Cottage" written by Prince Guo of the Qing Dynasty. It is a very simple thatched pavilion with a dome.The architecture of Gongbu Temple integrates memorial ancestral hall and garden art. Inside, green bamboos, red plums, rhododendrons, and autumn osmanthus bloom in season. The water sills of lotus ponds, curved bridges and streams, and flower paths and pavilions are very elegant. Bai Juyi served as governor of Hangzhou in the second year of Tang Changqing (822 A.D.).In the second year of drought in the south of the Yangtze River, he dredged the six wells and repaired the walls of the wells to make the wells full of water.In the following year, a lake embankment was added, and after the completion of the project, he wrote an article "Qiantang Lake Stone Records", in which he engraved the methods of managing the lake water on the stone and left it to the later governor of Hangzhou.He stayed in Hangzhou for three years and wrote many famous poems praising the West Lake. These works are as immortal as his achievements in building water conservancy.Now there is a white embankment on the West Lake in Hangzhou, which leads from Gushan to the Broken Bridge. It was Bai Juyi’s favorite place at the beginning. embankment.Bai Juyi lived in Luoyang in his later years, and formed an incense club with monk Ruman in Xiangshan, Longmen, and often communicated with each other.Wearing white clothes and leaning on a dove stick, he called himself a layman in Xiangshan, and he dug the eight-section rocky beach of Longmen with his own wealth. He died at the age of 75, and his will did not return to his hometown. He was buried next to Master Ruman's stupa in Xiangshan.Now there is a tomb of Bai Shaofu in Fragrant Mountain on the east bank of Longmen in Luoyang. He was called so because he was the prince Shaofu when he was in Luoyang. Tang poetry has been deeply loved by people in the past dynasties, and many historical sites have become famous all over the world because of a Tang poem.The most typical examples are the Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang and the Hanshan Temple in Suzhou. At Huanghejitou of Snake Mountain in Wuchang, it is said that it was built in the reign of Wu and Huangwu of the Three Kingdoms.There are many myths about the origin of this building.The most widely circulated theory is that a person surnamed Xin sold wine here, and he took special care of a Taoist priest who often came to drink, and did not charge him for the wine.Before leaving here, the Taoist priest drew a yellow crane on the wall with orange peel, saying: "When the drinkers come, clap your hands, and the crane will come down and dance." Xin became rich because of this. Ten years later, the Taoist came back again, summoned the yellow crane to go down the wall with the sound of a flute, and flew across the crane.Xin built this building.Cui Hao, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, came here and wrote a famous poem "Yellow Crane Tower", saying: "In the past, people have gone by the yellow crane, and the Yellow Crane Tower is empty here. Once the yellow crane is gone, it will never return, and the white clouds will be empty for thousands of years. Sunny Sichuan is surrounded by Hanyang trees, and fragrant grass is luxuriant on Yingwu Island. Where is the township pass at sunset, and the Yanbo River makes people sad." Later, Li Bai went up to the tower and looked at it. He wanted to recite poems, but when he saw Cui Hao's inscription, he felt that it was difficult to surpass, so he sighed Said: "There is a scene in front of you, and Cui Hao wrote a poem on it." Since then, the Yellow Crane Tower has become more famous and has been rebuilt many times in successive dynasties.In the tenth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1884 A.D.), it was destroyed by fire.It has been rebuilt at the old site. It is in Fengqiao Town outside Changmen, Suzhou.According to legend, Hanshan and Shide, the eminent monks during the Zhenguan period of Tang Dynasty, came here from Guoqing Temple in Tiantai Mountain to be the abbot, and renamed the Miaoli Puming Pagoda Courtyard originally built in the Tianjian period of Liang Dynasty to Hanshan Temple.The temple was built and destroyed repeatedly, and the existing buildings were rebuilt from the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896 AD) to the 3rd year of Xuantong (1911 AD).Hanshan Temple is famous mainly because the poet Zhang Ji wrote a famous "Fengqiao Night Mooring" during the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty: "The moon falls and the sky is full of frost, and the river and the fishing fire are sleepy. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, the bell rings in the middle of the night To the passenger ship." The poem describes the scene of mooring at Fengqiao outside Gusu City at night, facing the moonlight in the river, lighting fishing fires, and the sound of black crows, making it difficult to fall asleep. At this time, the bell from Hanshan Temple The sound touched the guest's melancholy even more.The poetic scene is beautiful and implicit, especially the midnight bell of Hanshan Temple, which adds infinite and meaningful charm to this quiet and desolate autumn night.Since then, the poetic rhyme bell has been passed down through the ages.In recent years, at midnight on New Year's Eve, many Japanese guests often come here to listen to the bell. Prose in the Tang Dynasty is an important stage in the history of prose development in my country.Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan launched the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty and created new prose suitable for reasoning, narration and expressing emotions.Following them, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Wang Anshi and others in the Northern Song Dynasty pushed prose to a new climax.The proses of the eight great masters of Tang and Song Dynasties were regarded as the model of prose in the middle ages.The ancestral hall commemorating Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan has also become an important scenic spot. Han Yu (768-824 A.D.), courtesy name Tuizhi, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province).A famous thinker, essayist and poet in the Tang Dynasty.He was demoted to Lingnan (now Guangdong) twice.For the first time, he was demoted to Yangshan, Guangdong as a county magistrate because he wrote to Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty to request relief from farmers' taxes.In Yangshan, he can understand people's sentiments and judge cases fairly, so he is deeply loved by the people.The Herdsman Mountain in the north of Yangshan City was later renamed Xianling Mountain because of this.There is a limestone cave on the mountainside. Because Han Yu often came here with young scholars to rest and recite poems, it was named Youxi Cave.In front of the cave is a stele with a portrait of Han Yu engraved with lines.The cliff at the entrance of the cave is covered with poetry inscriptions of past dynasties.There is a stone clump on the hillside outside the cave, and there is a huge stone inscribed with the three big characters "Qianyan Biao", which are written by Han Yu, and there is an inscription signed by Han Yu beside it: "Among the clump of ten thousand stones, stand tall and majestic, as old as you are." Mr. Han, the agreement is silent." It means that this rock looks like a hero among the thousands of stones, and it can be called the watch of thousands of rocks (the watch means prominence).Its spirit is the same as that of the pines and cypresses in Suihan, and they are so in harmony with each other.In addition, Han Yu also went back to Lianzhou from Yangshan Mountain, and wrote down the pavilion built by Wang Zhongshu, a famous scholar who was demoted there, and named it "Yanxi Pavilion".Now Yanxi Pavilion is still in the east of Lianxian County, Guangdong, with Haiyang Lake in the front and Zhongfeng Mountain in the back, surrounded by elegant scenery. Han Yu was demoted for the second time because he was admonishing Tang Xianzong to welcome the Buddha bones into the palace.This time he was demoted to Chaozhou for only eight months.Chaozhou Hanwengong Temple was built in the Xianping period of the Northern Song Dynasty and was rebuilt in successive dynasties.The ancestral hall is located at the foot of Bijia Mountain in the east of Chaozhou City, facing the Han River.There are two courtyards before and after.There are more than 40 stone inscriptions inside, the most famous of which is "Chaozhou Hanwengong Temple Stele" written by Su Shi, which is a well-known and well-known piece of Su Shi's prose.The article summarizes Han Yu's character and virtue in his life with four sentences: "Writing started with the decline of eight generations, but Dao aided the world's drowning, loyal to the lord's wrath, and won the commander of the three armies". The position in the history of Chinese thought and literature is accurate, incisive, and powerful.Chaozhou Hanwengong Temple is also more famous because of this article. Liu Zongyuan (773-819 AD), styled Zihou, was born in Hedong (now Yongji County, Shanxi Province).A famous thinker and writer in the Tang Dynasty.He joined Wang Shuwen's political group in the Yongzhen year of Emperor Shunzong of Tang Dynasty and vigorously promoted reforms.But Yongzhen's reform failed within seven months. He was demoted to Yongzhou (now Lingling County, Hunan Province), and was transferred back to the capital 10 years later, and then transferred to Liuzhou Governor.Finally died in Liuzhou.During Liu Zongyuan's four years in Liuzhou, he set up decrees and prohibitions according to local folk customs, trying to solve the problem of local poor people using their children as collateral to borrow money, and made thousands of people go home without being slaves.He also pointed out many literati who were admitted to Jinshi, and made important contributions to the local civilization and cultural development.After his death, Han Yu wrote the famous "Epitaph of Liu Zihou" for him.In the second year of Changqing of Mu Zong (822 A.D.), the people of Liuzhou built a Luochi Temple in memory of Liu Zongyuan.Han Yu also wrote "Liuzhou Luochi Temple Monument" for it, and a poem is attached behind the monument.Song Huizong granted Liu Zongyuan the title of Marquis Wenhui, and Luochi Temple was renamed Liuhou Temple.The existing building was rebuilt in the seventh year of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1729).The area around the temple has been turned into Liuhou Park.The "Orange Fragrance Pavilion" in front of the temple is said to be the ground where Liu Zongyuan gave lectures, received guests, and planted oranges.There is a famous "Lizi Stele" in the temple, which is the Luochi Temple Stele written by Han Yu.The inscription is Su Shi's handwriting, so it is called "Han Shi Su Shu Liu Shi Bei".There is also "Dragon City Stone Carving", which is said to be the handwriting of Liu Zongyuan.Near the ancestral hall is Liu Zongyuan's Clothes Tomb, built of bluestone, surrounded by green pines and cypresses, solemn and solemn. Buddhism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, and the Longmen and Dunhuang Grottoes are mainly the crystallization of Buddhist art in the Tang Dynasty.In addition, the famous relics include Leshan Giant Buddha in Sichuan, Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an. On the west wall of Yunshan Mountain in Dongling, Leshan City, Sichuan Province, at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River.According to legend, Haitong, a monk in the Tang Dynasty, saw the rushing river in front of the mountain and capsized boats frequently, so he proposed to dig the mountain to turn it into a Buddha to suppress water demons.The giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 713), and finally completed by Wei Gao, the governor of western Sichuan, in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (AD 803), which lasted 90 years.The Buddha's head is at the same level as the mountain, with his hands on his knees and his feet on the river. It is said to be 71 meters high, with a head height of 14.7 meters, a shoulder width of 28 meters, eyes 3.3 meters long and ears seven meters long.Two people can stand side by side between the ears, a round table can be placed on the top of the head, and more than a hundred people can sit around the instep. It is the largest stone Buddha statue in the world, so it is commonly known as "a mountain is a Buddha, and a Buddha is a mountain".After the giant Buddha was carved, it was painted with paint all over its body. There used to be a 13-storey pavilion called Daxiang Pavilion, which was destroyed by war at the end of Ming Dynasty. In February 1986, experts from Wuhan University of Surveying and Mapping Technology and Sichuan Institute of Surveying and Mapping made precise measurements on the Buddha, and the data obtained are: the height of the Buddha from head to toe is 58.7 meters, and there are 1,200 buns on the head.Therefore, it is said that the Leshan Giant Buddha is 12 meters shorter.However, the cultural relics community believes that the height of the Leshan Giant Buddha should include the lotus throne that no longer exists.Interestingly, the experts have also measured that during the dry season from January to March, the height from the top of the Buddha's head to the water surface is roughly 72 meters.That is to say, if the lotus throne exists, its base should be near the water surface during the dry season. The Big Wild Goose Pagoda and the Small Wild Goose Pagoda are the remains of Buddhist temple buildings in the Tang Dynasty.The Big Wild Goose Pagoda is located in the west courtyard of Ci'en Temple four kilometers south of Xi'an City. It was built in the third year of Emperor Gaozong Yonghui (AD 652).After Tang Xuanzang learned Buddhist scriptures and returned to China, he moved from Hongfu Temple to this temple to specialize in translating Buddhist scriptures, founded Faxiangzong, and proposed to build the Big Wild Goose Pagoda to store the Buddhist scriptures brought back from India.When building the pagoda, he personally carried the bricks and stones in baskets.The base of the pagoda is modeled after the Buddhist pagodas of the Tatar country in India. It has five floors, and the bottom floor is in the shape of a wild goose.On the uppermost floor of the pagoda, there was originally a stele of "The Preface to the Holy Teachings of the Tripitaka of the Tang Dynasty" written by Emperor Taizong.The reason why the Big Wild Goose Pagoda is famous is not only that it is the sutra pagoda for Sanzang of the Tang Dynasty, but also because it is close to the scenic spot Qujiang. Whenever poets of the Tang Dynasty came to Chang'an, they would climb the pagoda to enjoy the scenery of Chang'an and recite poems to express their feelings.In a "Complete Tang Poems", there are too many works related to it.In the Tang Dynasty, this tower was also the place where Jinshi Jinbang was inscribed.In the Tang Dynasty, there was an imperial examination for jinshi, and the jinshi department was the most difficult, and the number of admitted students was very small.Those who passed the Jinshi examination first held a banquet in Qujiang, called Qujiang meeting.Then gather at Ci'en Temple and recommend people who are good at calligraphy to engrave the names of those who passed the exam on the bricks. "Ci'en inscription" has also become an elegant thing that later generations love to imitate, and many steles with inscriptions can still be seen in the Ci'en Temple.The Small Wild Goose Pagoda is near the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. It was originally a pagoda of the famous Buddhist temple Dajianfu Temple in the Tang Dynasty. Decrease layer by layer from bottom to top to form a beautiful streamlined outline.The tower has experienced more than 70 earthquakes. It was originally 15 floors high, but the top of the tower was destroyed by the earthquake, leaving 13 floors.According to the inscription written by Wang He, a man of the Ming Dynasty, on the lintel on the bottom floor, when the Chang'an earthquake occurred in the last year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty, the Small Wild Goose Pagoda was split from the top to the bottom with a big crack about one foot wide in the middle, and the pagoda was divided into east and west halves.When there was another earthquake in the last year of Zhengde, the cracks closed again overnight.Obvious traces can still be seen now, and visitors are all amazed when they come here. Not many buildings from the Sui and Tang Dynasties have been completely preserved, so the Big Wild Goose Pagoda and the Small Wild Goose Pagoda are very precious.In addition, the Foguang Temple and Nanchan Temple in Wutai Mountain are also famous for their wooden buildings in the Tang Dynasty. It occupies an important position in the history of architecture in my country and the world.The temple was first built in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and now there are still brick pagodas from the Northern Wei Dynasty, buildings from the Tang Dynasty, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.The East Hall was built in the eleventh year of Tang Dazhong (857 A.D.). It was built on rocks. The foundations of the pillars at the back were reserved when the mountain was dug. They are extremely strong and have strong earthquake resistance.The base of the main hall is very high, the eaves of the hall extend far and wide, and the outer columns under the eaves are supported by simple brackets.The bucket arch is large in size and complex in structure, and its height is about 2/5 of the column height.At the corner of the eaves, the rear end of the angle beam is extended, and this cantilevered wooden component is used to ensure that the front end of the eaves head does not sink downwards. The design is very scientific, which is rare in wooden structures in my country.The ridge beasts on the top of the hall are all made of yellow-green glazed tiles, and their front kisses are a pair of tall glazed owls (chi eating) tails.The whole hall is majestic and grand in scale. In Lijiazhuang, southwest of Wutai County, Shanxi Province, there is a small rural temple.The main hall was built in the third year of Tang Jianzhong (782 A.D.), earlier than the East Hall of Foguang Temple. It is the oldest existing Tang Dynasty wooden building in my country.The platform in front of the hall is spacious, and the overall beam structure is simple. During the overhaul of the main hall from 1974 to 1976, it was found that the two largest wooden components in the hall had already split and bent. After the mud back of the tiles on the roof was removed during construction, the girder on the west side automatically bounced back. After disassembly, it was reversed. Flattening, that is, completely returning to straightness.The girder on the east side has been reversed and flattened, but it is still slightly bent.It's amazing how resilient a wooden structure can remain after 1,200 years.In addition, there is a triangular herringbone frame at the top of the beam frame, and the mortise and tenon joints are still quite strong, which shows that the use of triangular herringbone frames on the top of buildings in the Tang Dynasty has been popularized in remote mountain villages, which also shows that the construction technology at that time has reached a very high level. Level. In Guangzhou City, it is a scenic spot of ancient temples in the south of the Five Ridges.The site of the temple was originally the former residence of Zhao Jiande, king of Nanyue in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was rebuilt into a temple during the Three Kingdoms period.In the eleventh year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1141), it was renamed Guangxiao Temple.From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, many eminent Indian monks came to the temple to give lectures.After Huineng, the sixth patriarch of Zen Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty, got the mantle of the fifth patriarch Hongren, he fled to Lingnan and hid in Orion for 16 years, fearing that Hongren's disciple Shenxiu would find him and take back the mantle.In the first year of Yifeng (676 A.D.), he came to this temple to listen to Master Yinzong's lecture on Nirvana Sutra.Just when the wind was blowing and the flags were moving, two monks argued.One said it was the wind moving, and the other said it was the flag moving.Hui Neng said that it was neither the wind nor the banner, but his own heart.These words immediately alarmed the monks.Yinzong came to ask if he was the heir of Zen Buddhism, so he worshiped him as his teacher.Now that Huineng has disclosed his identity, he shaved his hair and accepted the precepts at that time, publicly disseminated Zen Buddhism, and officially became the sixth patriarch of Zen Buddhism.Since then, Zen has been divided into two schools, the North and the South, and the Southern School takes Huineng as its first ancestor.Shenxiu is called Beizong in the north.Due to the multiplication of the Nanzong branch, its purpose is most in line with the tastes of Chinese scholar-bureaucrats, so it has become the most influential sect in Chinese Buddhism.Most of the buildings in Guangxiao Temple are related to commemorating Huineng.For example, there is a 2.5-meter-high sitting statue of Hui Neng in the Hall of the Sixth Patriarch.In the stele corridor in the east of the hall, there are stone carvings such as the statue of the Sixth Patriarch, which provide important materials for the study of the Sixth Patriarch and the Southern Sect.On the lower floor of the Sleeping Buddha Building is the Fengfan Hall, which was built in the first year of Yifeng to commemorate Huineng's theory of Fengfan.At the back of the main hall, there is a pagoda under the bodhi tree. After Huineng shaved his hair and received the precepts here, the abbot of the temple, Seng Facai, buried his shaved hair under the tree and built a small masonry pagoda with a height of 7.8 meters. There are also two oldest iron towers in my country in Guangxiao Temple.It was built by the Southern Han Dynasty in the Five Dynasties.In the sixth year of Dabao in the Southern Han Dynasty (AD 964), the eunuchs Gong Chengshu and Deng Sansanniang, the eunuchs of Liu  [CHANG Factory] in the Southern Han Dynasty, donated to build the West Iron Tower. It was originally four corners and seven floors, but now only three floors remain.In the tenth year of Dabao, Liu Yu donated to build the East Iron Tower. Each floor is engraved with coiled dragons and Buddha statues. There are more than a thousand Buddha statues, all decorated with gold. It is also called "Gold-painted Thousand Buddha Pagoda". , and the preservation is also very complete.There is also a stone scripture building built in the second year of Tang Baoli (826 A.D.) in the temple, named Dabei Building.It is the earliest stone carving in Guangxiao Temple with reliable age records. When it comes to the architecture of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Anji Bridge in Zhaozhou is even more proud of the people of the country.The bridge is 2.5 kilometers south of Zhao County, Hebei, across the Xiao [Xiaoyu] River. It was built by Li Chun, a stonemason during the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty (605-618 A.D.).The bridge is a single hole, which is the oldest and largest single hole arch bridge in my country.The whole bridge is 50.82 meters long and 9.6 meters wide, and is composed of 28 independent stone arch circles vertically and side by side.The net span between the two ends of the arc coupon is 37.35 meters, the span is large and the arc is flat.The spandrels of the bridge are open, and two small arches are built at each end of the big stone arch.Such a design not only reduces the water flow resistance, but also reduces the load of the large arch and the footing. It is exquisitely conceived and is the first in the history of bridges in the world.This extremely great achievement is something that even modern architectural engineers would be amazed by.